Stx1A-LHRH融合毒素基因的构建及高效表达

通过PCR方法,从肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的基因组DNA中扩增出Stx1A基因序列,并将之与编码LHRH的基因序列连接起来,构建编码Stx1A-LHRH的重组融合基因片段,并定向克隆到表达质粒pET28a的NcoⅠ和EcoRⅠ位点之间,构建重组表达质粒pET28a::stx1A-LHRH,将重组质粒转化到宿主菌BL21(DE3)中。对重组菌株用IPTG进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果表明重组菌株表达出了23700的目的融合蛋白Stx1A-LHRH,目的蛋白为包涵体表达,经薄层扫描分析表明表达量约占菌体总蛋白的37.6%。为了将来更好的进行目的蛋白的功能研究,本研究再将融合基因片段克隆到表达质粒pMAL-p2x中实现了重组蛋白的可溶性表达,表达的重组蛋白经amylose亲和层析柱一步纯化后纯度可达93.4%,为下一步进行重组蛋白的活性分析及其生物学作用研究奠定了基础。     

家兔BMP7基因的原核表达及其适宜表达条件探索

为实现家兔BMP7基因原核表达及探索适宜的表达条件,采用PCR技术从pMD18-T-BMP7重组质粒中扩增获得BMP7基因成熟肽片段(mBMP7),构建原核表达工程菌pET32a-mBMP7/BL21(DE3)和pET32a-mBMP7/BL21(DE3)pLysS,并比较温度、IPTG浓度、诱导时间等因素对目的蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,mBMP7原核表达载体构建正确;工程菌pET32a-mBMP7/BL21(DE3)和pET32a-mBMP7/BL21(DE3)pLysS经IPTG诱导均可表达含有家兔BMP7成熟肽的34KDa的融合蛋白,表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的30%。在37℃、0.75 mM IPTG以及诱导150 min时,能取得较高的目的蛋白表达量;在20℃低温条件下,IPTG浓度和诱导表达时间应分别以0.20 mM和7 h为宜;另外,目的蛋白表达对工程菌生长无明显的不利影响。因此,成功地构建了家兔BMP7基因工程菌,并确定了适宜的表达条件,为进一步研究该蛋白的结构和功能奠定基础。     

产气荚膜梭菌α—β融合基因的高效表达

用PCR从含产气荚膜俊菌α毒素基因的质粒pXETA1中扩增出α毒素基因，用NcoⅠ和BamHI双酶切该α毒素基因，回收0．95kb的α毒素基因片段，再用NcoⅠ和BamHI双酶切含产气荚膜梭菌β毒素基因质粒pXCPAB2，与 回收的α毒素基因片段连接，转化至受菌BL21（DE3）中。经NcoI,BamHI,NcoI酶反应鉴定和核苷酸序列分析证实，获得了理想重组质粒pXCPAB2，该重组质粒含有α-β融合基因。重组菌株BL21（DE）3（pXCPAB2)经IPTG诱导后，其表达产物经ELISA检测和SDSPAGE分析，结果表明重组菌株可以高效表达α-β融合基因，该融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的22．14％。     

猪日本脑炎病毒NS3蛋白的基因克隆、原核表达及纯化

提取猪日本脑炎病毒(JEV)上海分离株的基因组RNA,反转录合成cDNA,RT-PCR扩增JEV的NS3基因片段,亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-28(a)上,酶切鉴定和PCR鉴定重组原核表达质粒pET-28(a)-JEV-NS3,转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)菌株,IPTG诱导表达重组His-JEV-NS3蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白的表达,his-band试剂盒纯化重组蛋白。获得了1.8kb NS3基因片段,成功构建重组原核表达质粒pET-28(a)-JEV-NS3。IPTG诱导获得分子质量为64ku的His-JEV-NS3蛋白,该蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达,表达量占总菌体蛋白的30%以上,纯化后获得高纯度重组蛋白,其占总蛋白比例达70%以上。     

绿脓杆菌外毒素A受体结合区蛋白基因重组与鉴定

为了获得高表达量重组绿脓杆菌外毒素 A(PEA)受体结合区蛋白 ,以用作免疫原 ,从含有目的片段 (10 0 0 bp)的 p ET- 2 0 (b) B1 0 质粒切下目的片段 ,以正确阅读框架插入含有 T7lac启动子的 p ET- 2 8c( ) DNA中 ,构建了p ET- 2 8c( ) B1 0 质粒。用该质粒转化大肠杆菌 BL2 1 (DE3 )、BL2 1 (DE3 ) p L y S,经 IPTG诱导 ,BL2 1 (DE3 ) p L y S能高效表达目的蛋白。 SDS- PAGE、Western blot分析证实 ,该蛋白即是所需的蛋白 ,该重组蛋白占菌体总蛋白的 5 8%。     

