华东地区粉煤灰农田模拟试验和放射性分析

对浙江、福建、山东、江西、安徽和江苏 6省部分大型热电厂粉煤灰的采样分析表明 :粉煤灰中主要放射性成分为2 38U、2 32 Th衰变系和4 0 K ,比活度范围分别为 75～2 84Bq kg、60～ 1 64Bq kg和 1 2 0～ 73 8Bq kg。粉煤灰农田施用模拟试验表明 :当施用量达到 52 5t hm2 时 ,土壤中天然放射性核素2 2 6 Ra和2 2 8Ra的比活度分别是对照的 1 88倍和 1 3 9倍 ;生产的食品 (稻谷、玉米籽和麦粒 )中 2种核素的比活度与对照没有明显差异 ,对作物的食用安全性影响不明显     

粉煤灰的农业利用及其环境放射性污染评价

对北京、内蒙、宁夏、河北、广东和天津等地大型火力发电厂粉煤灰的采样分析表明：粉煤灰中主要放射性成分为２３８ Ｕ 、２３２ Ｔｈ 衰变系和４０ Ｋ ,比活度范围分别为９３２ ～２８３８ Ｂｑ／ｋｇ ,８０３ ～２３８８ Ｂｑ／ｋｇ 和１１５６ ～４４７４ Ｂｑ／ｋｇ 。试样模拟研究表明, 当粉煤灰施用量达６７５ Ｔ／ｈ ｍ ２ 时,土壤中天然放射性核素２２６ Ｒａ 和２２８ Ｒａ 的比活度分别是对照的３５６ 倍和２６０ 倍。土壤中天然放射性核素的比活度和地面１ ｍ 高处空气吸收剂量及地面γ辐射所致人均年有效剂量当量随粉煤灰的施用量增加呈现增加的趋势。土壤中２２８ Ｒａ 的比活度与粉煤灰施用量的相关性可表示为ｙ ＝ ２２０４ｘ ＋ １７２５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９９０９） ;对于２２６ Ｒａ ,ｙ ＝ ２１３８ｘ ＋ ２４５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９９６６） 。地面１ ｍ 高处空气吸收剂量率（ Ｄ） 与粉煤灰施用量的相关性可表示为：ｙ ＝ １８９６ｘ ＋ ３８７５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９８９１ ） 。有效剂量当量（ Ｈ） 的变化与施用粉煤灰的量之间的相关性可表示为：ｙ ＝ ２３２４５ｘ ＋４７５０５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９８９１） 。当粉煤灰施用     

强度耕作对137Cs、210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道.我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性.我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照.在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30 cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减.0～30 cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30 cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征.与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45 cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100 cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%.坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48 Bq/kg降低到0.29 Bq/kg, 坡中部从2.53 Bq/kg减少到0.33 Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48 Bq/kg提高到2.81 Bq/kg.210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71 Bq/kg下降到6.15 Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46 Bq/kg和25.53 Bq/kg降低到1.57 Bq/kg和19.40 Bq/kg.137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91.实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和 210Pbex在黄土高原陡坡地遵照同一物理运移机理,可直接应用于定量评价耕作侵蚀与土壤质量的关系.     

强度耕作对^137Cs、^210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道。我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性。我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照。在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减。0～30cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征。与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%。坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48Bq/kg降低到0.29Bq/kg,坡中部从2.53Bq/kg减少到0.33Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48Bq/kg提高到2.81Bq/kg。210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71Bq/kg下降到6.15Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46Bq/kg和25.53Bq/kg降低到1.57Bq/kg和19.40Bq/kg。137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91。实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex在黄     

137Cs在耕作土壤中的均一性分布研究

选择一块面积为35m×30m较为平坦的农耕地作为研究对象,采集68个样点,共计112个样品,对~(137)Cs在土壤中的垂直分布和水平分布进行了探讨.结果表明,~(137)Cs在耕作土壤剖面中分布主要集中在耕层以内,且各个层的质量活度介于2.92～4.01Bq/kg之间,在土壤表层中水平面上质量活度介于28.77～30.98Bq/kg之间,该核素在土壤剖面和地表水平面上都呈现均一性分布特征.     

