灌溉量与减氮配施有机肥模式对温室黄瓜及土壤的影响

为探究设施农业中不同灌溉量与施肥模式对土壤理化特性、作物产量、品质、水分利用效率（water use efficiency，WUE）及氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial productivity，NPP）的影响。该研究通过对温室黄瓜设置充分（W1）与亏缺（W2）灌溉下不同比例减氮（N1：275 kg/hm²、N2：220 kg/hm²、N3：165 kg/hm²）配施腐熟羊粪有机肥（O1：12 t/hm²、O2：8 t/hm²）处理试验，分析充分与亏缺灌溉下不同减氮配施有机肥处理对土壤理化特性、黄瓜品质、产量、WUE及NPP的影响。结果表明，在相同灌溉条件下，减施氮肥和配施有机肥均能有效改善土壤结构，O1N3处理较其他处理土壤容重平均降低5.8%，孔隙度平均增加7.7%，三相组成优化，大粒径水稳性团聚体含量平均提高25.4%，0～30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量平均降低21.8%。同时，配施有机肥能提高温室黄瓜WUE和NPP，在相同灌溉和氮肥条件下，O1较O2水平黄瓜WUE和NPP分别平均提高14.5%和15.7%。综合对比分析不同指标得出W1O2N2处理表现最佳，黄瓜可溶性葡萄糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C（VC）含量及产量较W1O1N1处理无显著差异（P>0.05），同时能有效改善土壤环境，减少肥料用量，保证生产经济效益。研究结果对于设施农业科学水肥管理及绿色高效生产具有重要的参考意义。

Effects of irrigation amounts and nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer pattern on greenhouse cucumber and soil

Irrigation and fertilization patterns can be greatly conducive to the efficient management of water and fertilizer in facility agriculture. It is very necessary for the protection of the soil environment, the high quality and yield of crops. In this study, a systematic investigation was implemented to clarify the effects of different irrigation amounts and fertilization patterns on soil physicochemical properties, crop yield, quality, water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen partial productivity (NPP). A series of experiments were conducted under different rates of nitrogen reduction (N1: 275 kg/hm², N2: 220 kg/hm², N3: 165 kg/hm²) combined with organic fertilizer (O1: 12 t/hm², O2: 8 t/hm²) under full (W1) and deficit (W2) irrigation for greenhouse cucumber. A systematic analysis was also made to determine the effects of different irrigation amounts and nitrogen reduction that combined with organic fertilizers on the soil physicochemical properties (soil bulk density, soil porosity, water-stable aggregates content, three-phase ratio, soil nitrate nitrogen content), cucumber quality (soluble solids, soluble glucose, vitamin C), yield, WUE, and NPP. The experimental results showed that both nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer application effectively improved the soil structure and environment. The soil bulk density decreased by an average of 5.8%, whereas, the soil porosity increased by an average of 7.7% in the O1N3 treatment, compared with the rest under the same irrigation condition. At the same time, the soil gas and liquid volume fraction increased significantly in the O1N3 treatment. The three-phase ratio was optimized as well. The content of large-size water-stable aggregates increased by an average of 25.4%, whereas, the nitrate nitrogen content in the 0-30 cm soil layer decreased by 21.8% on average. The nitrate nitrogen content in the 0-30 cm soil layer decreased with the increase of nitrogen reduction, but increased with the increase of organic fertilizer application. The nitrate nitrogen content tended to decrease and then increase with the soil depth at the W1 level, while the nitrate nitrogen content decreased constantly at the W2 level. There was no significant effect of O2N2 treatment on the nitrate nitrogen content under the same irrigation condition. Cucumber WUE increased with the increase of irrigation amount, nitrogen fertilizer, and organic fertilizer application. By contrast, the cucumber NPP decreased with the increase of nitrogen application, but increased with the increase of irrigation amounts and organic fertilizer application. Meanwhile, the organic fertilizer application effectively improved the greenhouse cucumber WUE and NPP under the same irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer conditions. Specifically, cucumber WUE and NPP of O1 level increased by 14.5% and 15.7% on average, respectively, compared with O2 level. A comprehensive analysis was then performed on the cucumber yield and quality indicators under different treatments. Both deficit irrigation and excessive nitrogen reduction seriously reduced the cucumber yield and quality, while the W1O2N2 treatment performed the best. There was no significant difference in the content of soluble glucose, soluble solids, vitamin C, and yield of cucumber, compared with the W1O1N1 treatment (P>0.05). The crop yield and quality can be expected to effectively guarantee with the better soil environment and the less fertilizer application, particularly for the economic benefits of production. The finding can also provide an important reference for the scientific water and fertilizer management in the green and efficient crop production of facility agriculture.