小麦田草地贪夜蛾的发生为害、空间分布与抽样技术

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是中国重要的外来入侵害虫,我们调查了该虫在云南省寻甸县麦田的发生与为害。结果表明:田间小麦受害株率为30%~100%,幼虫平均密度4.8~105.6头/m 2,二者呈显著正相关关系。苗期至分蘖期为害小麦的草地贪夜蛾多为低龄幼虫(1~3龄幼虫比例为98.3%),拔节期低龄及高龄幼虫均有,抽穗至灌浆期为害小麦则以高龄幼虫为主(3龄以上幼虫比例达75.4%)。空间分布型分析表明,麦田草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫呈聚集分布,高龄幼虫为均匀分布。进一步研究提出了基于幼虫密度及龄期的麦田草地贪夜蛾理论抽样模型和基于防治指标的序贯抽样技术。本研究明确了小麦田草地贪夜蛾发生为害的特点、空间分布特征和抽样方法,为田间种群密度调查和幼虫防治工作提供了技术支撑。     

海南省草地贪夜蛾取食为害温莪术的研究

2020-2021年连续两年在海南省温莪术田间发现草地贪夜蛾为害,明确其对温莪术的取食为害风险有助于制定相应防控策略.2021年6月和8月,在海南省温莪术主要产区调查了草地贪夜蛾为害情况.结果显示,调查期内温莪术田间草地贪夜蛾以高龄幼虫为主,被害株率为5％～70％.室内研究表明,草地贪夜蛾取食温莪术能够完成生活史,但存...     

草地贪夜蛾在云南元谋县青稞、燕麦、糜子田的发生为害特征

2019年10月31日我们在楚雄州元谋县(25.899°N,101.791°E)青稞、燕麦、糜子和小麦田发现草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),发生严重。田间调查表明:青稞、燕麦、糜子和小麦的受害株(丛)率分别为90.63%、31.64%、100%和86.84%,有虫株(丛)率分别为24.65%、17.19%、12.20%和27.19%,百株虫量分别为28.13、23.05、12头和42.98头。同时,发现草地贪夜蛾在青稞、燕麦、糜子上的为害特征与在玉米上的特征不同,表现为低龄幼虫食叶蛀心,高龄幼虫切根断蘖(穗)。与在小麦上的为害特征相似:1~2龄幼虫分布于叶片和心叶上;3~4龄幼虫向下移动至中部叶片、叶鞘和近地表面的分蘖着生处;4~6龄幼虫多数躲避在麦丛基部和表土下1 cm根茎连接处和缝隙中,与地下害虫的为害特征相似,不易发现,应引起重视。     

草地贪夜蛾在云南德宏州甘蔗上的生物学习性及为害状观察

自草地贪夜蛾2019年1月入侵我国云南普洱、德宏和保山后,2019年4月17日在德宏州陇川县首次发现草地贪夜蛾为害甘蔗苗。田间调查结果表明,云南省甘蔗主栽区陇川县的5个乡镇均发生草地贪夜蛾为害,单作田被害株率为2.49%,幼虫数为0.07头/m~2。不同乡镇甘蔗苗的被害株率存在显著差异(F=2.918,P=0.042),但宿根蔗和新植蔗的被害株率无显著差异(F=3.551,P=0.072)。在盈江县甘蔗主栽区平原镇的3个村民小组均有草地贪夜蛾发生为害,甘蔗与玉米间作田甘蔗和玉米的被害株率分别是10.07%和60.11%,百株虫量分别是2.82头和23.97头,甘蔗和玉米的被害株率(t=3.221,P=0.032)和百株虫量(t=3.975,P=0.016)均存在显著性差异。甘蔗间作玉米田与甘蔗单作田相比,间作田甘蔗的被害株率显著高于单作田(t=4.728,P=0.0)。草地贪夜蛾田间发生世代重叠严重。幼虫主要取食蔗苗的叶片、生长点和茎基部,1～3龄幼虫潜藏在蔗苗心叶中取食叶肉,4～6龄幼虫白天喜潜藏于土壤表层蛀食蔗苗茎基部造成枯心苗,高龄幼虫还会咬断蔗苗生长点形成断苗,啃食蔗叶形成缺刻或孔洞。草地贪夜蛾的为害可影响甘蔗的正常生长并造成一定的产量损失。     

