硝化抑制剂型包膜复合肥的氮素释放特征及其对大白菜生长的影响

以粉煤灰为主要包膜材料,同时添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD),对普通复合肥进行包膜,制备了DCD含量分别为0%,1%.2%和4%的4种包膜缓释复合肥,并进行土壤培养试验和田间试验,研究包膜缓释肥的氮素释放特征及其对大白菜生长的影响.结果表明:(1)硝化抑制剂与粉煤灰包膜结合能有效地保持氮素养分较长时间处于NH4+-N形态,减少了因转化为N3--N形态而造成的养分淋溶损失.4种自制包膜肥的缓释效果为:4%DCD>2%DCD>1%DCD>0%DCD.(2)在施肥水平相同的情况下,与普通复合肥相比,4种自制包膜复合肥均能提高大白菜中后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E),但与树脂包膜肥相比差异不显著,表现为:1%DCD≈2%DCD>0%DCD>4%DCD.与普通复合肥相比,除DCD含量为4%的包膜肥减产减收外,其他3种自制包膜肥使生物产量提高14.0%～17.2%,经济效益提高14.5%～17.5%,与树脂包膜肥相比差异不显著;所有包膜复合肥与普通复合肥相比,能提高含糖量、糖酸比及维生素C含量和降低硝酸盐及有机酸含量,且与施用树脂膜复合肥的效果相当.     

包膜缓释尿素对小白菜生理特性的影响

以粉煤灰和超微细磷矿粉为包膜材料,自制2种不同涂层厚度的包膜缓释尿素,研究2种不同膜材料缓释尿素对小白菜生理特性的影响.试验结果表明:与普通肥料相比,自制包膜尿素对小白菜生物量、光合蒸腾速率、全氮、全磷、全钾、POD、SOD、CAT活性均具有显著的改善作用,其他指标与普通肥料的相比差异不显著.不同涂层厚度之间差异显著,其中以30%粉煤灰包膜尿素及25%和30%的超微细磷矿粉包膜尿素对小白菜的效果最好.     

非包膜缓释复合肥养分释放特性及小麦对养分的吸收

采用土壤恒温培养模拟和盆栽试验方法研究了非包膜缓释复合肥(SRF)和普通复合肥(CCF)氮、磷、钾养分在土壤中的释放特性与小麦吸收氮、磷、钾养分的关系，以评价其在“土壤－作物”体系中的适应性。结果表明，非包膜缓释复合肥在土壤中氮、磷、钾养分的缓释能力优于普通复合肥，且各养分释放量以氮>钾>磷，与小麦的需肥特性相一致。盆栽小麦生育前期吸收普通复合肥的养分多于非包膜缓释复合肥，中、后期则相反，显示非包膜缓释复合肥的养分释放规律较普通复合肥能更好地符合小麦各生育期对养分的需求。与普通复合肥料相比，非包膜缓释复合肥肥效更好，分别提高小麦地上部、地下部、籽粒和总产量18.0%、7.55%、12.4%、14.9%；分别提高氮、磷、钾养分表观利用率23.6%，15.4%和63.7%。两种复合肥的3种养分累积释放量和小麦累积吸收量随时间变化的动态过程均可用三次回归方程表征(r＝0.9285^**～0.9968^**)，非包膜缓释复合肥氮素养分释放的拟合度高于普通复合肥，非包膜缓释复合肥的作物适应性更优。     

新型包膜缓释肥对大白菜生理特性、产量及品质的影响

以粉煤灰和有机黏结剂为包膜材料,对普通复合肥料(N-P2O5-K2O:15-15-15)进行包膜,制备了N-P2O5-K2O分别为14.25-14.25-14.25、13.5-13.5-13.5和12.75-12.75-12.75的3种包膜缓释肥料。通过田间试验,研究了包膜缓释肥料对大白菜生理特性、产量以及品质的影响。结果表明,在施肥水平相同的情况下,与普通复合肥相比,3种包膜缓释肥料可以提高大白菜生长后期叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,有效地降低叶片气孔限制值Ls;3种粉煤灰包膜复合肥处理能有效地改善大白菜单株参数,单株结球质量增加0.10~0.33 kg,产量提高9.72%~33.1%;同时,施用粉煤灰包膜缓释肥可以显著降低大白菜功能叶的NO3--N含量,也一定程度上降低了有机酸含量,提高了收获期大白菜球叶中可溶性糖含量、糖酸比以及Vc含量。     

