中西对比视角下的广西近代乡村庄园研究

城市之外的乡村山水园与郊野园林同样是中国历史园林体系中与当代中国风景园林设计一脉相承的重要组成部分。其中以民国军阀为造园主体的广西近代乡村庄园是岭南传统私家园林重要类型之一,通过将广西近代乡村庄园与文艺复兴时期的意大利庄园对比分析,总结出两者在时代背景、庄园主身份、相地择址、空间格局、功能性及防御性上的共性与差异,一方面是为了加强对广西近代乡村庄园的全面认识;另一方面则以期能补充及完善岭南传统私家园林体系。     

广州近代城市公园的中西合璧特征探析

广州近代城市公园设计精巧,风格独特,在岭南造园史上具有重要地位。结合历史图文资料,运用风景园林史学和风景园林美学相结合的研究方法,归纳分析其造园特征。广州近代城市公园的中西合璧特征主要体现在3个方面:因地制宜的空间布局、中西融合的建筑小品、多姿多彩的植物景观。探析其中西合璧特征,有利于丰富岭南近代园林历史与理论研究,推进对广州近代城市公园的保护与造园智慧的传承。     

近代岭南乡村名人宅园中西合璧特征研究

近代岭南乡村名人宅园作为乡村景观遗产的重要组成部分和岭南地域文化的物质载体,于中西文化剧烈碰撞的时期完成了从"得风气之先"到"开风气之先"的飞跃,具有独特的历史价值和艺术魅力.从空间布局、建筑装饰及建筑小品、植物配置3个角度探析其中西合璧特征及其生成逻辑,以及华侨、军阀、官宦等园主不同身份背景下的造园差异,既有利于公众...     

近现代岭南庭园建筑的地域性表达——以东莞可园和白云山庄旅舍为例

近现代岭南庭园的发展极具地域性特色。以东莞可园和白云山庄为例,从岭南人文精神、空间模式、气候适应性设计策略和建筑技术四个方面,解析近代岭南园林的发展变革和形成原因。总结岭南近现代庭园建筑地域性表达的个性特征和发展规律,并对当代岭南建筑创作保持与传承地域性特色进行反思。     

基于文化传承的岭南乡村风水塘活态更新——以南村爱莲塘公园为例

风水塘是岭南地区乡村常见的特色乡土文化景观,蕴藏了乡村丰富的文化内涵。在新时代,留住乡愁、让岭南特色文化“活起来”成为乡村风水塘景观更新重点。对岭南乡村风水塘的物质文化、宗族文化和精神文化进行分析,提出利于乡土文化保护、传承和发展的活态更新策略,即环境风貌提升、适应人居需求和活力特色运营。并以南村爱莲塘公园为研究案例,剖析其文化特质,通过保护传统文化相关对象及提升整体风貌,满足人居需求并塑造复合空间,构建文化活力链和开展多样运营活动等活态更新措施,进行岭南乡村风水塘更新,实现文化传承。     

陈家祠的岭南建筑庭院特征

岭南传统庭院特色以建筑空间为主,庭院空间从属于建筑空间,两者相辅相成、相得益彰。本文以广州陈家祠为例,通过对其建筑布局、造型风格、庭院空间、装饰艺术的分析来说明岭南建筑庭院特征。     

思政文化主题园的成功实践——广州文化公园文明苑营造手法和特色

党的十八大以来，中央高度重视培育和践行“社会主义核心价值观”（以下简称“价值观”），价值观主题园在此背景下应运而生。广州文化公园文明苑的建设，是将价值观元素融入园林营造的一次创新性实践。基于对文明苑的建设背景、设计理念、空间序列、核心节点的分析，梳理并总结出文明苑的营造特色为兼具园林游憩和主题展示功能的精巧布局、将园林意境与中华文明传承相交融的深远立意以及在建筑装饰、叠石技艺与植物造景上体现岭南地域文化。     

岭南园林de分类与艺术风格

按归属类型分,岭南园林有皇家、私家、公共园林等。皇家园林有南越王的四台、闽越王的桑溪、南汉的西御苑、闽王的西湖水晶宫等。而私园有广东的四大名园、广西的雁园、福建的菽庄花园、台湾的四大名园等。岭南园林中保存最好的是番禺的余荫山房,建筑上的灰塑门楣、英石堆山、规则池岸、木雕洞罩、廊桥组合都是岭南园林的典范。公共园林有惠州西湖、桂林七星岩、福建清源山、台湾龙湖岩等。其他,寺院园林有广东的海幢寺、福建的南普陀、海南的南山寺、台湾的竹溪寺等;书院园林有广东的陈氏书院、广雅书院、学海堂、番禺学宫、玉岩学院等;衙…     

文化规训空间视角下的近代岭南私家园林研究

空间具有社会性,近代岭南私家园林作为一个家庭生活空间,有着文化规训权力的运作。从社会学视角开展对近代岭南私家园林空间的认知,分析文化规训权力的运作及与空间载体的依托关系,介绍近代岭南私家园林内文化规训的文字型载体和图像型载体2种主要表达形式,总结出"求学之道""立志抒怀""为人处世""收族睦家"4种文字型载体的内容主题,并进一步分析官宦、文人和商人以及华侨不同身份造园主体文化规训内容存在的差异。     

吴泽椿

吴泽椿先生在岭南造园艺术上的突出贡献,注重把园林绿化的自然美渗入建筑空间里,同时又从过去的纯园林观点和纯美学观点转为美观与实用相结合。吴泽椿先生的作品既考虑到建筑景观构图的完整性,又解决了遮阳降温通风透光,改善了小气候和环境保护等多方面的实用功能,使园林整体趋于完美。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.