2019年草地贪夜蛾在陕西省汉中市的发生为害情况调查

2019年5月31日在陕西省汉中市洋县和镇巴县玉米地首次发现草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)幼虫, 到7月8日, 该虫已蔓延至全市所有的11个县区?调查结果显示, 2019年草地贪夜蛾在全市11个县区99个镇393个村发生, 累计发生面积1 004.93 hm2, 平均百株虫量11.01头, 最高百株虫量46头, 平均被害株率10.3%, 最高被害株率80%?通过在全市调查, 只发现草地贪夜蛾幼虫为害玉米, 主要为害玉米心叶幼嫩组织, 在玉米处于大喇叭口期以后生长阶段, 以大龄幼虫为主, 玉米抽雄后幼虫很少, 为害较轻?     

大麦田草地贪夜蛾的发生为害及抽样技术

草地贪夜蛾在中国可取食为害玉米、高粱、小麦等禾本科作物,但其在大麦田的发生为害情况尚不清楚。我们对云南省曲靖市马龙区处于苗期至分蘖期大麦田的调查结果表明,草地贪夜蛾的虫田率高达62.5%、大麦受害株率为9.33%~100%、虫口密度为1~46头/m2,其中1~3龄幼虫比例达98.6%,受害株率与虫口密度呈显著正相关。大多数草地贪夜蛾幼虫藏匿于大麦心叶为害,取食后叶片形成半透明薄膜窗孔,幼虫在大麦田呈聚集分布。基于空间分布型的研究结果,我们提出了大麦田草地贪夜蛾幼虫理论抽样模型。本研究表明草地贪夜蛾可对大麦生产构成严重威胁。研发的幼虫抽样方法为大麦田草地贪夜蛾幼虫种群调查提供了技术支撑。     

草地贪夜蛾在江苏北部早播麦田的发生与防治

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是我国重要的外来入侵害虫,2019年8月22日于江苏北部东辛农场发现草地贪夜蛾为害玉米,9月26日水稻田间零星见虫,10月22日在早播小麦上初次发现草地贪夜蛾造成危害,小麦被害率达52.60%,百株虫量20.4头。进一步研究发现5.7%甲维盐WG防治草地贪夜蛾药后7 d防效达96.45%,表现较好,可用于麦田草地贪夜蛾的防治。根据当前草地贪夜蛾为害小麦的严峻形势,我们必须加强对麦田草地贪夜蛾的监测与防控。     

草地贪夜蛾测报调查技术初探

2019年1月,联合国粮农组织全球预警的重大害虫草地贪夜蛾侵入我国云南并为害冬玉米。本文基于我国云南草地贪夜蛾发生分布现状和田间为害特征,提出了草地贪夜蛾成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹等不同虫态的种群监测方法,系统介绍了田间调查技术。同时,建议深入研究草地贪夜蛾区域性发生规律、推广自动化和智能化种群监测技术、制定草地贪夜蛾测报技术规范,旨在提高对草地贪夜蛾的监测预报水平。     

草地贪夜蛾在云南冬季甜玉米上的生物学习性及为害状观察

田间调查表明,2019年1月草地贪夜蛾入侵云南省后,在德宏州4县市冬季甜玉米上均有发生为害,世代重叠严重。5月份以前主要为害冬季甜玉米,平均被害株率和百株虫量分别为4.55%和5.72头。成虫喜产卵于玉米心叶上部正面,1～6龄幼虫可取食为害玉米的生长点、叶片、雄穗和果穗。其中1～3龄幼虫具有聚集为害习性和趋嫩性,常取食幼嫩的心叶叶肉,4～6龄幼虫常啃食叶片和雄穗,咬断生长点,在心叶期和抽雄期形成典型被害状。心叶期和抽雄期玉米被害株率较高,且抽雄期被害株率显著高于苗期和灌浆期。     

草地贪夜蛾在云南德宏为害生姜初报

草地贪夜蛾于2019年1月入侵云南江城县,随后逐步向国内扩散传播,同时为害作物种类也陆续增多。1月份入侵德宏主要为害玉米,4月份为害甘蔗,至2019年9月11日,发现草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾幼虫混合发生为害生姜。本文介绍草地贪夜蛾幼虫的为害程度和生姜的受害症状。草地贪夜蛾为害株率及百株虫量分别为58.4%和42.2头,发生量比斜纹夜蛾高,形成田间相对优势种群。建议准确区分草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的田间为害情况,有效提供预测预报信息。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.