红外触发相机在荒漠区野生动物监测中的应用——以安西极旱荒漠自然保护区为例

2012年6月至2013年4月,安西极旱荒漠自然保护区采用红外触发自动相机开展保护区野生动物的监测研究,在20个位点共拍摄到有效照片2 517张,获取有效独立照片732张,其中47.4%为兽类,50.8%为鸟类,1.8%为工作人员。应用监测照片共鉴定出物种25种,其中兽类8种,鸟类17种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为北山羊、岩羊、中亚兔;鸟类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为红嘴山鸦、岩鸽、石鸡。并分析讨论了红外触发相机在保护区监测应用中的一些常见问题和优缺点,为红外相机在荒漠区野生动物的监测研究提供科学方法。     

红外触发相机在荒漠区野生动物监测中的应用——以安西极旱荒漠自然保护区为例

2012年6月至2013年4月,在安西板旱荒漠自然保护区采用红外触发自动相机开展保护区野生动物的监测研究,在20个位点共拍摄到有效照片2517张,获取有效独立照片732张,其中47．4％为兽类,50．8％为鸟类,1．8％为工作人员。应用监测照片共鉴定出物种25种,其中兽类8种,鸟类17种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为北山羊、岩羊、中亚兔;鸟类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为红嘴山鸦、岩鸽、石鸡。分析讨论了红外触发相机在保护区监测应用中的一些常见问题和优缺点。     

千岛湖消落带植被重建区野生动物红外相机监测初报

以千岛湖消落带植被重建区为研究区域,利用红外相机对消落带植被区内的主要野生动物进行了初步调查,结果表明:8台红外相机累计738个总有效监测日共拍摄个体独立照片83张,全部为省级一般保护动物其中野猪(Sus scrofa)照片81张,鼬獾(Melogale moschata)2张。千岛湖库区消落带植被重建后为地栖兽类活动增加了栖息空间,与自然针阔混交林相比没有差异,而在无植被的库区消落带则没有拍摄到野生动物,消落带植被重建效果初显。     

利用红外相机调查九寨沟国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性

2014年5月~2015年4月,利用红外相机对九寨沟国家级自然保护区的鸟兽多样性进行了调查,在30个位点布设了红外相机,通过3 153个工作日获取有效照片2832张;获取有效独立照片525张,其中,鸟类161张,兽类356张,旅游活动及牲畜干扰照片8张;利用照片鉴定出物种29个,包括鸟类2目6科13种,兽类3目9科16种,有国家级保护动物11种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前5种为毛冠鹿、鬣羚、斑羚、隐纹花鼠和扭角羚;鸟类中拍摄率最高的依次为灰头鸫、蓝马鸡、橙翅噪鹛、绿背山雀和血雉。黄腹鼬是本次调查保护区一个新记录种;调查发现斑羚、鬣羚罹患皮肤病。文中分析并讨论了红外相机在保护区监测中应注意的一些问题。     

红外自动相机技术在野生动物监测中的应用——以历山国家级自然保护区为例

笔者于2014年5月至2014年11月在历山国家级自然保护区,采用红外自动相机拍摄技术对野生动物进行监测,在65个样区运用130台红外相机共拍摄到照片资料44 688张。其中,野生动物照片8 838张,共鉴定出29种动物,拍摄率高的野生动物有猪獾、狍、野猪、猕猴等;保护区濒危等级最高的金钱豹实体照片66张,首次发现红腹锦鸡在山西省境内分布。最后讨论了红外自动相机技术在保护区监测中存在的一些问题,旨在为野生动物的保护提供科学依据。     

