厨余垃圾沼渣堆肥与化学改良剂对城市搬迁地土壤团聚体形成的影响

为改善城市土壤团粒结构，以上海典型搬迁地土壤为研究对象，通过室外培养试验，研究了不同用量厨余垃圾沼渣堆肥和化学改良剂分别单施以及混施对土壤水稳定性团聚体、团粒结构形成的影响。结果表明：20%、30%沼渣堆肥单施处理可显著增加搬迁地土壤0.5~1.0、1.0~2.0 mm粒径大团聚体以及0.106~0.25 mm粒径微团聚体质量分数（P<0.05），而显著降低<0.106 mm粒径微团聚体质量分数（P<0.05）。化学改良剂β-环糊精单施处理可显著增加土壤微团聚体总量（P<0.05）；3 kg/m³用量硫酸钙、氧化铁单施处理均可显著促进土壤大团聚体的形成（P<0.05）。沼渣堆肥和化学改良剂混施处理较单施处理显著增加土壤>2.0、0.25~0.5 mm粒径大团聚体质量分数（P<0.05），而降低<0.106 mm粒径微团聚体质量分数（P<0.05）。在沼渣堆肥处理中，以20%沼渣堆肥添加量对土壤团粒结构改良效果最佳；在化学改良剂处理中，以3 kg/m³硫酸钙处理对土壤团粒结构改良效果最佳，其次是3 kg/m³氧化铁处理。WG₂₀+SM_mix处理（20%沼渣堆肥+化学改良剂混施）对搬迁地土壤团粒结构改良效果最佳，团粒结构达19.03%，较CK（对照组）、SM_mix（化学改良剂混施）、WG₂₀（20%沼渣堆肥）处理分别提高了94.0%、73.5%和26.0%。     

不同深施方式对太湖地区稻田氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

本研究以太湖地区稻田为研究对象开展连续两年的田间试验，通过设置不施氮肥（CK）、常规施氮（CN）、减氮表施（RN）、减氮侧深施（RNS）和减氮穴施（RNP）5种施氮处理，探究不同深施方式对稻田氨挥发与氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，与表施处理（CN和RN）相比，RNS和RNP通过降低田面水NH₄⁺-N浓度和pH分别减少30.95%~41.54%和66.71%~72.23%的氨挥发排放（P<0.05）。相较于RN处理，RNP促进水稻根系生长并增加根区土壤有效氮含量，进而增加水稻产量（6.23%），提高氮肥利用率（50.15%），降低土壤氮盈余（63.92%）（P<0.05）。与CN处理相比，RNS显著降低土壤氮盈余（29.20%）（P<0.05），但水稻吸氮量和氮肥利用率均未显著增加。相较于RNS，RNP进一步降低氨挥发损失（50.84%）和土壤氮盈余（51.07%），提高氮肥利用率（40.40%）（P<0.05）。综上所述，RNP的农学和环境效益最高，但因穴施机械及肥料造粒技术等因素的限制，尚难应用于实际生产；而侧深施肥在我国水稻大规模集约化生产中效益较高且切实可行。     

利用15N揭示滴灌区盐旱胁迫对土壤氮素分布与棉花生长的影响

为了探究盐旱胁迫对土壤中氮素分布和棉花生长的影响,通过测坑试验研究滴灌区不同盐分、干旱条件下土壤全氮、硝氮、氨氮的分布和棉花生长情况。试验设置3种盐分梯度的土壤（电导率,EC）：3,6,9 dS/m,分别用T1、T2、T3表示;3个灌水量：2 700,3 600,4 500 m³/hm²,分别用W1、W2、W3表示（4 500 m³/hm²为当地推荐灌水量）。结果表明：当土壤盐分梯度> 3 dS/m时土壤全氮累积量显著高于低盐土壤（P<0.05）,且土壤盐分对棉花花期生长影响较大。土壤的氨氮挥发量和土壤盐分梯度成正比。土壤硝态氮的淋失与灌水量呈正比,与正常灌水量的硝态氮淋失相比,水分胁迫对棉花产量的影响更为严重（P<0.01）。随土层深度的增加,土壤碱解氮以每20 cm土层8%的速度减少。各处理土壤¹⁵N残留率为11%~40%,随土壤盐度增加而增加,随灌水量增加而减少,与土壤全氮含量呈正比,与棉花产量呈反比。综上所述,T1W3处理更有利于棉花对氮肥的利用和产量的提高,推荐滴灌区棉花土壤盐度<3 dS/m,灌水量4 500 m³/hm²,可在花期适当提高施肥量以稳定产量。     

