油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶BC亚基全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶BC亚基基因的全长c DN A序列。该基因c DNA序列全长1 605 bp,编码534个氨基酸。推导出的BC亚基氨基酸序列蛋白的等电点p I为7.98,相对分子量58 262.0 Da,稳定系数为38.13,生物信息学分析表明,此蛋白含有2个比较明显的跨膜区,是一个不稳定的非分泌蛋白。模体搜索结果表明在BC上具有ATP结合位点。三级结构中有16个α螺旋,3个部分形成一个内凹的结构。     

油桐ALDH22A1和ALDH2C4基因克隆及其序列分析

为给油桐ALDH基因的结构与功能研究提供理论依据,以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐ALDH22A1基因和ALDH2C4基因的全长cDNA序列。ALDH22A1的cDNA序列全长1 782 bp,编码593个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为65.60 kDa,理论等电点为6.62,蛋白二级结构以α螺旋为主,具有1个明显的跨膜结构,是稳定的非分泌蛋白。ALDH2C4的cDNA序列全长1 506 bp,编码501个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为54.82 kDa,理论等电点为6.58,蛋白二级结构以α螺旋为主,是不具有跨膜结构的膜外蛋白。BLASTp分析结果表明,这2个基因所编码序列与麻疯树、蓖麻的乙醛脱氢酶一致性最高,高达80%以上,含有醛脱氢酶基因家族的保守结构域。     

油桐delta 8脱饱和酶基因的全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

桐油是制备生物柴油的优势原料。delta 8脱饱和酶基因与植物膜脂、鞘磷脂的生物合成及细胞信号传递途径有关。通过简并PCR扩增、3’RACE、5’RACE及编码区扩增获得了油桐delta 8脱饱和酶的全长c DNA序列。该基因全长1 787 bp,ORF的长度为1 344 bp,编码447个氨基酸。经过网上比对分析,发现油桐delta 8脱饱和酶与其它植物的此基因具有较高同源性,其中与蓖麻脂肪酸去饱和酶相似度达83%。研究结果为揭示油桐油脂合成途径及分子定向育种奠定基础。     

木聚糖酶基因xynⅠ的克隆和序列分析

以宇佐美曲霉E001总RNA为模板,采用RT- PCR等技术扩增了木聚糖酶基因(xyn I)的cDNA全序列(GenBank登录号DQ302412).该cDNA全长 881 bp,其中5′和3′端非编码区分别为97和 106 bp,信号肽编码区 111 bp,成熟肽编码区 567 bp 编码188个氨基酸组成的木聚糖酶Xyn I.以E001基因组DNA为模板,采用单侧PCR等技术扩增了xyn I的DNA全序列(GenBank登录号DQ302413).该DNA全长 1 098 bp,含启动子序列、内含子和外显子等核苷酸序列.将xyn I cDNA所推导的Xyn I一级结构与GenBank中报道的其它相关序列进行了同源性比较.结果表明,E001 Xyn I是一种新的木聚糖酶,且具有第G/11家族木聚糖酶的共同特征.     

木聚糖酶基因xyn I的克隆和序列分析

以宇佐美曲霉E001总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR等技术扩增了木聚糖酶基因(xynI)的cDNA全序列(GenBank登录号DQ302412)。该cDNA全长881 bp,其中5′和3′端非编码区分别为97和106 bp,信号肽编码区111 bp,成熟肽编码区567 bp编码188个氨基酸组成的木聚糖酶Xyn I。以E001基因组DNA为模板,采用单侧PCR等技术扩增了xynI的DNA全序列(GenBank登录号DQ302413)。该DNA全长1 098 bp,含启动子序列、内含子和外显子等核苷酸序列。将xynI cDNA所推导的Xyn I一级结构与GenBank中报道的其它相关序列进行了同源性比较。结果表明,E001 Xyn I是一种新的木聚糖酶,且具有第G/11家族木聚糖酶的共同特征。     

