利用度量误差模型方法建立相容性立木生物量方程系统

本文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)地上生物量数据为例,通过利用度量误差模型方法,研究建立了地上生物量与干、皮、枝、叶4个分量的相容性方程系统。首先,从各个分量所占比例变化特点分析入手,采用比值函数分级联合控制和比例函数总量直接控制2种方案构建了以地上总生物量为基础的相容性方程系统,其中对地上总生物量模型的估计,又采取了独立估计和联合估计2种处理方法。结果表明,分级联合控制方案和总量直接控制方案效果基本相当,而独立估计方法和联合估计方法也几乎没有差异。然后,还对一元、二元和三元模型的拟合效果进行了对比分析,结果显示随着解释变量的增加,估计值的标准误差和平均预估误差会有所下降,但对模型效果的改善幅度并不大。最后,对各个分量占地上总生物量的比例随直径的变化特点进行了分析,结果表明干材生物量所占比例随林木直径的增大而提高,干皮和树叶生物量所占比例则随林木直径的增大而下降,而树枝生物量所占比例相对比较稳定。本文所建立的相容性生物量方程系统,地上总生物量的预估精度达到95%以上,树叶生物量的预估精度最低,但也达到了85%以上。     

兴安落叶松天然林粗根生物量及分布特征的研究

森林粗根生物量是森林生态系统生物量的重要组成部分,以兴安落叶天然林粗根生物量为研究对象,利用平均标准木法和全部挖掘法测定了不同年龄兴安落叶松天然林的粗根生物量,研究了粗根根系的空间分布格局,并建立了粗根生物量回归模型。结果表明:林分粗根生物量随林龄的增加而增加,幼龄林(26a,38a)的根系生物量为7.92 t/hm2,中龄林(49a,68a)为39.77 t/hm2,近熟林(96a)为49.80 t/hm2,成过熟林(132a)为74.11t/hm2;兴安落叶松根生物量占林木个体生物量的15.12%～27.25%,且根系生物量的65%以上集中分布在0～20 cm土壤层中;根生物量随着土壤深度的增加呈幂函数降低;建立的胸径—粗根生物量模型B=0.011314D2.7629达到极显著水平(R2=0.97)。     

辽东山区日本落叶松生物量相容性模型的研究

基于60株辽东山区日本落叶松样木生物量的实测数据,分析不同林龄条件下立木各部分生物量的变化情况,并应用度量误差方法建立立木相容性生物量模型。结果表明:树叶、树枝、树皮生物量占总生物量的比值随林龄增长呈下降趋势,干材占总生物量的比值随林龄增长呈上升趋势。在筛选出总生物量与各分量最优独立模型的基础上,应用三级控制的方法建立生物量相容性模型,并采用加权回归方法消除总量和各分量模型的异方差。建立的总量、地上部分、树干、干材、树皮生物量模型,其R2均大于0.9;树根、树冠、树叶和树枝生物量的R2略低,介于0.7 0.9之间。通过独立样本对模型的相容性和预测精度进行检验,各分量预测值所占总生物量的百分比之和为1,模型完全相容;根、冠、叶和枝的模型预测精度略低于90%,其他部位模型的预测精度都在95%以上,模型的预测精度较高。     

兴安落叶松天然林树冠生长特性分析

分析兴安落叶松天然林分级木和林分冠生长特性,建立冠幅生长及单株冠、枝、叶生物量模型。结果表明:1)年龄36～39年、密度983～3263株·hm-2林分和年龄54～61年、密度1101～2241株·hm-2林分,随林分密度增加,分级木冠幅差距趋于减小;冠长占树高比例及冠长与冠幅比值增加;优势木、平均木和被压木平均冠积分别达22.479,15.296,6.179和26.864,11.154,8.192m3。2)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分优势木、平均木和被压木平均单株冠生物量分别为0.0082,0.0049,0.0009和0.0079,0.0038,0.0014t;占单株地上生物量平均比例分别达18.5%,24.2%,17.3%和15.9%,12.0%,20.5%。3)单株冠生物量分配中,枝比例高于叶比例,并因分级木不同而不同。年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,优势木、平均木、被压木枝生物量比例分别为76.6%,74.7%,66.6%和76.8%,73.3%,71.4%;叶生物量比例分别为23.4%,25.3%,33.4%和23.2%,26.7%,28.6%。4)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,林分...     

