离子交换树脂膜测定肥料养分在土壤中的变化

在25℃恒温培养条件下，采用离子交换树脂膜(IERM)连续提取法研究了不同肥料(尿素、氯化钾、磷酸二氢钙、缓释复合肥)养分(氮、磷、钾)在土壤中的变化。结果表明，几种肥料养分释放速率各异，缓释复合肥氮、磷养分释放在前期(28 d)释放较慢。用该方法提取肥料养分(N、P、K)在土壤中的释放累积量随时间的增加而增大，用Elovich、双常数、一级扩散、抛物线扩散4种动力学方程来描述二者的关系，拟合度都达到了极显著水平(r=0.863^**～0.999^**)。用该法测定肥料在土壤中释放养分的变化特性与用其测定的土壤本身养分的变化特性相似。从而提出了离子交换树脂膜法作为一种评价肥料养分在土壤中的变化特性的较理想方法的可能性。     

砂质土壤pH对中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响研究

采用连续恒温培养研究了30℃条件下砂质酸性、中性土壤对2种不同剂型中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响.研究结果表明,中性缓释复合肥的养分累积量、拟合动力学方程参数b值及养分平均释放相对百分率的变化趋势,受砂质土壤pH的影响基本一致.随砂质土壤pH升高,两种中性缓释复合肥氮素和磷素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大;砂质土壤pH降低,中性缓释复合肥钾素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大.两个中性缓释复合肥的养分释放速率对于砂质土壤pH变化响应一致,均表现为SRF1(有机无机型)＜SRF2(无机型).     

缓释复合肥养分释放特性和黄连生物效应研究

采用连续恒温培养和大田试验研究了4种缓释复合肥在种植黄连的土壤(森林黄棕壤)中的养分释放特性及其对黄连产量和药用品质的效应。结果表明,20℃恒温模拟条件下缓释复合肥氮、磷、钾养分缓释性能较佳,3种养分释放的动力学过程可用Elovich方程St=a+blnt、双常数方程lnSt=a+blnt和抛物线扩散方程St=a+bt0.5表征,各方程参数b值均可用于描述缓释复合肥氮、磷、钾养分释放速率。在田间试验中4种缓释复合肥极显著提高3～5年生黄连产量,大幅度提高黄连小檗碱和生物碱产量,并以SRF3、SRF2和SRF13种缓释复合肥的效应大。     

高阳县农田土壤速效养分空间变异特征研究

土壤养分空间变异的研究对指导测土配方施肥具有重要意义。为了便于土壤养分的管理, 以河北省保定市高阳县为例, 应用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法, 研究了农田土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的空间变异特征。结果表明: 土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量范围分别为10.50~210.00 mg·kg^-1、1.02~197.75 mg·kg^-1和14.51~376.18 mg·kg^-1, 平均值分别为76.32 mg·kg^-1、22.28 mg·kg^-1和128.34 mg·kg^-1, 变异系数范围为36.11%~79.71%, 属于中等强度变异。速效氮、磷、钾的C0/(C0+C)值均介于25%~75%, 表现出中等强度的空间自相关, 空间变异是结构因素和随机因素共同作用的结果, 空间相关距离分别为43.96 km、1.05 km和51.94 km。通过插值误差的比较得出最优拟合模型, 速效氮、磷、钾最好的理论模型分别为球状模型、指数模型和球状模型, 趋势效应参数宜选取0阶。然后用普通克里格方法绘制了土壤速效氮、磷、钾的空间分布图, 速效氮含量绝大部分属低等水平, 无明显分布特征, 速效磷空间分布呈条带状, 速效钾空间分布呈条带状和岛状分布相结合的特点。     

