东北大豆RIL群体不同生育时期倒伏的农艺性状多因子分析

茎秆强度、株高、主茎节数、节间长度、茎叶重、根重等是评价大豆倒伏的重要相关农艺性状,为综合分析这些性状,以便揭示大豆倒伏的遗传机理,本研究以地理远缘重组自交系(RIL)群体为试材,在发生倒伏的3个主要时期,调查倒伏相关农艺性状和家系倒伏情况,分析不同生育时期主要农艺性状与田间实际倒伏的关系。结果表明:RIL群体在R4期开始发生倒伏,不同发育时期各主要农艺性状与家系倒伏情况相关性不同,R4期至R8期影响倒伏的主要农艺性状经历了由茎重向株高、节间长度和茎秆强度等性状的演变。本研究使用多个农艺性状设计了8个大豆倒伏评价指数综合分析RIL群体田间倒伏情况,各倒伏指数在各生育时期均与家系倒伏情况呈极显著正相关,且相关性均高于其它单一性状与实际倒伏情况的相关性。其中,倒伏指数[(节间长度×茎重)/茎杆强度]与实际倒伏情况相关性最高,且仅用最少农艺性状代替直观观察到的倒伏情况,可作为倒伏研究的一个复合评价指标用于对RIL群体进行抗倒伏QTL定位,为将来大豆抗倒伏优异等位基因的挖掘提供技术手段。     

大豆种质的倒伏性调查及其相关农艺性状分析

倒伏是大豆高产的主要限制因子之一.以60份大豆地方品种和育成品种为材料,调查和分析了大豆倒伏性及其与茎秆性状和产量性状魄关系.结果表明,不同品种间倒伏性存在显著差异,倒伏的严重程度与茎秆性状有关.大豆品种的倒伏级别与株高、主茎节数、节间长、分枝数等性状的相关系数均达1%显著水平,茎秆性状与单株籽粒产量、单株荚数和单株粒数等呈极显著正相关,但与百粒重呈负相关.不同倒伏级别组之间产量性状表现显著差异,2级倒伏组是具有轻度倒伏和高产潜力的种质资源.     

种植密度对不同耐密夏玉米品种茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的影响

以耐密性不同玉米品种为材料,调查吐丝期暴雨大风后玉米倒伏情况,分析增密过程中不同夏玉米群体植株形态与茎秆力学变化规律。结果表明,随密度增加,大风后根倒率和茎折率显著增加,登海618的根倒率和茎折率显著低于浚单20。随着密度增加,玉米株高和穗位高增加,基部3~7节间均表现为节间伸长、变细,茎粗系数、穿刺强度、抗折力、压碎强度显著降低,两个品种表现一致。相关分析表明,根倒率和茎折率与节间长度、株高、穗位高和穗位系数正相关,与茎粗、茎粗系数和茎秆力学负相关。站秆率与倒伏率均与基部第3节间性状的相关性达显著水平。与浚单20相比,登海618具有较低的节间长度、株高、穗位高、穗位系数和较高的茎粗、茎粗系数和茎秆力学,抗倒性能较强。     

不同小麦品种茎秆抗倒性的研究

为了明确影响小麦抗倒伏性的主要因素,选用生产中应用较广泛的6个高产小麦品种,采用田间试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,对不同品种的抗倒伏性状进行研究。结果表明,百农矮抗58的倒伏指数较小,为0.432,与其他品种相比差异显著;百农矮抗58的茎秆机械强度大、茎秆基部第二节短粗、秆壁较厚、次生根数量较多、株高和重心高度较低。相关分析表明,倒伏指数与第二节关系密切,第二节机械强度越大、壁越厚、干重越大、地下部根量越多,倒伏指数就越小,茎秆抗倒性就越强;适当降低株高可以降低植株的重心高度,增强植株抗倒能力。逐步回归分析表明,影响茎秆抗倒性的直接因子为茎秆基部第二节机械强度、第二节干重、地下部根量及地上部鲜重,其中第二节机械强度对茎秆倒伏指数的直接作用最大,其直接通径系数为-0.775,可用第二节机械强度的大小评价品种茎秆抗倒性的强弱。     

燕麦种质资源抗倒伏及生物学性状的差异评价

为了筛选燕麦抗倒伏种质资源,对111份国内外燕麦种质材料的12个性状及倒伏指数进行多样性分析,并对其表现进行综合评价。结果表明,参试材料具有丰富的多样性,遗传多样性指数平均为1.99,各性状的变异系数由高到低依次为主穗粒重(49.22%)、主穗粒数(41.76%)、纤维素含量(36.67%)、抗折力(35.28%)、抗刺穿力(26.06%)、主穗小穗数(25.98%)、茎基部第二节间壁厚(25.79%)、百粒重(24.92%)、茎基部第二节间长(22.86%)、主穗长(19.65%)、茎基部第二节间茎粗(16.06%)、株高(13.69%);倒伏指数与株高、茎基部第二节间长均呈极显著正相关,与抗折力、抗刺穿力均呈极显著负相关。通过通径分析,株高对燕麦倒伏指数影响最大。经主成分分析,前5个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达81.724%,其中前三个主成分分别为主穗因子、茎秆机械强度因子和株高因子。通过聚类分析将供试种质划分为4类,其中第I类种质群抗倒伏能力较强,可作为抗倒伏燕麦育种的亲本。     

