生物有机肥对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性 及根系活力的影响

针对大量化肥长期施用对马铃薯田土壤造成的生物活性降低等问题,利用根际益生菌（PGPR）制成生物有机肥,通过盆栽试验,研究了不施肥（对照,CK）以及分别施化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）和5种生物有机肥（BOF1,BOF2,BOF3,BOF4和BOF5）对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性和根系活力的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯的成熟期,5种生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量平均比CF及OF高52%和37%,微生物量碳比CF和OF处理平均增加了30%,其中以BOF3效果最明显,比其它生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量和微生物量碳增加达3%～7%和2%～7%;且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),相比CF和OF,5种生物有机肥处理土壤酶活性的增幅为11%～114%;根系活力分别增加了265%和224%,块茎产量分别增加了16%和21%,根系活力和块茎产量的提高也以BOF3效果最明显,其根系活力比BOF5高出166%,其块茎产量比其它生物有机肥处理的增幅为5%～9%。说明生物有机肥有助于提高土壤的生物活性,改善马铃薯的根际环境,进而提高了马铃薯的根系活力,增加了马铃薯的块茎产量。     

秸秆覆盖和根系互作对间作玉米生理特性及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同秸秆覆盖水平和玉米/大豆间作系统中根系互作对玉米的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖 和根系互作可增加玉米成熟期单株绿叶面积和不同生育时期的叶绿素含量,且根系互作的作用随覆盖水平的提高而增强;玉米成熟期的植株含水量和根伤流显著受到覆盖的影响,而受根系互作的影响不显著(P＞0.05);覆盖和根系互作可提高玉米光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,而降低胞间CO₂浓度,其中相同隔根处理下,T1和T0间的差异显著;覆盖和根系互作可改善玉米产量各构成因素,并提高成熟期单株生物产量和经济产量。相关分析发现,玉米单株绿叶面积、叶绿素含量、根伤流速度、光合速率均与产量存在直线正相关关系。得出,覆盖和根系互作有利于改善玉米生理特性,提高产量,且根系互作的优势作用随覆盖水平的提高而增强。     

高粱花生间作对不同单行作物根系性状及土壤微生物的影响

以高粱品种辽粘3号和花生品种阜花18号为材料,设置高粱单作（S）、花生单作（P）和高粱花生间作（行比4∶4）3个处理,研究高粱花生间作模式土壤微生物群落组成及结构特征差异。间作处理取样位置为相邻行和间隔行,高粱和花生分别命名为S1、S2和P1、P2。结果表明：相同种植面积时,间作高粱产量显著高于单作,间作高粱产量增加36.14%,间作花生产量较单作下降12.86%,高粱花生间作土地当量比提高12.0%;与单作相比,间作高粱S1根长、根体积、根表面积和根系活跃吸收面积分别增加28.01%、12.86%、18.53%和18.42%,间作花生P2分别增加39.87%、66.67%、47.94%和21.43%;高粱根际土壤微生物共检测到种群2 825个,花生2 826个;丰富度指数中,高粱间作处理Chao1值显著高于单作,S1和S2分别增加8.10%和8.23%,花生P2和P1分别增加7.70%和4.23%,高粱花生间作处理微生物数目（Observed OTUs）均显著高于单作;多样性指数中,花生P2的Shannon指数增加了27.60%,间作高粱S1和S2的Simposon指数均显著高于高粱单作;各处理共有优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,同时优势菌门与根系性状间均存在显著正相关关系。主成分分析（PCA）和冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,土壤微生物群落结构受根长、根体积、根表面积影响,间作模式土壤微生物功能特征高于单作模式。高粱花生间作（行比4∶4）时高粱为优势作物,花生为弱势作物。间作体系显著改善高粱相邻行根系生长发育,同时提高土壤微生物群落功能特征。     

上行效应与下行效应在番茄潜叶蛾防控中的应用

番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta源自南美洲,是一种具有恶性入侵性、暴发性和毁灭性的害虫。该害虫自2017年入侵我国新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州,目前已在我国云南、贵州和四川等近20个省（区）相继发生,对番茄等茄科类作物造成严重威胁,亟需开展害虫综合治理研究与田间应用。该文基于土壤-作物-害虫-天敌互作系统中上行效应与下行效应的生态学原理,综述土壤氮素、根际微生物、作物抗性、作物和非作物多样性以及天敌昆虫在番茄潜叶蛾种群控制中的作用,对番茄潜叶蛾综合防控进行展望。     

水分胁迫对线辣椒根系生长及产量的影响

以陕西省关中线辣椒产区普遍种植的两个线辣椒品种多娇和辛香8号为试材,研究水分胁迫对其根系形态发育及产量的影响。试验采用盆栽方法,设置5个水分梯度：40%～50%（T1）,50%～60%(T2),60%～70%(T3),70%～80%(T4),80%～90%（CK）,测定其单株总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根交叉数、根分叉数、根平均直径、根冠比、 单株结果数和单株产量等。结果表明,各处理的单株总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根交叉数、根分叉数在水分胁迫的第20～40天期间,增加速率明显减小,甚至出现负增长,说明此时期是线辣椒根系对水分胁迫最敏感的时期;不同处理之间单株总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根分叉数、根交叉数表现为CK＞T4＞T3＞T2＞T1,T1、T2在整个水分胁迫期间均显著地抑制了根系的生长,T3、T4主要在第20～40天期间显著抑制了根系生长;在整个胁迫期间,各处理的根冠比和根平均直径均大于对照,说明线辣椒在水分胁迫下,其根系吸收的水分会首先用于保证根系自身生长,且胁迫处理不利于细根的生长及侧根的发生;单株结果数和单株产量随着土壤水分含量的降低而减少;辛香8号在各胁迫处理下的根系生长受抑制程度及单株减产程度均大于多娇,说明辛香8号的耐旱性弱于多娇。     