鄂西山区日本落叶松林相容性单株生物量模型研究

在收集的36块标准地资料和建立的单株生物量模型基础上,基于非线性度量误差模型方法,对鄂西山区日本落叶松林相容性单株生物量模型进行研究。结果表明,鄂西山区日本落叶松单株生物量平均分配规律呈树干生物量树根生物量树冠生物量;所构建的日本落叶松相容性单株生物量模型,确定系数和预估精度均在0.90以上,模型拟合效果较好,预估精度较高,较好地解决了传统模型不相容问题;各组分生物量占总生物量的比例随直径的增大呈不同变化特点,客观反映了林木生物量随直径生长的变化规律。     

兴安落叶松天然林种内和种间关系研究

通过对大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松原始林公顷样地的调查,利用Hegyi单木竞争模型分析了兴安落叶松天然林的种内、种间竞争强度。研究结果表明:兴安落叶松天然林的种内、种间竞争强度分别占竞争强度的56%和44%,说明兴安落叶松种间竞争较小,主要竞争来自种内。兴安落叶松伴生树种种类较少,种内与主要伴生树种种间的竞争顺序为:兴安落叶松种内>兴安落叶松种间>白桦种内>白桦种间。兴安落叶松种内竞争强度及白桦种内竞争强度与对象木的胸径大小之间呈指数函数关系,而兴安落叶松种间竞争强度及白桦种间竞争强度与对象木的胸径大小之间呈幂函数关系。随着兴安落叶松胸径的增大,受到的竞争强度逐渐减小。     

大兴安岭1980-1999年乔木燃烧释放碳量研究

在黑龙江省大兴安岭森林火灾时空格局研究的基础上,通过野外调查采样和室内试验分析相结合的方法研究主要乔木树种1980-1999年间的碳释放量.结果表明:1)大兴安岭林区20 a间各林型过火面积分别为:兴安落叶松林437 947.34 hm2,樟子松林20 938.70 hm2,针阔混交林142 526.95 hm2,白桦林168 531.57 hm2,蒙古栎林1 374.97 hm2.2)通过MultiC/N3000测定得出各树种地上部分含碳率平均数值,兴安落叶松为42.34%,樟子松为41.20%,白桦为42.01%,山杨为39.21%,蒙古栎为39.79%,2种针叶树平均含碳率为41.77%,3种阔叶树种林分平均含碳率为40.30%.主要乔木树种地上部分平均含碳率值均小于目前国际通用的0.45. 3)大兴安岭林区20 a间各类型森林火灾乔木损失生物量为7.31×106～11.57×106 t.其中,落叶松林乔木损失量占总损失生物量的61.80%～62.38%;其次为白桦林,占总损失生物量的26.53%～26.81%.4)大兴安岭林区20 a森林火灾乔木释放碳量为3.04×106～4.78×106 t,平均每年释放碳量为1.52×106～2.39×106 t,占全国森林火灾释放碳量的7.51%～11.81%.各乔木树种中落叶松火灾释放碳的比例最高,约占总释放量的2/3左右;其次为白桦,占总释放量的1/4左右;其他树种释放较少,共占1/12左右.研究结果将为正确认识大兴安岭森林火灾碳平衡及评价森林火灾对全球生态环境影响提供科学依据.     

不同年龄阶段侧柏林生物量结构分析

采用样木法对清西陵侧柏人工林林分不同林龄生物量进行了调查,结果显示:单株侧柏因林龄不同,其各器官生物量分布规律也有差异(树干大于树枝大于树叶),且随年龄增大而增大,侧柏的树干、树枝及树叶占地上总生物量的比例因林龄的增加而产生变化,其中,树干生物量占全株地上总生物量的比例会随林龄增加而增加,由11a生的50.6%增加到20a生的54.8%,32a生侧柏林以后的增长趋于平稳;侧柏单株树枝生物量占地上总生物量的比例随林龄增加变化不明显;侧柏单株树叶生物量占地上总生物量的比例随林龄增加而逐渐减少,由11a生的23.5%降至45a生的13.5%。单株树干所占总生物量比例随年龄增加而增大,枝所占总生物量比例有所增大,而叶所占总生物量比例有所减少;林分乔木层各器官生物量及地上部分总生物量随林龄的增加而增加。     

马尾松人工成熟林相容性生物量模型的构建研究

从模型相容性的定义出发,采用相容性生物量模型的设计思路,以各分量生物量独立模型为基础,以分级控制、比例分配的方法构建了马尾松人工成熟林各分量的相容性生物量模型。结果表明:所构建的相容性生物量模型,不仅解决各分量独立模型存在的各分量估计值之和与总量估计值不等的问题,而且从总体上看估计误差有所降低,估计精度略有提高。     

我区的主要用材树种—兴安落叶松

兴安落叶松是寒温带森林植被的主要成分,天然分布在我区东北的大兴安岭和东部的昭乌达盟克什克腾旗一带。垂直分布在海拔1000～1600米之间,以海拔500～1000米居多,在分布区内从山麓到森林上限都可组成大面积的森林。兴安落叶时松是我区天然林的主要组成树种,面积占天然林总面积的40.7％,蓄积占天然林总蓄积的63.3％。兴安落叶松为松科、落叶松属的落叶乔木,树皮暗褐色,片状开裂,树冠卵状圆锥形。长短枝区别明显,一年生小枝淡黄色,短枝顶端有黄白色长毛。冬芽暗褐色球形,有毛或极少。叶线形、柔软、簇生于短枝顶,在长枝上互     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.