控释复合肥田间养分释放特征及对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮累积的影响

通过水中溶出率法和田间玉米根下土埋法,研究聚合物包膜控释复合肥的养分释放特征及其对土壤中NO3^--N和NH4^＋-N累积的影响。结果表明,浸提温度越低,控释复合肥的养分释放速率越慢,CRF1和CRF2在15℃的释放期分别是25℃的1.5,1.67倍,5℃的释放期皆为25℃的2倍;夏季CRF3田间养分释放速率稍慢于水中溶出速率,从第7天到第84天二者累积养分释放率平均变幅为3.12%;春季CRF4田间养分释放明显慢于水中溶出速率,最大变幅达31.8%;与CCF处理相比,施用控释复合肥能够显著提高玉米生长期耕层的NH4^＋-N含量和0-20 cm土层的NO3^--N含量,显著减少20-40 cm土层的NO3^--N的累积,且CRF3-H处理与CCF处理比较,在第14天和第84天时20-40 cm土层的NO3--N含量仍然表现为差异显著。因此,应根据不同地域的气候条件和作物需求,选用养分释放特征适宜的控释肥料,达到增效、节肥、安全、环保的目的。     

控释复合肥对番茄生长效应的影响研究

采用流化床包膜技术制作的控释期为90d的4种养分比例不同的控释复合肥与等养分量的普通复合肥进行了番茄肥效对比盆栽试验。试验结果表明,控释复合肥具有养分缓慢释放的特点,施肥后40d达到高峰,有利于番茄生殖生长对养分的需求。施用控释复合肥番茄株高、叶面积、叶片数和鲜果重明显优于普通复合肥,且对防止病虫害有良好效果。施用控释复合肥番茄鲜果产量平均比普通复合肥提高63.1％。在本试验条件下,以CRF3处理,N-P2O5-K2O用量为0.4-0.26-0.37g/kg(即N:P2O5:K2O养分比例为1:0.65:0.93)肥效最好。     

不同无机矿物应用于包膜复合肥的氮素释放特征及其评价

探讨了不同无机矿物用于膜材料后的包膜复合肥氮素养分释放特性、生物效应和评价方法。采用了土壤淋溶和土壤盆栽试验两种方法。试验方法的不同造成土壤盆栽与淋溶试验中各处理养分释放拟合曲线的差异 。两种方法的试验结果都能说明:无机矿物材料能有效地保持Ｎ素养分较长时间处于NH4＋-N形态,减少了因转化为NO3－-N形态造成的养分淋溶损失,但是各种材料彼此间存在一定的差异。盆栽试验中养分累计释放量与释放速率虽然快于作物的生理需求,但是受矿物材料和土壤缓冲作用的影响,作物氮素供应状况良好。与普通复合肥相比,各无机矿物用于包膜肥后能显著提高氮素利用率。蒙脱土效果最好,其次为高岭土,且差异显著。滑石粉、硅粉、硅藻土与前两者相比效果稍差,差异显著,但三者间差异不显著。无机矿物材料的耐水程度,养分吸附、固定能力和离子交换量等理化性质会影响包膜肥的养分释放性能。对于膜层疏松、耐水性差、主要靠养分吸附和固定机理控释的包膜肥来说,采用土壤作为养分释放介质更接近真实释放性能。评价包膜肥料的性能应该充分考虑养分形态、膜材特性、包膜工艺、土壤环境、供试作物等各方面因素,重点在“肥料–土壤–作物”系统中考查,从多种角度制定不同方案、通过多种方法综合评价其缓释效果。     