基于宏基因组测序解析长刺蒺藜草入侵对根际土壤氮循环的影响

为揭示外来入侵植物长刺蒺藜草 Cenchrus longispinus对氮素高效利用的微生态机制,利用宏基因组测序技术分析长刺蒺藜草、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、披碱草 Elymus dahuricus三种杂草根际土壤及对照中参与氮循环的微生物类群及功能基因差异。结果显示,长刺蒺藜草入侵显著增加了根际土壤中全氮和硝态氮含量,显著降低了土壤水溶性氮含量;长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中链霉菌属Streptomyces、红色杆菌属 Rubrobacter、硝化螺旋菌属 Nitrospira及类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides微生物丰度与其他3个处理之间差异显著,并与根际土壤中硝态氮含量显著相关;长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中微生物的氮代谢功能基因nasB和nifK丰度与对照之间差异显著,且与根际土壤中硝态氮含量显著相关。推测长刺蒺藜草入侵通过增加根际土壤中链霉菌属、红色杆菌属和类诺卡氏菌属微生物丰度影响根际土壤的氮代谢过程,通过减少 nasA基因丰度降低硝酸盐同化速率,其根际土壤有少量nifK固氮基因,表明其有一定的固氮能力。     

臭氧胁迫对大豆根系激素含量和活性氧代谢的影响

以大豆（Glycine max.）为试验材料,探讨臭氧(O₃)浓度升高〔(80±10) nL·L^-1)对大豆根系内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。研究表明：在大豆整个生育期内,O₃胁迫处理下的大豆根系脱落酸（ABA）含量、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量与对照相比显著（P<0.05）升高,生长素（IAA）含量显著（P<0.05）降低,内源激素间平衡改变,IAA/ABA、AR/ABA及(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值显著（P<0.05）降低,超氧阴离子产生速率、MDA含量、POD活性和脯氨酸含量与对照相比显著（P<0.05 ）升高,SOD和CAT活性显著（P<0.05）降低。O₃胁迫在一定程度上可以改变内源激素的含量及激素间的平衡比例,提高大豆的抗氧化能力,但是,长时间的胁迫作用将导致抗氧化系统氧化损伤,从而使膜脂过氧化程度加重,对大豆表现为伤害效应。     

根施水杨酸对铅胁迫下小麦根系生长发育的影响

以小麦品种“轮选988”为材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了80 mg·L^-1水杨酸（SA）对铅（50 mg·L^-1 Pb²⁺）胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:根施SA后,铅胁迫下的小麦幼苗株高、根长、株鲜重、根鲜重、株干重和根干重较对照(铅胁迫下未根施SA)分别上升了17.67%、24.85%、23.46%、18.69%、18.95%和25.41%,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性分别上升了215.73%、98.92%、137.45%和111.47%,根中超氧阴离子（O^—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]₂）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量分别降低了23.82%和28.99%;同时,根施SA,铅胁迫下小麦根系中可溶性糖含量上升了13.59％,而Pro含量下降了40.11%,根系中丙二醛（MDA）含量降低了16.78％,小麦根系活力增加了694.52%。因此,根施SA在一定程度上提高了小麦根系的抗氧化能力,缓解了铅离子对小麦根系的毒害。     

旱坡地间作群体对作物根际微生物数量的影响

研究了由玉米、草带、辣椒构成的不同间作群体对云南山区旱坡地土壤微生物数量的影响,结果表明:间作玉米和间作辣椒的草带根际微生物数量均高于其它间作和单作处理,其草带的根际细菌、真菌、放线菌和自生固氮菌数量平均值分别是玉米顺坡单作和辣椒单作的4.49倍和22.00倍,3.91倍和6.10倍,6.15倍和26.29倍,4.75倍和5.72倍;间作草带的玉米和辣椒其各类根际微生物数量均高于玉米和辣椒单作;玉米间作辣椒行比为4∶4和6∶6模式的根际土壤微生物数量多于2∶2模式。总的来说,玉米间作辣椒、玉米间作草带和辣椒间作草带的根际土壤微生物数量均多于各作物单作,为进一步改善旱坡地土壤根际微生物环境和明确间作群体根际土壤微生物效应提供了依据。     

牛粪与化肥配施对侧柏根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了CF（单施化肥）、CM（牛粪）和CM＋CF（牛粪和化肥各提供50%的氮）等处理对侧柏根系形态特征、根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明：同CF处理相比,CM＋CF处理显著提高了侧柏的根表面积、比根表面积、总根长、根尖数和根系活力,其中根表面积分别比CK、CF和CM处理提高110.01%、59.27%和28.54%;明显增加了根际土壤微生物数量及微生物量碳、氮含量,其中微生物量碳、氮含量分别比CF处理增加62.22%和45.35%。CM和CM＋CF处理的微生物多样性指数与微生物总量的变化趋势一致,而CK和CF处理的变化趋势相反。此外,CM＋CF处理还显著提高了根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性,尤其对多酚氧化酶的提高幅度最大。与CM＋CF处理相比,CM处理对侧柏根际微域的影响较小。因此,牛粪与化肥配施更有利于土壤微生物数量和酶活性的提高,从而为侧柏生长创造良好的微生态环境。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.