日粮电解质平衡对肉鸡生产性能和血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验研究不同的日粮电解质平衡值（dEB值）对银香麻鸡生产性能和血液理化指标的影响。结果表明：（1）第一个阶段（小鸡阶段）,对于日增重而言,日粮中适宜的dEB值范围为50～300 mmol/kg,其中以200 mmol/kg为最佳;第二个阶段（大鸡阶段）,日增重较好的dEB值范围为150～300 mmol/kg,其中以250 mmol/kg为最佳。（2）在日粮中添加NaHCO3和CaCl2来调节dEB值时,对于血清中的各种无机成分（钠、钾、氯、钙、磷、HCO3^-）的浓度都有不同程度的改变,但并未引起血清中相应的Na^＋、HCO3^-、Ca^2＋和Cl^-的含量发生正相关的变化。不同的dEB值对血清pH值也无显著影响（P〉0.05）。     

~(137)Cs不同污染水平在大亚湾、秦山、北京土壤植物系统的转移

采用我国大亚湾、秦山和北京土壤 ,模拟核裂变产物137Cs在 0Bq kg土、3 3×1 0 4 Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 5Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 6 Bq kg土污染水平时 ,研究土壤 -小麦系统的污染影响与137Cs核素的转移规律。结果表明 :在本试验条件下小麦生长发育处于正常状态 ,未发现对小麦有不良影响 ;小麦分别在 3个污染水平下从试验用的 3种土壤中吸收137Cs的趋势是一致的 ;小麦植株中137Cs的比活度随137Cs施入量相应以数量级增加 ,两者间呈十分显著的正相关 ;137Cs在土壤 -小麦系统中的转移系数随土壤的性质不同而变化 ,在同一污染水平下转移系数在n× 1 0 - 2 ～n× 1 0 0 范围变化 ;在同一种土壤中 ,随土壤污染水平的提高 ,转移系数亦有所提高 ,但变化范围不大 ,对北京土转移系数为 2 2× 1 0 - 2 ～ 5 4× 1 0 - 2 ,大亚湾土转移系数为 1 0 4～ 2 0 9,均在同一数量级内变化 ;对秦山土转移系数为 0 51～ 1 2 1。     

辽东湾沿岸土壤中~(137)Cs背景值及分布特征研究

在辽东湾沿岸区域采集了20个土壤表层样和7个非耕作土壤剖面样(其中一个为标准剖面),通过对采集的土壤样品中的137 Cs进行测量与分析,确定该区域土壤中137 Cs的背景值,并探讨了土壤中137 Cs的分布特征。结果表明,研究区137 Cs的背景值为(1 704±40)Bq/m2;表层土壤中137 Cs的比活度范围为0.84～19.90Bq/kg,不同土地利用类型表层土壤中的137 Cs比活度有明显差异,比活度高低依次为:草地>盐碱地>耕地;非耕作土壤剖面中137 Cs的总量范围为65～1 535Bq/m2,大部分土壤剖面中137 Cs呈指数递减分布,且剖面中的137 Cs发生不同程度的流失,而受到沉积扰动作用的剖面中137 Cs分布无规律。通过探讨辽东湾沿岸区域土壤中137 Cs的背景值及137 Cs的分布特征,为利用137 Cs示踪技术定量研究该区域物质输移和辽东湾沉积物来源提供依据。     

江苏省集约化养殖畜禽粪便盐分含量及分布特征分析

该文针对目前畜禽粪便中盐分含量较高、在农用过程中可能对农田土壤次生盐渍化构成威胁等问题,在江苏省采集和分析了150家养殖场（户）的180个畜禽粪便样品中的盐分含量,比较了不同畜禽种类以及不同区域之间粪便盐分含量的差异。研究结果表明,江苏省畜禽粪便中盐分含量（干粪）平均值为9.7 g/kg,检出范围1.8～24.2 g/kg;不同畜禽种类粪便中盐分含量为鸡粪（14.8 g/kg）〉猪粪（8.1 g/kg）〉牛粪（6.0 g/kg）,三者之间差异达到显著水平（p〈0.05）;蛋鸡粪盐分含量（16.7 g/kg）显著高于肉鸡粪（12.0 g/kg）;江苏省盐分含量环境背景值较高的沿海地区、徐淮地区猪粪、鸡粪中盐分含量显著高于盐分含量环境背景值较低的苏锡常地区、沿江地区。因此,在施用盐分含量较高的畜禽粪便以及在盐分含量环境背景值较高的地区施用畜禽粪便时,应关注畜禽粪便施用对农田土壤次生盐渍化的影响。     

河北雾灵山5种人工纯林土壤养分综合评价

通过河北雾灵山5种人工纯林的土壤养分分析,研究了不同林分类型对土壤pH值、有机质、全量养分和速效养分的变化,并对不同土壤养分进行了主成分分析。结果表明:5种不同林分类型的土壤pH值均为弱酸性,其变化范围为4.61～6.31;不同土层土壤有机质表现为:表层（0—10 cm）> 中层（10—20 cm）> 下层（20—40 cm）,有机质均值在2.53～9.60 g/kg之间;土壤全磷含量均值为0.20～0.70 g/kg;土壤全氮含量均值为2.38～3.45 g/kg;土壤速效钾含量均值为67.54～169.88 mg/kg;土壤速效磷含量均值在0.84～6.84 mg/kg之间;土壤碱解氮含量均值在65.68～147.88 mg/kg之间;不同林分类型土壤养分综合效应评价,白桦纯林最大,为1.122;落叶松纯林最小,为-0.819。综合来看,随土层厚度增加土壤养分含量减少;阔叶林土壤养分含量大于针叶林。     