长期施肥对棕壤氨氧化细菌和古菌丰度的影响

【目的】氨氧化是氮转化过程的限速步骤,其由氨氧化微生物所驱动。本研究旨在探明 37 年玉米–大豆轮作施肥条件下影响棕壤氨氧化微生物丰度的主要影响因子及变化规律。【方法】以沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验耕层土壤 (0—20 cm) 为材料,选取其中 9 个施肥处理进行取样分析:不施肥 (CK)、低量氮肥 (N₁)、高量氮肥 (N₂)、氮磷肥 (N₁P)、氮磷钾肥 (N₁PK)、高量有机肥 (M₂)、高量有机肥 + 低量氮肥 (M₂N₁)、高量有机肥 + 氮磷肥 (M₂N₁P)、高量有机肥 + 氮磷钾肥 (M₂N₁PK)。采用实时荧光定量 PCR 技术测定其氨氧化微生物丰度,通过对土壤基本化学性质和氨氧化微生物丰度的冗余分析找出影响氨氧化微生物丰度的主要因素。【结果】施用有机肥处理的土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮含量明显高于不施肥和单施化肥处理。各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷的含量总体呈现有机肥处理 > 化肥处理 > CK;与不施肥处理 (CK) 相比,单施化肥处理显著降低了土壤 pH 值,施用有机肥处理显著提高了土壤 pH 值,其中 N₂ 处理的土壤 pH 最低,M₂ 处理的土壤 pH 最高。不同施肥处理氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 的丰度为 0.94 × 106～5.77 × 106 copies/g 干土,氨氧化古菌 (AOA) 的丰度为 3.56 × 106～1.22 × 107 copies/g 干土;施用有机肥处理 AOB 和 AOA 丰度显著高于不施肥和单施化肥处理,其中 M₂ 处理的 AOB 和 AOA 丰度最高,单施氮肥处理的 AOB 和 AOA 丰度最低。冗余分析 (RDA) 表明,影响棕壤 AOB 和 AOA 丰度的主要环境因子有土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾,且与 AOB 和 AOA 丰度呈正相关关系。【结论】长期轮作施肥显著改变了棕壤的化学性质,从而对氨氧化微生物的丰度产生了显著影响。长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤养分含量及 AOB 和 AOA 的丰度,对维持土壤氨氧化微生物的数量起到十分重要的作用;同时试验结果也为今后通过改变土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等性质对 AOB 和 AOA 进行调节提供了依据。     

华北山前平原农田土壤硝态氮淋失与调控研究

本文依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站小麦-玉米一年两熟长期定位试验, 应用土钻取土和土壤溶液取样器取水的方法, 研究了不同农田管理措施下土壤硝态氮的累积变化, 计算了不同氮肥处理通过根系吸收层的硝态氮淋失通量。结果表明, 小麦-玉米生长季土壤硝态氮累积量和淋失量随着施氮量的增加显著增加, 相同氮肥水平下增施磷、钾肥增加了作物的收获氮量, 施磷肥增加的作物收获氮量最高可达123kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 施钾肥增加的作物收获氮量最高为31 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。不同灌溉水平下0~400 cm 土体累积硝态氮随着灌溉量的增加而降低, 控制灌溉(小麦季不灌水, 玉米季灌溉1 水)、非充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉2~3 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)、充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉4~5 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)各处理剖面累积硝态氮量分别为1 698 kg·hm^-2、1148 kg·hm^-2 和961 kg·hm^-2。与非充分灌溉和充分灌溉处理相比, 控制灌溉在100~200 cm 土层硝态氮累积量显著高于其他层次, 2003~2005 年间控制灌溉剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的23%; 非充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的22%; 充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的47%。免耕措施降低了作物产量, 影响土壤水的运移, 增加了硝态氮的淋失风险。根据作物所需降低氮素投入(N 200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), 增施磷、钾肥, 控制灌溉量是减少华北山前平原地区硝态氮淋失, 保护地下水的有效措施。     