应用离子交换树脂膜法评价缓释复合肥料供肥特性的研究

在25℃连续恒温培养条件下,采用离子交换树脂膜(IERM)提取,测定了不同缓释复合肥料(SRCF)在土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分的供肥特性,并与盆栽水稻的养分吸收进行比较。结果表明:56.d内2种SRCF在土壤中NO3--N和NH4+-N养分的日均供应量占普通复合肥(NCF)的3.3%～58.1%,并以NH4+-NNO3--N;2种SRCF的H2PO4-和K+的日均供应量占磷、钾施用量分别为NCF的14.9%、23.2%和92.7%、64.5%。与NCF相比,SRCF氮素和磷素养分在土壤中释放具有明显的缓释作用。Elovich和抛物线扩散方程的b值可分别用来表征SRCF的NO3--N、H2PO4-和NH4+-N、K+养分在土壤中释放后被吸收的日均供肥量。用离子交换树脂膜法提取测定的SRCF养分在土壤中的供肥特性与该法测定的土壤本身养分的供肥特性相似。SRCF氮、磷、钾养分累积释放量与盆栽水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收量呈显著或极显著的正相关(r=0.869～*0.994**)。用离子交换树脂膜提取测定和评价缓释复合肥料在土壤中养分的供肥特性是一种比较理想的方法。     

华北冬绿肥作物养分累积特征及对翻压前土壤养分的影响

采用大田试验方式研究华北地区冬绿肥生态适应性。试验设置冬闲、二月兰、毛叶苕子、黑麦、黑麦草、毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子黑麦混播7个处理,分析其养分累积及其对翻压前土壤养分的影响。结果表明,供试冬绿肥翻压前生物产量为4991～7262 kg/hm²,氮、磷、钾累积吸收量分别为121.5 ～191.4、26.8～41.9、140.7～261.5 kg/hm²,显著高于冬闲处理。其中,毛叶苕子氮吸收量最高,黑麦磷、钾吸收量最高;冬绿肥翻压前土壤硝态氮、有效磷含量显著降低,土壤速效钾含量显著增加。研究结果为冬绿肥种植减少土壤氮、磷养分淋失和钾素固持提供了理论支持。     

缓释复合肥对不同土壤红三叶产量和品质效应的研究

采用盆栽试验研究了缓释复合肥对强酸性土、酸性土、中性土上红三叶产量和品质的效应。结果表明,与等养分普通复合肥相比,不同土壤施用缓释复合肥可显著提高红三叶产量,增产率以强酸性土（55.8%）〉中性土（39.9%）〉酸性土（7.4%）;不同缓释复合肥在不同土壤上的肥效有差异,强酸性土和酸性土上施用低磷钾的缓释复合肥产量高,中性土则以施高磷钾缓释复合肥者产量高。缓释复合肥能改善3种土壤第一茬、第二茬红三叶饲用品质和矿质品质,其中粗蛋白提高4.0%-23.1%,粗脂肪提高2.5%-38.6%,粗灰分提高1.4%-23.6%,粗纤维降低2.5%-23.3%,磷提高4.9%-18.6%,钙提高1.8%-13.7%。红三叶异黄酮含量受土壤影响较大,强酸性土和酸性土上缓释复合肥处理的异黄酮含量低于等养分普通复合肥,而中性土施用缓释复合肥提高了红三叶异黄酮含量。     

包膜尿素的养分释放特征及其肥效

应用固-液反应包膜工艺，采用4种改性的无机包膜材料，试制出了成本较低的包膜缓释尿素，用水中溶出率法测定了包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征，应用盆栽水稻评价了包膜缓释尿素的肥效，并与国外的有机缓释氮肥（Methylene Urea）和高聚物包膜复合肥（Osmocotte）进行了比较，表明固-液反应型包膜尿素具有较好的养分缓释效果，4种包膜尿素与等氮和等重常规尿素相比，栽培水稻都有一定的增产作用，并提高了肥料利用率，其中LU增产最显著，比等氮和等重尿素处理分别增产41．5％和35．7％，肥料当季利用率达到43．9％，好于国外的有机缓释氮肥和高聚物包膜复合肥。养分释放特征与水稻氮素营养特征较为接近，可为水稻一次性施肥所用。     