Measurement of Radionuclides and Gamma-Ray Dose Rate in Soil and Transfer of Radionuclides from Soil to Vegetation, Vegetable of Some Northern Area of Pakistan Using ��-Ray Spectrometry

The analysis of gamma emitters natural radionuclides, i.e., ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, has been carried out in soil, vegetation, vegetable, and water samples collected from some Northern area of Pakistan, using gamma-ray spectrometry. The ??-ray spectrometry was carried out using high-purity Germanium detector coupled with a computer-based high-resolution multi-channel analyzer. The activity concentrations in soil ranges from 24.7 to 78.5 Bq?kg^?1, 21.7 to 75.3 Bq?kg^?1, and 298.5 to 570.8 Bq?kg^?1 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K with the mean value of 42.1, 43.3, 9.5, and 418.3 Bq?kg^?1, respectively. In the present analysis, ⁴⁰K was the major radionuclide present in soil, vegetation, fruit, and vegetable samples. The concentration of ⁴⁰K in vegetation sample varied from 646.6 to 869.6 Bq?kg^?1 on dry weight basis. However, the concentration of ⁴⁰K in fruit and vegetable samples varied from 34.0 to 123.3 Bq?kg^?1 on fresh weight basis. In vegetation samples, along with ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³²Th were also present in small amount. The transfer factors of these radionuclides from soil to vegetation, fruit, and vegetable were also studied. The transfer factors were found in the order: ⁴⁰K?>?²³²Th????²²⁶Ra. The analysis of water samples showed activity concentrations values for all radionuclides below detection limit. The internal and external hazard indices were measured and found less than the safe limit of unity. The mean value of outdoor and indoor absorbed dose rate in air was found 64.61 and 77.54 nGy?h^?1, respectively. The activity concentrations of radionuclides found in all samples during the current investigation were nominal. Therefore, they are not associated with any potential source of health hazard to the general public.     

Assessment of Radionuclides, Trace Metals and Radionuclide Transfer from Soil to Food of Jhangar Valley (Pakistan) Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

The gamma spectrometric analysis of soil and essential foodstuffs, e.g., wheat, millet, potato, lentils and cauliflower, which form the main component of the daily diet of the local public, was carried out using high purity germanium (HpGe) detector coupled with a computer based high-resolution multi-channel analyzer. The activity concentration in soil samples for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K ranged from 30.0 Bq kg^?1 to 81.2 Bq kg^?1, 31.4 Bq kg^?1 to 78.25 Bq kg^?1 and 308.8 Bq kg^?1 to 2177.6 Bq kg^?1, with mean values of 56.2, 58.5 and 851.9 Bq kg^?1, respectively. The average activity measured for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in soil samples was found higher than the world average. The major radionuclide found in the food items studied was ⁴⁰K, while ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ¹³⁷Cs were detected in very nominal amounts. The results clearly indicate that these radionuclides have no health hazard to human beings, as they are well below the annual limit of intake (ALI) for these radionuclides. The transfer factors of these radionuclides from soil to food were also studied. The mean transfer factors of ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ¹³⁷Cs from soil to food were estimated to be about 0.17, 0.07, 0.16 and 0.23, respectively. An artificial radionuclide, ¹³⁷Cs, was also present in detectable amount in all samples. The internal and external hazard indices were measured and had mean values of 0.70 and 0.55, respectively. Absorbed dose rates and effective dose have been determined in the present study. Concentration of trace metals, such as Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn, was also determined in the soil samples. The concentrations of radionuclides and trace metals found in these samples during the present study were nominal and do not pose any potential health hazard to the general public.     

成都经济区不同类型土壤天然放射性核素含量分布特征

利用数据分离技术,从已有的1:25万区域化探数据中提取成都经济区不同类型土壤的²³⁸U,²³²Th,⁴⁰K含量数据,并在实地取样分析的基础上对该区不同类型土地天然放射性核素含量的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)该区土壤天然放射性核素含量与世界、全国和四川省处于同一水平;(2)黄壤、棕壤、紫色土、水稻土、灰潮土、草毡土的天然放射性核素含量分别为:²³⁸U:3.18,2.40,2.12,2.45,2.48和2.73,均值30.41(单位为10^-6 g/g);²³²Th:14.27,14.64,11.67,13.98,13.41和14.09,均值54.35(单位10^-6 g/g);⁴⁰K:2.06,2.38,1.94,1.74,1.83和2.22,均值1.98(单位为10^-2 g/g);(3)不同类型土壤的天然放射性含量大小顺序表现为:²³⁸U:黄壤 >草毡土 >灰潮土 >水稻土 >棕壤 >紫色土;²³²Th:棕壤 >黄壤 >草毡土 >水稻土 >灰潮土 >紫色土;⁴⁰K:棕壤 >草毡土 >黄壤 >紫色土 >灰潮土 >水稻土;(4)同类型土壤的天然放射性核素含量,平原地区比高山地区低。     

Natural radioactivity of clay and sandy soils and radiation exposure doses in the Heet and Inshass regions of Egypt

The natural radioactivity of clay and sandy soils in two regions of Egypt was studied. The absorbed and effective radiation doses of population in these regions caused by the presence of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in the soils were determined.     