灌溉量与减氮配施有机肥模式对温室黄瓜及土壤的影响

为探究设施农业中不同灌溉量与施肥模式对土壤理化特性、作物产量、品质、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）及氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial productivity,NPP）的影响。该研究通过对温室黄瓜设置充分（W1）与亏缺（W2）灌溉下不同比例减氮（N1：275 kg/hm²、N2：220 kg/hm²、N3：165 kg/hm²）配施腐熟羊粪有机肥（O1：12 t/hm²、O2：8 t/hm²）处理试验,分析充分与亏缺灌溉下不同减氮配施有机肥处理对土壤理化特性、黄瓜品质、产量、WUE及NPP的影响。结果表明,在相同灌溉条件下,减施氮肥和配施有机肥均能有效改善土壤结构,O1N3处理较其他处理土壤容重平均降低5.8%,孔隙度平均增加7.7%,三相组成优化,大粒径水稳性团聚体含量平均提高25.4%,0～30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量平均降低21.8%。同时,配施有机肥能提高温室黄瓜WUE和NPP,在相同灌溉和氮肥条件下,O1较O2水平黄瓜WUE和NPP分别平均提高14.5%和15.7%。综合对比分析不同指标得出W1O2N2处理表现最佳,黄瓜可溶性葡萄糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C（VC）含量及产量较W1O1N1处理无显著差异（P>0.05）,同时能有效改善土壤环境,减少肥料用量,保证生产经济效益。研究结果对于设施农业科学水肥管理及绿色高效生产具有重要的参考意义。     

减施化肥和配施有机肥对酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄产量和品质的影响

[目的] 针对河西灌区土壤肥力贫瘠,酿酒葡萄产量与品质低下及无机氮肥过量施用造成的环境问题,通过探究有机氮替代部分无机氮肥对酿酒葡萄生长、产量及品质的影响,以确定酿酒葡萄适宜的有机无机氮肥配施用量。[方法] 于2018年在甘肃省张掖市临泽县进行田间试验,采用随机区组设计,设6个处理：单施化肥（C）,单施有机肥（O）,70%化肥+有机肥（0.7 CO）,50%化肥+有机肥（0.5 CO）,30%化肥+有机肥（0.3 CO）,不施肥（CK）,探究不同有机无机肥配施对酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄（Merlot）生长、产量及品质的影响。[结果] 有机肥替代部分化肥可使酿酒葡萄的产量与品质不同程度的改善,其中0.5 CO效果最优;在相同的有机肥施用量下,化肥减施50%有助于平衡酿酒葡萄营养生长与生殖生长;与CK与C处理相比,0.5 CO处理下,葡萄产量分别提高了120.76%和32.59%（p<0.05）,果实可溶性固形物分别提高了46.72%和25.21%（p<0.05）,还原糖含量分别提高了39.36%和37.46%（p<0.05）,单宁含量分别提高了23.05%和39.06%（p<0.05）,总酚含量分别提高了72.07%和54.77%（p<0.05）,花色苷含量分别提高了44.42%和48.48%（p<0.05）,糖酸比分别提高了50.42%和40.78%（p<0.05）,总酸含量降低了33.96%和16.98%（p<0.05）。[结论] 化肥减半配施有机肥（0.5 CO）既有效抑制酿酒葡萄的营养生长,又提高了葡萄产量和果实品质,在试验区的推荐施肥量为9 000 kg/hm²有机肥配施化肥（N 150 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 135 kg/hm²及K₂O 180 kg/hm²）。     