磺化炭基复合肥对盐化潮土小麦生长及土壤养分的影响

为探究有机废硫酸低温炭化技术制备的新型磺化炭基复合肥在滨海盐化潮土区小麦上的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了不施肥(CK)、磷酸二铵(DP)、15-15-15三元复合肥(CF)及炭添加量分别为6%、8%、12%、16%和20%的磷酸二铵炭基肥和三元炭基复合肥对小麦干物质累积量、产量、养分利用率及土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭基复合肥显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,且随着生物炭添加比例的增加,小麦籽粒产量呈先增加后降低的规律。磷酸二铵炭基肥中CDP8%和CDP12%处理增产效果较好,分别较DP处理增产6.42%和5.82%;三元炭基复合肥中CCF12%处理较CF处理籽粒产量显著提高4.92%。生物炭的添加可增加植物体内氮、磷、钾养分的累积量,从而提高肥料养分利用率,其中炭添加量6%～12%表现效果最佳。施用生物炭基复合肥对小麦各生育期土壤速效养分具有不同程度的提高作用。在小麦拔节和孕穗期,炭添加量为6%～12%的两种类型炭基复合肥对土壤硝态氮含量增加显著,增幅分别为17.40%～40.34%和5.45%～12.31%;在成熟期,CDP6%、CDP8%和CDP12%处理土壤有效磷含量较DP处理显著提高了8.49%～13.95%。另外,施用磺化炭基复合肥较普通复合肥显著降低了小麦返青期耕层土壤pH。综上所述,施用生物炭添加量6%～12%的磺化炭基复合肥对于提高土壤速效养分含量具有积极作用,可提高小麦籽粒产量和养分利用效率。     

陕北旱地毛叶苕子不同翻压量下腐解速率及养分变化特征

采用尼龙网袋法在陕北旱地进行田间腐解试验,研究了低(30000 kg/hm²)、中(45000 kg/hm²)、高(52500 kg/hm²)3个翻压量下毛叶苕子的干物质腐解规律和养分释放率,为合理确定绿肥翻压量和化肥配施量提供理论依据。结果表明:随着翻压时间的推移毛叶苕子腐解率呈前期迅速增加、后期缓慢的变化趋势,至试验结束时(75 d)各处理干物质的最终腐解率为61.98%～65.32%。氮、磷、钾均在翻压后的前10 d大量释放,至试验结束时氮累积释放率为69.10%～75.23%,磷累积释放率为72.25%～78.24%,钾累积释放率达81.62%～90.02%。不同翻压量下毛叶苕子氮、磷、钾的释放率和释放速率分别可用幂函数y=axb和指数衰减模型v=v0e-kx进行拟合,回归分析表明,不同翻压量下各养分最易达到的释放率均随翻压量的增大而降低,随着翻压量的增加,氮养分最大释放速率呈先增加后减小的趋势,磷的最大释放速率逐渐提升,钾的最大释放速率逐渐减少。增加翻压量对毛叶苕子磷完全释放的延缓效应最大(延缓145～167 d)、氮次之(延缓31～49 d)、钾最小(延缓26～38 d)。增加翻压量不会改变毛叶苕子整体的腐解及养分释放规律,但会对养分的释放率和释放速率产生影响,在实际生产中应充分结合作物需肥特性,确定毛叶苕子合理的翻压量。     

含硫尿素养分缓释释放测定方法的研究

包膜尿素肥料是提高肥料利用率，解决环境污染问题的一种新型肥料。针对目前对缓释肥料释放特性的研究集中在化工制作领域这一现状，采用不同的测定方法，阐明含硫尿素中的养分氮在水及土壤中的转化特点，确定养分的释放速率，以求找出适合农业生产应用的方法。研究表明，可以用电导率法快速准确地定性评价缓释肥料的供肥特性和供肥速度，用土壤培养法和水培法定量测定其供肥性能。     