The 137Cs technique applied to steep Mediterranean slopes (Part I): the effects of lithology,slope morphology and land use

Concentrations in the soil of anthropogenic and natural radionuclides have been investigated in order to assess the applicability of the ¹³⁷Cs technique in an area of typical Mediterranean steep slopes. This technique can be used to estimate net soil redistribution rates but its potential in areas with shallow and stony soils on hard rock lithology have not been evaluated so far. In this research, the validity of using this technique in stony shallow soils at very steep slopes is discussed together with the relations between radionuclide concentrations and other soil properties, lithology, slope morphology and land use in a Mediterranean environment. Both natural Potassium-40 (⁴⁰K), Uranium-238 (²³⁸U), Thorium-232 (²³²Th) and anthropogenic Caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) radionuclides have been determined in samples taken along slope transects on uncultivated serpentinite soils and cultivated gneiss soils. In addition to the radionuclide concentrations, parameters such as slope position, slope angle, aspect, soil depth, surface stone cover, moss, litter, vegetation cover, soil crust, stone content and bulk density have been quantified.All the natural radionuclides ⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U, ²³²Th show significantly higher concentrations in the gneiss than in the serpentinite soils, opposed to the ¹³⁷Cs concentration, which is found significantly higher in the serpentinite soils probably because of the difference in clay mineralogy. The exponential decreasing depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and its homogeneous spatial distribution emphasise the applicability of the ¹³⁷Cs technique in this ecosystem.Lithology determines the concentration of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides. Land use determines the relations between ¹³⁷Cs concentration/inventory and some soil characteristics. Higher ¹³⁷Cs concentration and inventory are associated with higher percentages of vegetation cover, higher percentage of stones in the soil and higher values of soil bulk density in cultivated gneiss soils. Slope morphology and land use influence the soil redistribution at slope scale. The gneiss slopes show a zonation of four to five areas of differential erosion/accumulation processes corresponding with more regular slopes and soil redistribution due to water erosion and to tillage translocation and erosion. The serpentinites, as an example of a more unstable slope type, show more erosion areas with less accumulation downslope and soil redistribution due to water erosion.     

Radioactivity of Selected Agricultural Soils in Croatia: Effects of Soil Properties,Soil Management,and Geological Parameters

We present a study on the radioactivity of selected Croatian agricultural soils that vary considerably with respect to geological background; physical, chemical, and biological characteristics; soil type; land use; and soil management. Our investigation is focused on the main naturally occurring radionuclides (⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U) and ¹³⁷Cs as the most threatening long-lived anthropogenic radionuclide. We find that the radioactivity level is not influenced by the application of different soil amendments, at least in moderate quantities, and that no effect of soil management can be detected as well. In contrast, geological and location-specific properties influence radionuclide content in soil, especially regarding the naturally occurring ones. Moreover, physical and chemical soil properties such as texture and soil adsorption complex, respectively, seem to be the main factors regarding fixation of ¹³⁷Cs in soil. Calculated dose rates for external exposure to the gamma radiation originating from soil have been found to be generally low, except for two locations where they are higher but not at a level that would lead to health problems for workers on the field.     

Determination of Heavy Metals and Comparison to Gross Radioactivity Concentration in Soil and Sediment Samples of the Bendimahi River Basin (Van, Turkey)

An investigation of radioactivity and some heavy metal distribution in soil and sediment of the river basin (Bendimahi River, Van-Turkey) was conducted in two seasons of 2005. The samples of soil and sediment were collected from the basin and investigated for concentrations of some heavy metal and natural radioactivity. Concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn and Cd have been determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), gross-alpha and gross-beta activity concentrations have been obtained by using gas-flow proportional counter in nuclear spectroscopic system. Correlation analysis was made for radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations and the Pearson correlation coefficients between gross-alpha and gross-beta radioactivity and heavy metal were determined.     

Multivariate statistical analysis correlating 238U, 232Th,and 40K equivalent activities in soil to geochemical data from an agricultural area

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Multivariate statistical analysis was used for the correlation of 238U, 232Th, and 40K equivalent activities to geochemical data from soil samples collected at...