不同有机物料对盐碱土的淋洗效果研究

主要通过土柱模拟试验探究不同有机物料对渗滤液的盐分和可溶性有机碳（DOC）以及不同深度土壤盐分、有机质和微生物生物量碳氮的影响,设置有机硅功能肥（WO）、颗粒状有机物料（YP）、粉末状有机物料（GG）、颗粒状有机物料和粉末状有机物料各50%（YG）以及不添加有机物料（CK）共5个处理。结果表明,有机物料的添加提高了渗滤液的EC值及水溶性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Na⁺含量,YP处理的渗滤液盐基离子含量最高,而WO处理的渗滤液中DOC含量最低;与CK处理相比,WO处理显著提高各深度土层的水溶性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺含量,显著降低各深度土层的pH、交换性Na⁺、碱化度（ESP）和0—20 cm土层的水溶性Na⁺和钠吸附比（SAR）,但其他有机物料的处理对pH、EC值和盐分等无显著影响;淋洗作用使表层土壤（0—20 cm）盐分向土壤深层移动,淋洗结束后,各处理的土壤EC值、水溶性总盐、交换性Na⁺和ESP随着土层深度的增加而升高;与CK处理相比,GG和YG处理显著提高0—20 cm土层的有机质含量,分别提高23.97%和20.53%。研究结果为有机物料的添加对盐碱地淋洗过程中盐分和有机质的变化提供了理论的数据参考。     

黄淮麦区小麦籽粒锌含量差异原因与调控

小麦高产优质生产对保障我国粮食安全和人们营养健康有重要意义。通过实地调研和取样分析,研究了黄淮麦区276个田块的小麦籽粒锌含量与产量和产量构成、施肥和土壤养分、作物锌吸收利用等参数的关系。结果表明,黄淮麦区缺锌和非缺锌土壤的比例分别为42%和58%,两种土壤上的小麦籽粒锌含量分别介于16~52和17~58 mg·kg^-1,分别有7%和9%样本的籽粒锌达到推荐值40 mg·kg^-1。缺锌田块,籽粒锌含量与磷肥用量（r = -0.273,P < 0.01）、0~20 cm土壤有效磷（r= -0.283,P < 0.01）显著负相关,高低籽粒锌组的磷肥用量分别为73和137 kg·hm^-2,土壤有效磷分别为13和20 mg·kg^-1,有效锌分别为0.8和0.7 mg·kg^-1,但籽粒产量低于非缺锌土壤（7 204 和7 857 kg·hm^-2）。非缺锌田块,籽粒锌含量与磷肥用量显著负相关（r= -0.181,P < 0.05）,与0~20 cm（r= 0.236,P< 0.01）和20~40 cm（r= 0.183,P < 0.05）土壤有效锌显著正相关,高低锌组的磷肥用量分别为112和145 kg·hm^-2,0~20 cm的土壤有效磷分别为29和30 mg·kg^-1,有效锌分别为3.3和2.2 mg·kg^-1。因此,在缺锌土壤上,应首先解决土壤缺锌问题,将有效锌提升至临界值1.0 mg·kg^-1以上,非缺锌土壤有效锌保持在3.0 mg·kg^-1以上,同时适当减少磷肥用量和降低土壤有效磷水平,以减少磷对小麦锌吸收的负面影响,维持黄淮麦区小麦高产并改善籽粒锌营养。     