利用红外相机调查海南尖峰岭地区兽类和鸟类多样性

【目的】了解海南尖峰岭自然保护区及周边林区兽类和鸟类本底资源现状,为该区生物多样性保护提供基础数据。【方法】在2014年3月—2015年3月和2015年5—11月,使用红外相机调查海南尖峰岭自然保护区及周边林区的兽类和鸟类多样性。【结果】红外相机调查累计工作量为14 715相机工作日,共拍到5 383张动物有效独立照片,鉴定出隶属6目10科的15种野生兽类和8目17科的33种野生鸟类,以及2种家畜。其中国家I、II级重点保护野生动物分别为2、8种;被中国脊椎动物红色名录评估为极危(CR)、濒危(EN)、易危(VU)和近危(TN)的物种分别有1、3、3和8种。拍摄率最高的前5位野生动物依次为帚尾豪猪(拍摄率CR=7. 23)、白腹巨鼠(CR=4. 96)、鼬獾(CR=2. 54)、白鹇(CR=2. 60)、野猪(CR=1. 17)。调查中记录到的霜背大鼯鼠、倭花鼠、白喉矶鸫等11个物种为尖峰岭地区新记录种。红外相机记录到大量人类活动的照片,表明该区域人为干扰严重,应加强管理。【结论】本次调查提供尖峰岭地区兽类和鸟类资源信息,初步掌握区内野生动物物种组成、空间分布和相对多度。尖峰岭地区仍然分布有众多野生动物和地方特有物种;人类活动给该区域野生动物带来影响。红外相机调查技术可有效弥补传统调查方法的不足。     

基于红外相机技术调查浙江安吉小鲵国家级自然保护区鸟兽资源多样性

为进一步补充完善浙江安吉小鲵国家级自然保护区的鸟兽资源概况，摸清保护区内野生动物的物种组成、空间分布和种群动态，2018年9月—2020年11月，利用红外相机技术对保护区的兽类和鸟类多样性进行了调查，分析保护区内野生动物的生存和分布现状及主要受胁因素。结果表明，共获得独立有效照片8067张，其中兽类4736张，鸟类976张；共鉴定出兽类7目12科13种、鸟类7目19科35种，分别占保护区兽类和鸟类历史记录总种数的26.5%和24.6%。其中，拍摄到国家一级保护动物3种，分别为梅花鹿Cervusnippon、黑麂Muntiacus crinifrons、白颈长尾雉Syrmaticus ellioti；国家二级保护动物11种，分别为猕猴Macaca mulatta、鬣羚Capricornis sumatraensis、豹猫Prionailurus bengalensis、勺鸡Pucrasia macrolopha、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、蛇雕Spilornis cheela、红隼Falco tinnunculus、领鸺鹠Glaucidium brodiei、画眉Garru...     

利用红外相机技术对广东东源康禾省级自然保护区林下鸟兽群落组成及其特征的研究

红外相机技术相对传统方法在调查大中型兽类与地栖型鸟类的物种组成及其活动节律等方面有较大优势,为探究这类动物在康禾保护区的组成等特征,2017年12月至2018年9月,通过30台红外相机进行了初步调查,共拍摄到独立照片2?233张,鉴定出野生动物32种,其中,大中型兽类3目6科8种,鸟类7目14科24种,其中国家二级重点保护野生动物有斑林狸(Prionodon paricolor)、蛇雕(Spilornis cheela)、褐翅鸦鹃(Centropus sinensis)、白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、仙八色鸫(Pitta nympha);相对多度指数最高的是白鹇(121.58);白鹇、紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus)和橙头地鸫(Geokichla citrira)均为典型的昼行性动物,果子狸(Paguma larvata)为典型的夜行性动物;此外,鸟兽物种数呈现一定的海拔分布趋势。     

基于红外相机的云南无量山国家级自然保护区南涧段野生动物调查

红外相机是监测野生动物的有效工具,目前广泛用于兽类资源调查以及动物损害、鸟巢生态学、种群评估、行为生态学等研究领域。为了更科学地调查无量山国家级自然保护区南涧段的野生动物种类本底,2016年12月—2021年12月,采用红外相机对辖区内的野生动物进行系统调查,在86个位点放置了红外相机,一个月收取一次数据。目前,红外相机共记录到兽类19种,约占无量山记录有分布的兽类物种总数的15%;鸟类75种,约占记录有分布的鸟类物种总数的20%。     

太白山自然保护区大熊猫冬栖地动物多样性监测

采用红外相机陷阱技术,2013年9月-2014年10月,对太白山国家级自然保护区大熊猫冬栖地——海棠河流域野生动物资源进行了监测研究。结果表明,该流域监测到5目14科19种的兽类和鸟类,其中有大熊猫、秦岭羚牛、林麝等国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级珍稀保护动物9种。兽类和鸟类出现率分别占全部有效照片的77.1%和22.9%。该区内动物一年四季的相对活动强度差异极显著,兽类中相对丰富度高的种类依次是秦岭羚牛、岩松鼠、野猪、黑熊和大熊猫。红外相机陷阱技术能有效研究小区域内大熊猫及其同域物种间的关系和活动规律。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.