包膜缓释肥的养分释放及其增产效应

包膜缓释肥在20℃水中浸泡72h氮释放量仅为80 1%,而普通复合肥和尿素在浸泡4h就达到了88%以上。包膜缓释肥能显著提高氮磷钾的利用率,使氮素利用率在小麦和玉米上分别比普通复合肥平均提高9 14和5 03个百分点;使磷素利用率分别比普通复合肥平均提高17 52和11 22个百分点;使钾素利用率分别比普通复合肥平均提高8 35和11 26个百分点;小麦、玉米分别增产11 3%和12 6%;能显著提高小麦品质,使粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间各项指标都有明显增加。     

高温-超低温处理对控释肥氮素释放特性的影响

采用水培和土培方法,探讨了2种组合的高温-超低温处理对MEISTER 180氮素释放特性的影响。结果表明,55℃处理期平均养分溶出率（η△t）为6.6%~8.9%;超低温处理期平均养分溶出率（η△t）为0.1%~0.6%。高温-超低温处理后MEISTER 180水中和土中氮素释放均呈直线型模式,相关系数R2在0.8552~0.9505之间;水中和土中养分溶出率比值变动范围在1.0~1.3之间,表明氮素释放受水分影响小,高温-超低温处理未改变MEISTER 180释放模式。     

Urea Uptake and Release by Novel Macrogels from Dimethylacrylamide

ABSTRACT

A novel macrogels poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide) (p(DMAAm)) and its derivatives were synthesized from DMAAm for use in urea uptake and release. p(DMAAm) surface was modified by NaOH and HCl to obtain p(DMAAm)/NaOH and p(DMAAm)/HCl, which are negatively and positively charged, respectively. The dynamic swelling behaviors, water retention and pH sensitivities of the macrogels were studied. It was found that all macrogels exhibited the equilibrium swelling ratio (SR) in the range 1068–1451%. Swelling kinetics showed that the macrogels possessed Fickian diffusion behavior while the diffusion coefficient of the macrogels varied from 1.41.10^–5 to 2.53.10^–5 cm²/min. Furthermore, urea uptake capacity and controlled release properties of the macrogels were studied. The maximum urea uptake capacity at pH 6 for p(DMAAm), p(DMAAm)/HCl, p(DMAAm)/NaOH macrogels were obtained to be 76.7 mg/g, 88.2 mg/g, 110.5 mg/g, respectively. It was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm fits quite well the experimental data. To describe the urea release kinetics, experimental data recorded at different pH solutions were computed through common release models. At pH 8, the p(DMAAm)/NaOH showed the highest release among the three prepared macrogel. Consequently, the results demonstrated that synthesized novel macrogels had high swelling rate and ability of absorbing and releasing of urea at different medium conditions.     

Macro‐ and micronutrient‐release characteristics of three polymer‐coated fertilizers: Theory and measurements

In spite of several published studies we have an incomplete understanding of the ion‐release mechanisms and characteristics of polymer‐coated fertilizers (PCF). Here we extend current conceptual models describing release mechanisms and describe the critical effects of substrate moisture and temperature on macro‐ and micronutrient release of three PCF types: Polyon®, Nutricote®, and Osmocote®. Nutrient release was quantified at weekly intervals for up to 300 d from 5°C to 40°C in water and chemically inert sand, substrates that allowed release quantification without confounding effects of ion sorption/desorption. At least two release‐timeframe formulations of each PCF type were studied and all products had similar nutrient concentrations to allow isolation of the effect of coating technology. Contrary to several studies, our data and model indicate that there is no significant difference in nutrient‐release rates in water and a moist, solid substrate. This means that release rates determined in water can be used to model bio‐available nutrient concentrations in moist soil or soilless media where sorption/desorption properties alter concentrations after release. Across all PCF, the nutrients most affected by temperature were typically N, K, B, Cu, and Zn, while the least affected were P, Mg, and Fe. We also found consistent differences among the coating technologies. Osmocote fertilizers released faster than specified at both high and low temperatures. Nutricote had relatively steady release rates over time and a nonlinear response to temperature. Polyon released more slowly than specified but replicate samples were highly uniform.     