控释肥在盆栽棉花上的肥效研究

采用包膜控释肥进行了棉花盆栽试验,并以普通复合肥作对照研究包膜控释肥对棉花的增产效应。研究结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,施用控释肥更有效提高了土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮及其速效磷、速效钾含量,经控释肥处理的棉花叶绿素相对含量、株高均比普通复合肥有明显的优势。控释肥对棉花的果枝数、桃数在各施肥水平上与普通复合肥相比不显著,包膜控释肥施用纯氮量分别在0.2,0.4 g/kg土时比相同施氮量普通复肥具有显著的增产作用,相对增产率分别为113.1%和34.5%,而且在施用量减少的情况下,仍能获得高于普通复肥的产量。控释肥比普通复肥具有控制释放,提高产量和降低施肥量的优越性。     

缓释复合肥养分释放特性和黄连生物效应研究

采用连续恒温培养和大田试验研究了4种缓释复合肥在种植黄连的土壤(森林黄棕壤)中的养分释放特性及其对黄连产量和药用品质的效应。结果表明,20℃恒温模拟条件下缓释复合肥氮、磷、钾养分缓释性能较佳,3种养分释放的动力学过程可用Elovich方程St=a+blnt、双常数方程lnSt=a+blnt和抛物线扩散方程St=a+bt0.5表征,各方程参数b值均可用于描述缓释复合肥氮、磷、钾养分释放速率。在田间试验中4种缓释复合肥极显著提高3～5年生黄连产量,大幅度提高黄连小檗碱和生物碱产量,并以SRF3、SRF2和SRF13种缓释复合肥的效应大。     

不同缓释有机复肥对夏玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了不同缓释有机复肥对夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,以污泥滤饼(沼渣)为主要有机原料生产的胶结型、胶结-包膜型和混合型(30%胶结型缓释肥+70%胶结-包膜型缓释肥)有机复肥较等氮等磷等钾养分用量的常规施肥(化肥+有机肥)分别增加夏玉米产量7.9%、14.9%和20.1%,分别提高氮素利用率8.5、18.0和25.3个百分点,分别提高氮素农学效率0.71、1.33和1.77倍。本试验条件下,混合型缓释有机复肥能保证养分释放动态与夏玉米需肥规律基本吻合,因而增产效果最好,并显著提高了氮素利用效率。     

Nutrient Release Characteristics of Coated Fertilizers by Superfine Phosphate Rock Powder and its Effects on Physiological Traits of Chinese Cabbage

Four kinds of slow release fertilizers were prepared out by coating common compound fertilizer [nitrogen (N)-phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅)-potassum oxide (K₂O):15-15-15] with four kinds of superfine phosphate rock powder (SPRP) which accounting for 60% of the total coated materials in mass. Electronic microscope scanning, static water releasing test, soil incubation experiment, and a field experiment were conducted on their nutrient release mechanisms and their effects on physiologic traits of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that all these four kinds of SPRP could markedly improve microstructure and thus release rate. However, their capacity was inferior to controlled release fertilizer (CRF). The four homemade fertilizers increased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate in the leaves of Chinese cabbage during its late growth stage, and improve the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activities during its ball period. In addition, the four homemade fertilizers improved yield by 20.62%～33.41% and 18.94%～24.44%, respectively, over the common compound fertilizer during 2009 and 2010, and improved sugar-acid and soluble sugar and V_C contents of the head of Chinese cabbage at the harvest stage. There are not obvious differences of physiological traits between the J2 coated CCF fertilizer (JCRF2), Y2 coated CCF fertilizer (YCRF2), and Resin coated CCF fertilizer (CRF). Nutrient release characters and agricultural effect of four homemade fertilizers follow the order: JCRF2≈YCRF2>JCRF1≈YCRF1.     