表达产气荚膜梭菌α—β融合蛋白基因工程菌株的构建

用PCR从含产气荚膜俊菌α毒素基因的质粒pXETA1中护增出α毒素基因，用NcoI和BamHI双酶切该α毒素基因，回收0.95kb的α毒素基因片段，再用NcoI和BamHI双酶切含产气荚膜梭菌β毒素基因质粒pXETB2，与上述回收的α毒素基因片段连接，转化至受体菌BL21（DE3）中。经NcoI、BamHI、NotI酶切反应鉴定和核苷酸序列分析证实，获得了理想重组质粒pXCPAB2，该重组质粒含有α-β融合基因。重组菌株BL21（DE3）（pXCPAB2）经IPTG诱导后，其表达产物经ELISA检测和SDS-PAGE分析，结果表明重组菌株可以高效表达α-β融合蛋白，该融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的22.14%。用从IPTG诱导的工程菌中提取的包涵体或经甲醛灭活的工程菌制成抗原免疫小鼠，免疫小鼠至少能抵抗2MLD的C型产气荚膜梭菌的攻击。这表明构建的工程菌株BL21（DE3）（pXCPAB2)可以作为预防仔猪红痢基因工程菌苗的候选株。     

产单核细胞李斯特菌溶血素基因的克隆及原核表达

利用PCR方法扩增产单核细胞李斯特菌（LM）的溶血素基因hlyA,获得一条大小约为1600bp的目的片段,将其与pMD18-T载体连接,经酶切、PCR鉴定,命名为pMD18-T—hlyA。测序结果显示所扩增的hlyA基因与GenBank中发表的hlyA的序列同源性为99％。利用含有BamHⅠ／XhoⅠ酶切位点引物B从pMD18-T—hlyA扩增不含信号肽序列的目的片段B,获得了大小约为1500bp的基因片段,该片段与pET32a表达载体经BamHⅠ／XhoⅠ处理后进行连接,转化BL21受菌体。通过酶切、PCR鉴定及序列测定后获得阳性pET32a-hlyA表达重组质粒,将重组菌用终浓度为0．1mmol／L的IPTG进行诱导表达,结果表明重组菌在诱导2h～3h表达量最高,融合蛋白约占菌体的40％,分子量大小约为80ku;利用LM的阳性血清进行Western blot分析,证实该融合蛋白可以被LM阳性血清所识别,为今后研制针对该蛋白的单克隆抗体和建立间接ELISA诊断方法提供了条件。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒N蛋白的原核表达与鉴定

为了制备猪流行性腹泻病毒（Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV）N蛋白,通过PCR扩增获得PEDV的N基因片段与载体pET-32a（+）相连构建原核表达载体pET-32a（+）-PEDV-N。将构建成功的质粒转化到BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,经IPTG（1 mmol/mL）37℃诱导表达后,采用SDS-PAGE检测重组蛋白的表达情况,对影响重组蛋白表达的诱导时间进行分析。利用Western blot方法分别检测重组蛋白的免疫原性。结果表明：PCR产物通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测发现条带位置正确,重组质粒pET-32a（+）-PEDV-N测序正确,含有重组质粒pET-32a（+）-PEDV-N的表达菌株BL21（DE3）在诱导表达后,经SDS-PAGE检测证明有重组蛋白表达,利用Western blot结果表明该重组蛋白与PEDV多克隆抗体发生特异性反应,说明成功制备了PEDV-N重组蛋白。     

CPA-LTB融合基因的构建与表达

利用PCR技术，从A型产气英膜梭菌染色体和pEWD299中分别扩增出a毒素（CPA）基因和LTB基因，通过分离、纯化、内切酶酶切、连接和转化，构建了含CPA—LTB融合基因表达质粒的重组菌株BL21（DE3）（pCPA—LTB）。经酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定证实，构建的重组质粒pET—CPA含有CPA—LTB融合基因，其基因序列和阅读框架均正确。经EISA检测和SDS—PAGE分析，重组菌株表达的CPA—LTB融合蛋白能够被α、LT毒素抗体所识别。重组菌株BL21（DE3）（pCPA—LTB）经IPTG诱导后，融合蛋白CPA—LTB的表达量占菌体总蛋白相对含量的12.5％。     

I型人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV—1）中国流株B亚型Gag和Env蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达

将中国流行株I型人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV－1）B亚型gag基因和env基因定向插入原核表达载体pET28a和pET28c，获得重组表达质粒pETG、pETM1、pETM2、pETM3。将pETG转化表达宿主菌BL21（DE3）plysS,用IPTG，诱导，SDS－PAGE电泳分析有重组蛋白表达。该蛋白表达量随诱导时间的延长而逐渐增加，4h达到最大值。凝胶扫描结果显示，该蛋白表达量占菌体总蛋白的10．3％。Westrn blotting检测，该重组蛋白可与中国流行株HIV－1B亚型阳性血清发生特异反应。重组表达质粒pETM1、pETM2和pETM3仅在蛋白印迹中与gp120单抗发生特异性反应而出现特异显色带，SDS－PAGE电泳分析未见表达蛋白带。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.