山噪鹛繁殖习性初步观察

１９９６年—１９９７年在山西省蟒河自然保护区对山噪鹛的繁殖习性进行了初步观察。其繁殖期为每年的５月—８月,巢址多选择在阳坡灌木枝杈上,巢外径１２７ｍｍ～１４１ｍｍ,内径７９ｍｍ～９９ｍｍ,高７０ｍｍ～８５ｍｍ,深４９ｍｍ～６３ｍｍ,每巢有卵３枚～５枚,卵的长径为２９ｍｍ～３１ｍｍ,短径为１８ｍｍ～２１ｍｍ。育雏期１５ｄ。     

草履蚧的生活史及越冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１ 年发生１ 代,一般情况下越冬卵孵化盛期为２ 月中下旬,若虫２ 月中旬至３月下旬上树危害,雌成虫４ 月下旬至６ 月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树冠下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ ｃｍ 范围内地面以下０～５、６～１０ ｃｍ 的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ ｃｍ 范围内、０～１５ ｃｍ 土层中１００ ｃｍ ２ 面积下有卵（８～１０）±２ 粒     

几种造林措施对墨西哥柏、银荆保存率及生长的影响

在呈贡劣质山地对墨西哥柏、银荆树植树造林进行了不同整地方式、植塘规格、种植密度、抚育方式的试验。结果：撩壕整地和水平台地的保存率及幼树生长量优于块状整地，且在阴坡深草地段尤为显著。３种植塘规格（６０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ，５０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ，４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ）对墨西哥柏的保存率和高、径生长差异不显著，对银荆差异极显著，大塘优于小塘。３种种植密度（１．５ｍ×１．５ｍ，１．５ｍ×２ｍ，２ｍ×２ｍ），对幼林期的高、径生长及冠幅大小无显著影响，在３０°以上的陡坡，台地抚育优于菱形、扇形、块状抚育，与对照比较，４种抚育方式与之差异极显著。     

火炬松建筑材林栽培模式研究阶段报告

１９９２～１９９４年的试验结果表明，在低丘中层红壤上栽植火炬松，施过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株效果显著；但块状整地（１．２ｍ见方）与全面整地、４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ穴与７０ｃｍ×７０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ穴以及每年５月幼林抚育１次与每年２次的其生长差异均不显著。根据上述试验结果以及对浙江与皖东丘陵现有火炬林分生长分析，初步认为火炬松建筑材林合理栽培模式为：造林密度１６６５株／ｈｍ２，１ｍ见方块状整地，挖４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ植树穴，施基肥过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株，造林当年抚育２次，第２～３年每年１次。上述栽培模式经经济分析表明：造林成本不到旧栽培模式（全垦大穴、大量施肥、每年抚育２次以上，造林密度１０５０株／ｈｍ２）的１／２，而收入增加２／３，旧的栽培模式造林无盈利可言，而新的栽培模式主伐时可盈利１２７５０～２３２５０元／ｈｍ２。     

黑荆木材及其KP、CTMP的纤维形态研究

研究表明黑荆木材１—３年生密度为０．５９—０．６５ｇ／ｃｍ３，５—１０年生为０．７２ｇ／ｃｍ３；１—７年生木材成分变化不大，纤维素在４５％以上，半纤维素在２５％以下，木素在２１％以下。比较６年生黑荆木材及其ＫＰ、ＣＴＭＰ的纤维形态，纤维长度在０．７６ｍｍ以上的，木材为７２．０４％、Ｋｐ为７２．２２％、ＣＴＭＰ为８２．５８％；平均纤维长度木材为０．８５６ｍｍ、ＫＰ为０．８４５ｍｍ、ＣＴＭＰ为１．１６５ｍｍ；纤维宽度在１２一２４μｍ，木材为９２．６２％、ＫＰ为９２．８６％、ＣＴＭＰ为３４．６３％；平均纤维宽度木材为１５．６μｍ、ＫＰ为１５．８μｍ、ＣＴＭＰ为３０．７μｍ；长宽比木材为５４．９、ＫＰ为５３．３、ＣＴＭＰ为３７．９。     

刺槐溃疡病病原菌的研究

刺槐溃疡病在山东沿海地区发生严重。研究结果表明主要病原菌为尖镰孢（ＦｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｌｅｃｈｔ．），其次为腐皮镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ（Ｍａｒｔ．）Ｓａｃｃ．）。尖镰孢的小型分生孢子头状，聚生于短的单出瓶梗上，分生孢子椭圆形至腊肠形，７．６～１５．４μｍ×２．５～３．８μｍ；大型分生孢子镰刀形至纺锤形，３～５分隔，２８．２～３８．４μｍ×４．６～５．１μｍ；厚垣孢子直径８．９～１２．８μｍ。腐皮镰孢的小型分生孢子生于伸长的分生孢子梗上，阔卵形至椭圆形，５．１～１０．２μｍ×２．５～４．８μｍ，孢子梗长３０～８０μｍ；大型分生孢子两端较钝，３～５分隔，２０．１～３３．３μｍ×２．６～５．４μｍ；厚垣孢子直径７．７～１０．２μｍ。菌落生长适温为２５～３０℃，最适温度２８℃；ｐＨ范围５～９，最适微酸至中性；碳源以蔗糖和葡萄糖最好，氮源以蛋白胨最好。     

草履蚧的生活史及赵冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１年发生１代,一般情况下越冬卵 孵化盛期为２月中下旬,若虫２月中旬至３上旬上树危害,雌成虫４月下旬至６月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树完下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ｃｍ范围内地面以下－～５．６～１０ｃｍ的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ｃｍ范     

草履蚧的生活史及赵冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１年发生１代,一般情况下越冬卵 孵化盛期为２月中下旬,若虫２月中旬至３上旬上树危害,雌成虫４月下旬至６月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树完下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ｃｍ范围内地面以下－～５．６～１０ｃｍ的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ｃｍ范     

肚倍蚜过夏越冬若蚜人工培育技术

肚倍蚜过夏越冬若蚜人工培育技术平利县肚倍课题组（陕西平利，７２５５００）在每年４～５月．将美灰藓（Ｅｕｒｏｈｙｐｎｕｍｌｅｐｔｏｔｈａｌｌｕｍ）以３ｃｍ×３ｃｍ的小块，每块间隔３ｃｍ植于石砾含量为３０％左右的石渣土基质上，用山竹或木板制作藓盘，以利通...     

薇菜的经济价值和开发利用

１薇菜的形态特征薇菜（ＯｓｍｕｎｄａｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｅａＬ．ｖａｒ．ａｓｉａｔｉｃａＦｅｒｎａｉｄ）也叫分株紫萁，属蕨类植物，为草本。植株高达１ｍ，根状茎直立，大的为树干状，直径达２０ｃｍ。叶二型，幼时密生红棕色绒毛，片长４０～６０ｃｍ，宽１８～２５...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。