以甘露糖作为筛选剂的棉花遗传转化

以pmi基因作为筛选标记基因,以甘露糖作为筛选剂,通过农杆菌介导法将GFP基因导入棉花细胞并得到再生植株,经过PCR检测、Southern杂交证实外源基因已经整合到棉花基因组中,Westbloting与荧光显微镜检测证明GFP基因得到表达。本文研究讨论了甘露糖作为棉花转化细胞的筛选剂在农杆菌介导的转化中的应用浓度及方法,即:甘露糖的筛选浓度在30～50g·L 1之间,在愈伤组织诱导初期适当低一点,随着愈伤组织的生长而加大筛选浓度。由于甘露糖不利于再生胚的分化,当愈伤组织转入分化培养基时,要以葡萄糖代替甘露糖。     

农杆菌介导外源基因在棉花中的表达

用 5～ 6d的棉花无菌苗下胚轴切段与农杆菌共培养 ,菌株质粒中 Gus基因为标记基因 ,NPT 基因为选择基因。在含 0 .1 mg· L- 12 ,4- D和 0 .1 mg· L- 1KT的 MS培养基上共培 48h,转移到添加头孢霉素 50 0 mg· L- 1、卡那霉素 50 mg· L- 1MS培养基中诱导和筛选抗性愈伤组织 ,70～ 80 d时 ,进行 Gus检测 ,选择 Gus阳性愈伤组织 ,经体细胞分化生成转基因再生植株     

SNAC1基因作为筛选标记基因用于棉花的遗传转化

以SNAC1基因作为筛选标记基因,NaCl作为筛选剂,通过农杆菌介导法将SNAC1和GUS基因导入棉花细胞并得到胚性愈伤组织。经过PCR检测证实,外源基因已经整合到棉花基因组中,GUS染色证明GUS基因得到表达。研究了NaCl作为棉花转化细胞的筛选剂在农杆菌介导转化中的应用浓度及方法,即NaCl的筛选浓度在1.1%～1.5%(W/V)之间,在愈伤组织诱导初期适当低一点,随着愈伤组织的生长而加大筛选浓度。由于NaCl不利于胚的分化,经过2～3次继代筛选后要及时去除NaCl以促进胚的分化。     

农杆菌介导转化大丽轮枝茵的体系优化

为了揭示大丽轮枝菌的遗传变异和致病机理,以含潮霉素为抗性筛选标记、绿色荧光蛋白GFP为报告基因载体,优化了农杆菌介导转化大丽轮枝菌的遗传转化体系,获得了大丽轮枝菌菌株V991和BP2含绿色荧光蛋白GFP的转化子,转化率达到100×10-6～550×10-6.优化的转化条件为:农杆菌以IM液体培养基调节浓度至OD600=...     

抗草甘膦基因aroA转化陆地棉胚性愈伤组织的研究

为了建立以草甘膦为选择标记的农杆菌介导的棉花胚性愈伤组织转化体系,本研究将草甘膦抗性基因(aroA)转化陆地棉WC和YZ-1的胚性愈伤组织,分别以5 mg·L-1和10 mg·L-1的草甘膦浓度作为选择压,经过2~3轮筛选,获得了抗性胚性愈伤组织,诱导出胚状体并发育成苗。对T0再生植株进行PCR及草甘膦抗性检测,以WC和YZ-1为受体的转抗草甘膦基因(aroA)分别获得了33株和10株阳性植株,转化效率分别为82.5%和62.5%。该体系为棉花遗传转化提供了实验方法,获得的抗草甘膦棉花为棉花育种提供种质资源;同时抗除草剂基因还可以作为筛选标记与其它基因串联在一起转化棉花,进行基因功能验证。     