施肥与覆膜对棕壤Olsen-P剖面分布及动态变化的影响

利用沈阳农业大学长期定位试验站裸地和覆膜的不同施肥处理（不施肥、单施氮肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施）及其附近不同土地利用方式，探讨了不同施肥处理和覆膜对整个生长季的棕壤Olsen-P剖面（0—100 cm）分布及动态变化的影响。结果表明，耕地棕壤各施肥处理土壤剖面Olsen-P含量均表现为0—20 cm和60—100 cm大于20—60 cm；而自然草地、自然林地棕壤Olsen-P含量则随深度加深（0—100 cm）而逐渐增多。施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施处理的Olsen-P含量在60 cm土层以上均远大于不施肥或单施氮肥处理；覆膜后不施肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施处理土壤0—40 cm土层的Olsen-P含量略有降低（0—20 cm土层有机肥处理除外），但差异未达到显著水平。说明施有机肥或有机无机肥配施，是补充土壤Olsen-P的有效措施；但施肥时应深施以补充表层以下土壤Olsen-P含量。覆膜未对本研究的棕壤Olsen-P含量产生显著的负面影响。     

Responses of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidisers of an acidic luvisols soil to different nitrogen fertilization rates after 9?years

It is still not clear which group of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms plays the most important roles in nitrification in soils. Change in abundances and community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) under long-term different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates were investigated in an acidic luvisols soil using real-time polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, respectively, based on the ammonia monooxygenase a-subunit gene. The experimental plan included the following treatments: control without N fertilization (N_CK), low N fertilization rate, middle N fertilization rate, and high N fertilization rate as 0, 100, 150, and 250?kg urea-N?ha^?1, respectively. Long-term different N fertilization rates did not significantly alter the total C and N contents of soil while it significantly decreased soil pH, which ranged from 5.60 to 5.20. The AOB abundance was more abundant in the N fertilization treatments than the N_CK treatment; the AOA abundance decreased by the increasing N fertilization rates, as did the ratios of AOA/AOB. The large differences in the potential nitrification rates among four treatments depended on the changes in AOA abundance but not to changes in AOB abundance. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AOB communities were dominated by Nitrosospira clusters 1, 3, and 9 while all AOA sequences were grouped into soil/sediment cluster except for one sequence. Taken together, these results indicated that AOB and AOA preferred different soil N conditions and AOA were functionally more important in the nitrification than AOB in the acidic luvisols soil.     

氮肥水平对稻田细菌群落及N2O排放的影响

作为土壤氮素转化的驱动者,微生物群落结构关系着稻田氮素利用及温室气体N_2O排放等问题。本研究分别基于高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术,分析了不同氮肥水平[CK(不施氮)、N(施N 180 kg·hm-2)、2/3N(施N 120 kg·hm-2)、1/3N(施N 60 kg·hm-2)]下稻田细菌群落及硝化反硝化关键微生物功能基因丰度的变化。结果显示:氮肥水平提高增加了稻田细菌物种丰富度Chao1指数和群落多样性Shannon指数,改变了细菌群落组成,其中与硝化作用相关的硝化螺菌门Nitrospirae和嗜酸的醋杆菌门Acidobacteria的相对丰度随氮肥水平提高而增加,但甲烷氧化菌Methylosinus的相对丰度随氮肥水平提高而降低。氮肥水平对稻田硝化作用关键微生物氨氧化细菌amo A基因丰度的影响较大,0~5 cm和10~20 cm深度土层中的amo A基因丰度均随氮肥用量增加而提高;反硝化作用关键微生物功能基因nir S、qno B和nos Z的丰度在不施肥处理(CK)中显著低于施肥处理(1/3N、2/3N和N)(P0.05),但1/3N、2/3N和N处理的稻田nir S基因丰度没有明显差异;0~5 cm土层中qno B和nos Z基因丰度存在随氮肥水平提高而增加的趋势,10~20 cm土层中nos Z基因丰度在2/3N和N处理下显著高于1/3N处理(P0.05)。N处理的稻田N_2O排放通量显著高于2/3N及1/3N处理(P0.05),后者又显著高于CK处理(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明稻田N_2O排放通量与0~5 cm土层中硝化螺菌门Nitrospirae相对丰度及10~20 cm土层中amo A基因丰度存在显著相关性(P0.05,n=10)。综上所述,氮肥水平提高增加了稻田细菌群落多样性,促进了稻田N_2O排放,且本研究稻田中硝化作用微生物群落及丰度变化与稻田N_2O排放的关系更为密切。     