粒径和包膜厚度对控释肥氮素释放特性的影响

通过静水溶出率试验探讨粒径和包膜厚度对控释肥料初期溶出率、微分溶出率以及氮素累积溶出率的影响,筛选出适宜的粒径和包膜厚度的控释肥料,以此达到节省包膜材料用量、降低包膜控释肥生产成本的目的。试验结果表明,小粒径(2.5~3 mm)处理的包膜效果优于中粒径(3~4 mm)和大粒径(4~5 mm)处理的包膜效果。当包膜厚度在60~70 g/m2范围内时,中粒径处理的释放速度平缓,释放期长,控释效果优于小粒径和大粒径处理的控释效果;随着厚度的增大,初期、微分溶出率以及氮素累积溶出率都有显著减小的趋势。其中,包膜厚度对中粒径处理的影响最为显著,而对大粒径处理的影响相对较小。     

聚合物/膨润土复合控释材料的应用研究

用聚合物/膨润土复合材料与肥料混合制备混合型缓/控释肥和用复合材料包裹尿素制备包膜型缓/控释肥进行盆栽试验。结果表明,聚合物和膨润土都具有控释作用,二者复合具有更好的控释效果。几种混合型缓/控释肥处理的玉米生物量均较对照有显著提高,以添加含膨润土0.5倍(相对于聚合物质量)的复合材料配制的缓/控释肥效果最好。几种包膜型缓/控释肥处理的玉米生物量较对照有所提高,差异达显著水平,以含膨润土2倍的复合材料制备的缓/控释肥效果最好。     

Kinetics of water‐extractable zinc release from seaweed (Fucus serratus) as soil amendment

Soil fertilization with trace‐metal rich organic fertilizers such as Fucus serratus seaweed may be an effective way to combat micronutrient deficiency. In this study the kinetics of zinc release from Fucus serratus seaweed was investigated in a packed soil column leaching experiment over 1,776 h. The release of zinc from control (soil only) and treatment (soil + seaweed; equivalent zinc application rate of 1.42 kg ha^?1) columns, measured by ICP‐MS, demonstrated two distinct release stages. The cumulative zinc release data for each phase were fitted to five kinetic models: zero order, first order, Elovich, power function and parabolic diffusion. In the first stage (0–400 hours) the release of zinc from both control and treatment was best described by a parabolic rate law, indicating release of zinc from a soluble soil reservoir. In the second stage (400–1,776 h) zinc release followed a zero order rate law indicative of slow release from an essentially insoluble reservoir. The modelled difference between the amount of zinc released from treatment and control columns in stage 1 (230 ± 11 µg) represented the total amount of zinc added via seaweed. The parabolic rate constant for seaweed zinc release was 12.09 µg g^?1 h^?0.5. In summary, the addition of F. serratus to soil is a viable source of labile zinc and a low cost agronomic option for mitigating zinc deficiency in soils.     

基于胶粘物质的肥料控释装置的方案设计及其养分释放模拟

该文提出了可应用于农田的肥料控释装置方案设计,此装置由肥料主管道和养分释放分管道组成,选取天然、半天然高分子材料壳聚糖和果胶作为释放分管道的胶粘物质,在实验室条件下检测了其控释效果,结果表明:养分主要呈线性释放,装置具有良好控释效果.利用Fick第一扩散定律和欧姆定律模拟了装置养分的释放,结果表明:养分的释放主要受扩散系数或物阻率、扩散面积、胶粘物质厚度等因素影响.该模型表明,养分是呈线性释放的,和实测结果相一致,并由此计算出了胶粘物质的控释参数:扩散系数或物阻率,为实际应用提供了理论基础.