超临界CO_2萃取除脂后再经纤维素酶辅助提取落叶松树皮原花青素

将超临界流体萃取与纤维素酶法相结合,对落叶松树皮中原花青素的提取工艺进行了研究。首先,采用超临界CO2从落叶松树皮中提取脂溶性成分,采用萃取压力35 MPa、温度50℃,萃取130 min后,树脂平均得率为2.16%,然后将萃余物通过纤维素酶辅助提取原花青素,通过单因素和正交试验确定了原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件为:3 g脱脂树皮粉以缓冲液为溶剂,原料粒度为150~178μm,纤维酶加入量为原料质量的0.6%,液料比14∶1(mL∶g),酶解pH值5,酶解温度40℃,酶解时间2 h后,原花青素的得率可以达到7.36%。通过扫描电子显微镜观察和傅立叶变换红外光谱分析表明,提取树脂后的树皮纤维结构有不同程度的破坏,从而促使胞内物质溶出,提高了得率,所获得的落叶松树皮原花青素分子中主要存在原花青定型结构单元,没有使有效成分的结构发生改变。     

两种落叶松树皮中原花色素的快速提取和光谱分析

原花色素的提取通常采取用传统外加热方式的溶剂浸渍法,存在提取时间长、提取效率低等缺点,而微波辅助提取技术具有加热效率高、提取时间短和提取率高等优点,成为传统提取技术的一种替代方式。笔者以兴安落叶松和日本落叶松树皮为研究对象,对比研究了微波辅助提取法和常规水浴浸渍法在不同提取时间下对原花色素提取得率的影响,并利用紫外光谱仪和红外光谱仪对树皮提取物的结构进行了表征。结果表明,和常规浸渍法相比,利用微波辅助提取法可显著缩短提取时间,提高原花色素的提取得率,并且不会引起原花色素结构的破坏。兴安落叶松和日本落叶松树皮中原花色素的微波辅助提取适宜工艺条件为:微波功率200 W,提取时间10 min,温度60℃,溶剂为50%乙醇,溶剂和树皮的体积与质量比(mL∶g)为10∶1。在此条件下,兴安落叶松和日本落叶松树皮中原花色素的提取得率分别为239%和278%。两者树皮中的原花色素均以原花青素结构为主,仅含有少量原翠雀素。相同条件下,兴安落叶松树皮比日本落叶松树皮的原花色素提取得率稍低。微波辅助提取法适用于落叶松树皮中原花色素的提取,是一种快速、有效和安全的方法。     

响应面法优化延胡索生物碱乙醇提取工艺研究

为了提高中药延胡索的利用率,采用响应面法优化其生物碱的提取工艺。考察了不同反应条件对延胡索生物碱得率以及生物碱纯度的影响。在单因素试验基础上,以生物碱得率为指标,通过响应面法对提取工艺条件进行优化。得到的优化条件为:提取时间116 min,提取温度49℃,乙醇体积分数80%,乙醇用量10 mL/g(以延胡索计)。在此条件下提取3次,生物碱得率为0.598%,其纯度为17.38%。     

超临界CO_2提取落叶松树皮原花青素及其稳定性的研究

采用超临界CO_2萃取技术研究了落叶松树皮原花青素的提取工艺及稳定性,工艺条件为:温度30℃,压力30MPa,乙醇体积分数80%,颗粒度40~60目,得率20.6%,原花青素含量约75%。温度、光照、pH和金属离子均会对落叶松树皮原花青素的稳定性造成影响。低温、避光、弱酸性条件下稳定性较好,温度上升、光照增强、碱性增强均会使原花青素破坏加快。Ba~(2+)离子对原花青素的保存率最大,Fe~(2+)离子、Fe~(3+)离子、Cu~(2+)离子加入后原花青素含量会迅速降低。     

松树皮原花青素的超声提取、超滤膜分离中试研究

通过松树皮原花青素的超声提取、膜分离纯化技术中试试验,考察了超声波提取温度、料液比、提取时间等单因素对原花青素得率的影响,试验得到了超滤膜工作压力、截留分子量的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,采用超声波强化逆流提取松树皮原花青素的最佳参数为：料液比1：12,超声温度60℃,提取时间30min;超滤膜分离纯化工艺参数为：膜工作压力0．2MPa,截留分子量5000。试验获得的松树皮原花青素经检测含量可达95％以上。     

响应面法优选红皮云杉针叶中莽草酸的匀浆提取工艺

利用响应面分析法（Response Surface Methodology）对红皮云杉中提取莽草酸的工艺进行优化。在单因素实验基础上选取实验因素与水平,根据中心组合（Box-Benhnken）实验设计原理采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法,根据回归分析确定各工艺条件的影响因子,以莽草酸的得率和纯度为响应值作响应面。在分析各因素的显著性和交互作用后,得出红皮云杉中莽草酸匀浆提取的最佳工艺条件为：提取温度为40℃,提取时间为3 min,提取料液比为1∶10.3。在最佳条件下,莽草酸的得率可达0.84%,莽草酸的实际纯度可达6.15%。     

超声波提取刺五加主要酚苷及苷元的工艺优化

采用超声波提取的方法从刺五加根茎中提取紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E和异秦皮啶等有效成分,考察超声波提取时间、乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声波功率等因素对提取的影响.应用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的试验设计,分别以3种目标产物的得率与纯度作为响应值进行工艺优化.响应面法优化后提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数59.66%、刺五加与乙醇的料液比1:6(g:mL)、提取时间44.9 min、超声波功率150 W.最佳条件下浸膏中刺五加主要酚苷及苷元的质量分数为2.923%,其中含紫丁香苷1.3%,刺五加苷E 1.53%,异秦皮啶0.093%;浸膏得率为6.77%.     

匀浆法提取喜树果和喜树叶中喜树碱的研究

以喜树果和喜树叶为原料,对匀浆法提取喜树碱的工艺进行了研究,并采用HPLC 法进行定量分析.确定了最佳的工艺条件:提取溶剂为体积分数 55 % 的乙醇,匀浆时间为 8 min,料液比为1 ∶ 15(g ∶ mL).在此工艺条件下,喜树果和喜树叶中喜树碱的得率分别为 0.080 1 % 和 0.067 9 %.将该法与超声波提取、回流提取、常温冷浸提取、水浴振荡提取等方法进行了比较.结果表明,匀浆提取具有得率高、时间省等优势,是一种高效提取喜树碱的方法.     

石榴果皮总黄酮的提取工艺

为给石榴皮中有效活性物质的提取提供理论基础,以石榴果皮为原料,采用单因素试验法和正交试验法,研究乙醇体积分数、温度、时间和料液比4个因素提取总黄酮的最适工艺参数。得到总黄酮的最适提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数60%,提取温度60℃,提取时间2h,料液比1∶20。优化工艺提取的石榴皮总黄酮得率高达56.25%,纯度高达23.42%。     

云南松树皮低聚原花青素的提取工艺的优化试验

以云南松树皮为材料,探讨浸提剂类型、浸提剂体积、浸提时间、料液比对云南松树皮低聚原花青素提取率的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验,筛选出云南松树皮低聚原花青素提取最佳工艺组合为:浸提时间24 h、浸提剂60%乙醇、料液比1︰8,浸提量达到15.746 mg/g,优选得到的工艺稳定、提取效率高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。