Impact of Long-Term Application of Fertilizers on N2O and NO Production Potential in an Intensively Cultivated Sandy Loam Soil

Literature reports on N₂O and NO emissions from organic and mineral agricultural soil amended with N-containing fertilizers have reached contradictory conclusions. To understand the influence of organic manure (OM) and chemical fertilizer application on N₂O and NO emissions, we conducted laboratory incubation experiments on an agricultural sandy loam soil exposed to different long-term fertilization practices. The fertilizer treatments were initiated in 1989 at the Fengqiu State Key Agro-ecological Experimental Station and included a control without fertilizer (CK), OM, mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), mineral NP fertilizer (NP), and mineral NK fertilizer (NK). The proportion of N emitted as NO and N₂O varied considerably among fertilizer treatments, ranging from 0.83% to 2.50% as NO and from 0.08% to 0.36% as N₂O. Cumulative NO emission was highest in the CK treatment after NH ₄ ⁺ -N was added at a rate of 200 mg N kg^?1 soil during the 612-h incubation period, whereas the long-term application of fertilizers significantly reduced NO emission by 54–67%. In contrast, the long-term application of NPK fertilizer and OM significantly enhanced N₂O emission by 95.6% and 253%, respectively, compared to CK conditions. The addition of NP fertilizer (no K) significantly reduced N₂O emission by 25.5%, whereas applications of NK fertilizer (no P) had no effect. The difference among the N-fertilized treatments was due probably to discrepancies in the N₂O production potential of the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) species rather than AOB abundance. The ratio of NO/N₂O was approximately 24 in the CK treatment, significantly higher than those in the N-fertilized treatments (3–11), and it decreased with increasing N₂O production potential in N-fertilized treatments. Our data suggests that the shift in the dominant AOB species might produce reciprocal change in cumulative NO and N₂O emissions.     

氮肥对盐渍化枸杞园土壤微生物群落和氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

研究主要分析氮元素对宁夏平罗盐渍化枸杞园土壤中氨氧化微生物(氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌)的影响。实验共设八个处理:(1)C(不施氮肥,不施脱硫废弃物,原始荒地);(2)不施氮肥(N0);(3)施氮肥25 kg hm~(-2)(N25);(4)施氮肥50 kg hm~(-2)(N50);(5)施氮肥100kg hm~(-2)(N100);(6)施氮肥200 kg hm~(-2)(N200);(7)施氮肥400 kg hm~(-2)(N400);(8)施氮肥800 kg hm~(-2)(N800),在N0-N800处理施用脱硫废弃物3.72×104kg hm~(-2)。2011年8月采集0~20 cm土样。结果显示:脱硫废弃物和氮肥配合施加对土壤理化性质产生了显著影响;NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量在施氮处理中相对于原始样地和不施氮处理组都有显著的升高,微生物生物量和细菌和氨氧化细菌多样性指数在施氮400 kg hm~(-2)达到最大值,施氮肥400 kg hm~(-2)是促进微生物量和群落多样性增加的最佳施用量。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:氨氧化细菌(AOB)丰度在施氮肥400 kg hm~(-2)和800 kg hm~(-2)显著高于其它处理,脱硫废弃物和氮肥配合施用对AOB的丰度具有叠加效应。相关性分析表明:NH_4~+-N与总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、细菌PLFA、革兰氏阳性菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性菌(G-)、真菌/细菌(F/B)、微生物碳(MBC)、微生物氮(MBN)及16S r RNA基因拷贝数、AOB的基因拷贝数都显著相关。因此,铵态氮是该地区微生物群落可利用的有效氮素。     

Effects of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in two different intensive vegetable cultivation soils

Purpose

Nitrification and denitrification in the N cycle are affected by various ammonia oxidizers and denitrifying microbes in intensive vegetable cultivation soils, but our current understanding of the effect these microbes have on N₂O emissions is limited. The nitrification inhibitor, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), acts by slowing nitrification and is used to improve fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N losses from agricultural systems; however, its effects on nitrifier and denitrifier activities in intensive vegetable cultivation soils are unknown.