风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦生长发育及土壤酶活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦产量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、植株干重及养分和土壤速效养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用控释肥均较不施肥（CK）和氮磷钾配施（NPK）小麦产量提高,结构改善。与NPK相比成穗数降低,千粒重和穗粒数提高;等养分量控释肥增产6.69%~16.92%。控释肥使冬小麦中后期叶片Pn、植株干重、全N和全K含量提高;等养分量控释肥较NPK处理子粒蛋白质含量提高。与NPK处理相比,控释肥处理土壤速效养分在冬小麦生长发育前期低、中后期高,同时提高了土壤酶活性,有利于小麦养分吸收与运转,使得肥料利用率提高。供试控释肥中以水玻璃控释材料包裹的控释肥（WCRF）效果最好,明显激活了土壤酶活性,使土壤养分供应充足,小麦生长发育后期叶片Pn、干重及养分含量及子粒产量最高。     

高温-超低温处理对控释肥氮素释放特性的影响

采用水培和土培方法,探讨了2种组合的高温-超低温处理对MEISTER 180氮素释放特性的影响。结果表明,55℃处理期平均养分溶出率（η△t）为6.6%~8.9%;超低温处理期平均养分溶出率（η△t）为0.1%~0.6%。高温-超低温处理后MEISTER 180水中和土中氮素释放均呈直线型模式,相关系数R2在0.8552~0.9505之间;水中和土中养分溶出率比值变动范围在1.0~1.3之间,表明氮素释放受水分影响小,高温-超低温处理未改变MEISTER 180释放模式。     

A column perfusion test to assess the kinetics of nutrient release by soluble,sparingly soluble and coated granular fertilizers

In recent years, innovations in fertilizer research have principally been in the design of products to supply more timely plant nutrients and mitigate detrimental losses to the environment. In the development of these fertilizers, a laboratory method to comparatively screen a large number of formulations for the rate of nutrient release is a critical first step in formulation optimization to significantly reduce time spent on pot and field trials, reducing costs considerably. Currently, given the absence of a standard laboratory method for all fertilizers, adaptions of a method for coated fertilizers from the International Organization for Standardization (2017) ISO 21263 and other column tests are being used which are often complex and/or require manual sampling which can be laborious, time consuming and costly. The method presented here evaluates the dynamic release in real time by continuously perfusing samples in columns utilizing an automated sample accumulation system for short‐term and long‐term release studies and eliminates the need for soil/sand packing of columns. Mass balance is accounted for by analysing the residue after dissolution and the amount released is expressed as a % of the total nutrient content in the product. This method is reliable, uncomplicated and cost‐effective and has been used to test uncoated soluble fertilizers, nanofertilizers, fertilizers with newly developed coating technologies and other slowly soluble fertilizers, to assess the effect of variables like coating chemistry and thickness, fertilizer composition or fertilizer particle size on release rate.     

Nitrogen use efficiency with the application of controlled release fertilizers coated with Kraft pine lignin

The aim of the present paper is to assess the efficiency of several experimental fertilizers in a soil-plant system. The laboratory-prepared fertilizers consisted of granular urea coated with Kraft pine lignin. Five fertilizers were used with coatings differing in thickness and/or the addition of linseed oil as a sealing agent. The experiment was carried out in pots inside a glasshouse. The crop used was rye-grass. Results were compared with those from a urea control treatment without coating and a soil without fertilizer application.

The dry matter yield and the N uptake by the plant were higher in the treatments with coated controlled release fertilizers (CRF) than in those with uncoated urea. There was a lower nitrogen loss through leaching when using CRF (34 to 68%) was used than when using uncoated urea (over 74%) was used. The N use efficiency was lower for urea than for coated fertilizers. This index increased with the thickness of the coating and the addition of the sealing agent.     