甘蓝型油菜抗倒性评价及抗倒性与株型结构的关系

以一批抗倒伏和易倒伏的甘蓝型油菜进行田间试验，研究甘蓝型油菜抗倒性评价指标及抗倒性与株型结构关系。结果表明，成熟期田间测定抗拉力可反映出品种的抗根倒能力，成熟期根重及根颈粗与品种的抗根倒能力也有密切关系。成熟期室内测定的茎秆抗折力矩可反映出品种抗茎倒能力，茎重，尤其是茎干重/茎秆长也能反映品种茎秆的抗倒能力。株高、茎秆重心高度/株高等形态指标与品种抗倒性有密切关系。株高、分枝点高/株高适中、重心高度/株高较小、分枝数适中、角果分布均匀、株型为紧凑型的品种较抗倒伏，单株生产力也较高，是理想的抗倒株型。     

玉米杂交种灌浆期和收获期抗倒性差异及其与茎秆性状的相关性分析

采用3个田间整株抗倒伏指标(整株抗折力、整株抗弯强度、倒伏指数)和4个试验室抗倒性指标(茎秆第3节抗折力、第3节抗弯强度、穿刺强度、抗压强度)评估20个在黄淮海和东华北地区大面积种植的玉米杂交种在子粒灌浆期和收获期的抗倒性表现以及与6个植株茎秆性状(株高、穗位高、茎粗、节长、壁厚、茎秆密度)的简单相关和偏相关关系。结果表明,6个抗倒指标均呈现显著的品种间变异。与灌浆期相比,20个品种在收获期抗倒性均有不同程度下降,在灌浆期抗倒性表现相对较好的品种在收获期仍然表现较好。不同抗倒指标之间存在不同程度的相关性,大多数抗倒指标之间的相关度在灌浆期和收获期保持基本不变。不同抗倒指标与不同茎秆性状存在不同程度的相关,偏相关分析结果表明,茎秆穿刺强度是影响品种抗倒性的一个关键试验室指标。倒伏指数与田间抗折力有极显著负相关,与穗位高度呈显著正相关。     

不同玉米品种青贮收获期茎秆抗倒力学特性比较分析

以34个玉米品种为试材,在青贮收获期调查田间倒伏率、株高、穗位高、茎粗等农艺性状,测定茎秆穿刺强度及压碎强度,比较分析不同玉米品种的茎秆力学特性、品种差异性和指标相关性,为筛选抗倒能力强、适宜机械化收获的青贮玉米品种提供理论依据。结果表明,茎秆基部节间的穿刺强度及压碎强度随节间的上升逐渐降低,且与株高存在显著正相关关系。茎折是玉米青贮收获期倒伏的关键因素,参试的34个玉米品种中,32D22、先玉1692、东单606和KXA4574综合抗倒能力较强。     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦抗倒性研究

为明确宁夏灌区春小麦抗倒伏相关性状的遗传变异及影响抗倒性的关键因素,以20份宁夏引黄灌区主要春小麦品种（系）为试验材料,测定和分析了12个与抗倒性相关的性状。结果表明,不同品种（系）间抗倒性差异显著,其中宁春56号和08选-1茎秆强度高,抗倒能力突出。春小麦倒伏指数与茎秆强度呈极显著负相关,与茎基部第二节间长呈极显著正相关,与株高呈显著正相关,其中茎秆强度是影响小麦抗倒性的关键指标。因此,缩短茎基部节间长度,降低株高和重心高度,增强茎秆强度是宁夏灌区春小麦抗倒伏育种的主要途径。     

玉米抗倒伏性评价方法的研究

选定抗倒性不同的10个玉米品种,对现有玉米抗倒伏研究方法进行比较研究,探索玉米抗倒伏综合评价方法。相关分析结果表明,倒伏系数是株高、单茎鲜重、茎秆机械强度和根量的综合体现,倒伏系数与倒伏程度的相关性达到极显著水平。通径分析表明,茎秆机械强度和根量对玉米倒伏系数有较大负作用,单茎鲜重和株高对倒伏系数的直接和间接的效应都较小。聚类分析将10个品种划分为5个倒伏级别。以倒伏系数为评价标准,能客观准确地反映10个玉米品种的抗倒性,抗倒性强的品种倒伏系数较小,依据倒伏系数可以建立玉米抗倒等级划分标准。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.