杜仲HDR基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

以杜仲叶片cDNA为模板,采用反转录RCR及RACE技术分离出HDR基因的cDNA克隆,命名为EuHDR。EuHDR基因cDNA全长1 653 bp,5’端非编码区长82 bp,3’端非编码区长188 bp,编码460个氨基酸,与喜树HDR基因序列相似性最高,达82%;推导EuHDR氨基酸序列中包含转运肽序列(A1-A33)及植物HDR蛋白多个保守的功能位点(A117,A208,A262,A345);EuHDR蛋白二级结构α-螺旋占35.65%,β-折叠占19.78%,螺环结构占44.57%;EuHDR蛋白三级结构为单体形式,呈不规则的三叶草形状;系统进化分析表明EuHDR蛋白与葡萄HDR蛋白的亲缘关系最为接近。     

油桐异质型乙酰辅酶A羧化酶accA亚基全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

为了揭示油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶accA基因的序列特点和结构功能,从而为该基因的深入研究和开发利用奠定基础,以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α亚基全长cDNA序列。测序结果表明:该基因cDNA序列全长2 313 bp,编码770个氨基酸;以其推导出的α亚基氨基酸序列蛋白的等电点pI为8.48,相对分子量为85 902.7 Da,稳定系数为37.33。生物信息学分析结果表明:此蛋白含有4个比较明显的跨膜区,是一个不稳定的非分泌蛋白。模体搜索结果表明:在α亚基上有羧基转移酶域和ACCA功能域;其三级结构中有14个α螺旋,整体呈球型,并有一个向外延伸的结构。该基因已登录到GenBank,命名为VfCTα。     

油桐油体蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

油桐油体蛋白与油桐脂肪酸储藏密切相关。通过构建油桐cDNA文库和EST文库,用分子生物学手段分离克隆出两个油桐油体蛋白基因的全长cDNA序列。通过分析表明,两个油体蛋白基因的全长cDNA分别为738 bp、838 bp,各包含1个完整的CDS,分别编码137个、154个氨基酸。分别命名为VF_oleⅠ,VF_oleⅡ。通过与其它物种的19条油体蛋白氨基酸序列比对,油桐油体蛋白基因分别与麻疯树oleosin 3和麻疯树oleosin 2的相似性最高,分别为84%、82%。通过软件预测表明,油桐油体蛋白等电点分别为10.315、10.335,都存在跨膜结构域,且存在信号肽剪切位点,中部都存在一个较长的疏水区,C末端都是以α-螺旋为主。     

油桐种子FAD2基因全长cDNA序列分析

油桐种子中FAD2催化形成的亚油酸是合成桐油酸的直接原料,研究油桐种子中的FAD2基因对提高桐油酸的产量具有实际意义。将油桐对年桐近成熟种子cDNA文库中的16个FAD2克隆子进行CAP3拼接,再进行BLAST比对,并进行DNAMAN分析,结果表明所克隆的基因序列为FAD2全长cDNA序列,其长度为1 537 bp,含有1个完整的编码序列,长度为1 146 bp(106～1 255 bp),编码383个氨基酸。酶蛋白相对分子质量44 144.4 u,等电点为8.57,氨基酸序列N端有6个残基的信号肽序列,有5个跨膜结构域,N端、C端及中间各有一段表现为强亲水性,酶活性中心为3个保守的组氨酸簇。在系统进化上,油桐FAD2基因与千年桐的亲缘最近,与蓖麻、乌桕、橡胶树、麻疯树等大戟科植物的亲缘关系较近,与油橄榄、花生、芝麻等植物的亲缘较远,与油茶的亲缘关系更远。     

油桐烯脂酰CoA还原酶的克隆与表达模式分析

以葡萄桐近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组数据库中已知部分烯脂酰CoA还原酶(enoyl-CoA reductase,ECR)序列,利用RACE克隆技术,克隆得油桐烯脂酰CoA还原酶的全长c DNA序列,命名为VfECR,并对该基因的核苷酸序列及其相应氨基酸序列的理化性质、疏水性/亲水性、跨膜结构域、蛋白质的二、三级结构、亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明:该基因全长1 154 bp,含有一个933 bp的开放阅读框,编码310个氨基酸,属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白,含有6个明显的跨膜结构域,且与陆地棉ECR蛋白的同源性最高,亲缘关系最为接近。同时利用RT-qPCR对VfECR基因的组织特异性和种子发育过程中的表达模式进行了分析,发现油桐Vf ECR基因主要在种仁中表达,在根、茎、叶等组织中表达量较少;在种子发育过程中,近成熟(8月、9月)到成熟种子(10月)中的表达量要明显高于未成熟种子(6月、7月)。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.