包膜控释肥料养分释放率快速测定方法的研究

包膜控释肥料养分释放率的快速测定是控释肥质量检测和制定评价标准的关键。快速测定方法可以在较短时间内,推测和评价控释肥料的养分释放速率的快慢及释放期的长短。本研究对4种不同包膜控释肥料在25℃温度条件下的静水释放过程进行了测定,并应用100℃快速浸提化学实测法的测定结果与之拟合,找出两者相同养分释放量的时间对应关系方程,并对方程进行了检验和评价;同时,还对100℃温度条件下快速浸提液进行了电导率法(简便方法)的测定。结果表明,4种不同包膜控释肥料的相同养分释放量与时间对应关系方程的拟合度均达到极显著水平;在100℃温度条件下,快速浸提测定法能在较短的时间内准确测定包膜控释肥料的养分释放率,释放期为36～个月的包膜控释肥,在104～8.h就可初步测定出养分释放期;在25℃释放期为6个月的控释肥,100℃快速浸提测定的养分释放期的最大误差为10.d(5.6%);100℃快速浸提电导率法亦可简便快速的测定出包膜控释肥的养分释放率,其对养分释放期为6个月的包膜控释肥料预测值的最大误差为15.d(8.3%)。     

不同温度对APEX园艺专用控释肥料养分释放特性的影响研究

试验研究不同温度对APEX园艺专用控释肥料养分释放特性的影响结果表明,3种控释肥料释放速度均受温度的影响,且随温度的升高而释放速度加快,释放周期相应缩短,但3者对温度的敏感性不同,常绿植物肥尤其是P、K易受温度的影响,木本植物肥释放速度受影响最小,其养分释放也很平稳,控释效果最佳。     

粘土包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征及其增产效应

以尿素为缓释肥料核心,两种粘土矿物为包膜材料,聚乙烯醇为粘结剂,研制出两种包膜缓释肥料,并探讨了两种包膜肥料在土壤、石英砂等介质条件下的氮素释放特征及形态转化规律,还通过盆栽试验进一步研究了包膜尿素的增产效应。试验结果表明,与普通尿素相比,两种粘土矿物肥料均具有较好的缓释性能,在以石英砂为介质时表现的尤为明显;包膜后的尿素具有较明显的生物增产效应,两种包膜肥料在株高、鲜重、干重等主要产量性状方面与普通尿素均存在显著差异。     

松香甘油酯包膜材料对尿素缓释性的影响

该文以松香甘油酯为包膜材料,生产包膜尿素,并利用盆栽土壤试验法,研究以松香甘油酯为包膜材料的包膜尿素缓释性能。结果表明：C=5%其初溶出率均为12.9%。用LOGISTIC生长曲线模型进行模拟,得到涂层覆盖率C=5%时,其最大养分释放量为96%,养分释放期为146 d;涂层覆盖率C=8.1%时,其最大养分释放量为97%,养分释放期为194 d,这表明：控制涂层覆盖率,可控制肥料释放周期;松香甘油酯为包膜材料的选用开辟了新的途径。     

超微细磷钾-活化剂肥在小白菜上的肥效研究

为提高磷钾肥的有效性,减少磷钾肥固定及淋失,提高作物产量,节约农业资源和减少面源污染,研制超微细磷钾—活化剂肥,通过盆栽小白菜试验,研究该肥对小白菜的产量、品质、土壤养分含量及肥料利用率的影响。以常规磷钾肥和添加腐殖酸磷钾肥为对照,研究磷钾肥与腐殖酸、沸石粉、硅藻土活化剂不同配比并磨细制造超微细磷钾—活化剂肥施肥效果,共9个处理。结果表明:超微细磷钾—活化剂肥显著提高了小白菜的产量,增产率达13.22%~35.14%;超微细磷钾—腐殖酸—沸石粉肥、超微细磷钾—腐殖酸—硅藻土肥、超微细磷钾肥—腐殖酸—沸石粉—硅藻土肥处理的小白菜硝酸盐含量降低了30.46%~74.31%,可溶性糖增加41.70%~150.00%;土壤有效磷含量平均提高23.15%;超微细磷钾—活化剂肥的磷肥利用率提高47.58%~238.62%,农学利用率提高114.12%~303.44%,钾肥的肥料偏生产力提高13.22%~35.15%,均达显著水平。超微细磷钾—活化剂肥提高了其保肥和供肥性能,增加了产量,建议在肥料生产和施用中选择超微细磷钾—腐殖酸—沸石粉肥料。