利用共转化方法创制携带Pi9抗稻瘟病基因的无选择标记转基因水稻

水稻稻瘟病是由子囊菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)引起的水稻灾害性病害。培育抗病品种是防治稻瘟病最经济有效的措施之一。水稻Pi9抗稻瘟病基因来源于小粒野生稻并已被克隆和应用于转基因育种。为了提高无选择标记转基因植株的选择效率,将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)用作可视遗传标记,对双菌株共转化系统进行改良:目的基因载体携带Pi9抗稻瘟病基因;标记基因载体用潮霉素磷酸转移酶(HPT)作为植物转化选择标记,用GFP作为负选择标记,筛除标记基因分离植株。两种载体的农杆菌转化株混合,分别与水稻品种‘浙恢414’、‘浙粳22’、‘浙11B’、‘日本晴’、‘空育131’和‘粤泰B’的愈伤组织共培养,然后从5%~38.3%的起始愈伤组织筛选获得了转化愈伤组织(HPT+GFP+)。对T0植株进行Pi9基因PCR检测,11.8%~77.8%的T0植株为共转化植株(HPT+GFP+Pi9+)。对共转化植株T1代进行绿色荧光检测,筛选阴性植株(GFP-),再通过PCR筛选Pi9+植株。根据13个T1群体的研究结果,61%的共转化植株在T1代分离出无选择标记转基因植株(HPT-GFP-Pi9+)。转Pi9的无选择标记植株和后代株系对水稻稻瘟病呈抗病反应。因此,本研究通过GFP标记提高了双菌株共转化系统的选择效率,转Pi9的无选择标记水稻株系为水稻抗稻瘟病育种提供了有用的遗传资源。     

基于抗草甘膦基因的棉花茎尖农杆菌介导转化方法的研究

以中棉所49、珂字棉201和YZ-1为受体材料,通过对培养基草甘膦浓度、农杆菌侵染时间和浓度、共培养时间以及恢复培养条件等因素的优化,建立了基于抗草甘膦基因的棉花茎尖农杆菌转化技术体系,并将抗草甘膦基因(EPSPS-G6)导入3个受体材料,获得转基因抗草甘膦棉花植株.研究结果表明,适合于棉花茎尖农杆菌介导的草甘膦筛选浓度为10 mg·L-1;茎尖转化体系为农杆菌菌液OD600为0.9～1.0,侵染时间为20min,共培养时间为48 h,选用SH培养基并加入适量活性炭(0.5 g·L-1)作为恢复培养基.用本研究创制的转化技术体系,转化处理3个陆地棉受体360个茎尖,共获得60株抗性再生植株,经PCR检测,获得阳性抗性植株26株,移栽成活23株.以茎尖外植体数计算,本体系的转化成功率6.4％.该转化体系适合于转化抗草甘膦基因或以抗草甘膦基因为筛选基因的外源基因,具有转化频率高、嵌合体少、转化周期短等优点.     

根癌农杆菌介导苎麻转绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因植株再生

以苎麻优良品系“5041-3”子叶作为受体,利用根癌农杆菌介导法进行了绿色荧光蛋白基因的遗传转化研究,农杆菌菌株为EHA105,重组质粒为pBIN m-GFP5-ER。经农杆菌浸染后的子叶外植体经过共培养、选择培养、伸长培养和生根培养后再生出抗性植株,对抗性植株的再生过程进行了GFP荧光检测,结果表明,GFP基因能在苎麻中强烈表达,证明GFP基因能够在苎麻遗传转化中得到应用。对抗性植株的Southern杂交检测证实外源基因已整合到苎麻基因组中。     

芥菜植株原位真空渗入遗传转化方法的研究

以蕾期的芥菜生态型雪里蕻和圆叶芥为试材,在携带潮霉素磷酸转移酶标记基因的根癌农杆菌菌株GV3101的介导下,对影响芥菜植株原位真空渗入遗传转化效果的真空渗入时间、根癌农杆菌悬浮孢子的浓度、渗入培养基、感染方式以及根癌农杆菌菌株等进行研究。结果表明,真空渗入时间为2min／间歇30s／30s;菌液浓度OD600为0．8;渗入培养基为1／2MS无机 B5有机;菌株采用强感染型的;对花蕾进行真空渗入,可以获得最佳转化效果。     

可去除选择标记的转Bt基因抗虫玉米研究

将组成型表达的玉米泛素启动子与苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因Bt连接，插入根瘤农杆菌双T-DNA质粒，构建一个T-DNA结构域含有抗潮霉素选择标记基因hyg，另一个T-DNA结构域含有抗虫基因的双T-DNA单子叶植物表达载体，用以转化农杆菌菌株，再通过共培养转化玉米胚性愈伤组织。通过潮霉素培养基抗性筛选，用特异PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测，从分化再生的T0代植株中，鉴定出4个转化Bt基因的阳性植株。目前，正结合进行田间分离纯合和DNA分子鉴定，培育去除选择标记基因的转基因抗虫玉米自交系。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...