Materials and methods

In this study, we measured the impacts of DMPP on N₂O emissions, ammonia oxidizers, and denitrifying microbes in two intensive vegetable cultivation soils: one that had been cultivated for a short term (1 year) and one that had been cultivated over a longer term (29 years). The quantitative PCR technique was used in this study. Three treatments, including control (no fertilizer), urea alone, and urea with DMPP, were included for each soil. The application rates of urea and DMPP were 1800 kg ha^?1 and 0.5% of the urea-N application rate.

Results and discussion

The application of N significantly increased N₂O emissions in both soils. The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) increased significantly with high rate of N fertilizer application in both soils. Conversely, there was no change in the growth rate of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in response to the applied urea despite the presence of larger numbers of AOA in these soils. This suggests AOB may play a greater role than AOA in the nitrification process, and N₂O emission in intensive vegetable cultivation soils. The application of DMPP significantly reduced soil NO₃^?-N content and N₂O emission, and delayed ammonia oxidation. It greatly reduced AOB abundance, but not AOA abundance. Moreover, the presence of DMPP was correlated with a significant decrease in the abundance of nitrite reductase (nirS and nirK) genes.

Conclusions

Long-term intensive vegetable cultivation with heavy N fertilization altered AOB and nirS abundance. In vegetable cultivation soils with high N levels, DMPP can be effective in mitigating N₂O emissions by directly inhibiting both ammonia oxidizing and denitrifying microbes.

     

长期施肥对水稻土剖面氨氧化古菌和细菌丰度及组成的影响

长期施肥影响稻田土壤理化性质和硝化微生物群落,但长期施肥对稻田不同土层氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)群落结构的影响尚不明确.以湖南宁乡稻田不同施肥制度长期定位试验为平台,选取不施肥(CK)、施秸秆有机肥(ST)、有机-无机肥配施(OM)和施全量化肥(NPK)4个处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR和Illumina...     

厌氧土壤灭菌不同添加物对日光温室土壤性质及微生物群落的影响

厌氧土壤灭菌(ASD)作为替代化学农药熏蒸灭菌技术在各地逐渐推广,但不同土壤类型、不同添加物厌氧土壤灭菌效果具有较大差异,田间条件下明确当地不同添加物厌氧灭菌对土壤性质及微生物群落效应,为日光温室绿色环保的土壤灭菌方法提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)除添加碳酸氢铵(AB)处理外,其他处理均可以显著降低0—20 cm土层电导率(EC),但仅灌水不添加物料(CK)处理20—40 cm土层NO_3~--N和EC显著增加,且AB处理显著增加0—20 cm土层NH_4~+-N及20—40 cm土层NO_3~--N;添加鸡粪(CM)处理0—20 cm土层NH_4~+-N极显著增加,NO_3~--N极显著降低,EC显著降低,土壤有机质、全氮和有效养分亦显著增加。(2)添加鸡粪(CM)显著降低细菌丰富度和均匀度,但土壤中植物促生菌(PGPR)芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)及假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的相对丰度极显著增加。对真菌群落,不同处理真菌丰富度和均匀度与处理前差异均不显著,但添加碳酸氢铵(AB)、木醋液(PS)和鸡粪(CM)处理病原菌-镰刀菌属(Fusarium)的相对丰度均显著降低;同时,鸡粪(CM)处理有益属曲霉属(Aspergillus)丰度显著增加。(3)综合土壤理化性质、细菌和真菌群落变化,鸡粪作为有机碳源添加厌氧土壤灭菌效果较好,既可以厌氧灭菌同时也腐熟鸡粪,且各地原料来源方便,可同时实现化肥农药双减。     

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on soil ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundance,microbial biomass,and enzyme activities in an alpine meadow

Terrestrial ecosystems are predicted to experience an increasing level of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, which may cause significant shifts in plant community composition and concomitantly stimulate soil acidification. However, little is known concerning the effects of N deposition on belowground microbial communities in alpine grassland ecosystems such as on the Tibetan Plateau. This study examined the responses of soil N-transforming microbes (measured after DNA extraction and quantitative PCR), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN), and soil enzyme activities to different forms (NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^?-N, and NH₄NO₃-N) and rates (1.5 and 7.5 g N m^?2 year^?1, denoted as low and high N, respectively) of N fertilization (addition) in two successive plant growing seasons. The N rate, not N form, influenced the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). High N addition significantly increased ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance which differed across different N form treatments. Nitrogen addition had no significant impact on the abundance of soil denitrifiers. The SMBC and SMBN were significantly decreased by high N additions, but no difference was found among different N forms. Despite higher urease activities being detected in the late plant growing season, the activities of invertase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase stayed unchanged irrespective of the different N amendments and plant growing season. Significant positive correlations were found between potential nitrification rates and AOB abundances. These results highlight that AOB seemed to respond more sensitively to different N fertilization and might have prominent roles in soil N cycling processes in this Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow than AOA.     

Decreased nitrous oxide emissions associated with functional microbial genes under bio-organic fertilizer application in vegetable fields

Bio-organic fertilizers enriched with plant growth-promoting microbes(PGPMs)have been widely used in crop fields to promote plant growth and maintain soil microbiome functions.However,their potential effects on N₂O emissions are of increasing concern.In this study,an in situ measurement experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer containing Trichoderma guizhouense(a plant growth-promoting fungus)on soil N₂O emissions from a greenhouse vegetable field.The following four treatments were used:no fertilizer(control),chemical fertilizer(NPK),organic fertilizer derived from cattle manure(O),and organic fertilizer containing T.guizhouense(O+T,referring to bio-organic fertilizer).The abundances of soil N cycling-related functional genes(amoA)from ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and archaea(AOA),as well as nirS,nirK,and nosZ,were simultaneously determined using quantitative PCR(qPCR).Compared to the NPK plot,seasonal total N₂O emissions decreased by 11.7%and 18.7%in the O and O+T plots,respectively,which was attributed to lower NH₄⁺-N content and AOB amoA abundance in the O and O+T plots.The nosZ abundance was significantly greater in the O+T plot,whilst the AOB amoA abundance was significantly lower in the O+T plot than in the O plot.Relative to the organic fertilizer,bio-organic fertilizer application tended to decrease N₂O emissions by 7.9%and enhanced vegetable yield,resulting in a significant decrease in yield-scaled N₂O emissions.Overall,the results of this study suggested that,compared to organic and chemical fertilizers,bio-organic fertilizers containing PGPMs could benefit crop yield and mitigate N₂O emissions in vegetable fields.     

Effects of Rhizosphere and Long-Term Fertilization Practices on the Activity and Community Structure of Denitrifiers Under Double-Cropping Rice Field

The soil physicochemical properties, soil denitrification rates (PDR), denitrifiers via nitrite reductases (nirK and nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ), abundance and community composition of denitrifiers in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil from a long-term (32 year) fertilizer field experiment conducted during late rice season were investigated by using the MiSeq sequencing, quantitative PCR, terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP). The experiment including four treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw residue and chemical fertilizer (RF), and organic manure and chemical fertilizer (OM). The results showed that the application of rice straw residue and organic manure increased soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and NH₄⁺-N contents. The nirK, nirS, and nosZ copy numbers with OM and RF treatments were significant higher than that of the MF and CK treatments in the rhizosphere and bulk soil (p < 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) analysis showed that the different parts of root zone are the most important factors for the variation of denitrifying bacteria community, and the different fertilization treatments is the second important factors for the variation of denitrifying bacteria community. The MiSeq sequencing result showed that nirK, nirS and nosZ-type denitrifiers communities within bulk soil had lower species diversity compared with rhizosphere soil, and were dominated by Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Burkholderiales, and Pseudomonadales. As a result, the application of fertilization practices had significant effects on soil N and PDR levels, and affected the abundance and community composition of N-functional microbes.