丙戊酸处理对不同类型供体细胞猪手工克隆胚胎发育潜能的影响

为探讨丙戊酸(VPA)处理对不同供体细胞来源猪手工克隆(HMC)重构胚发育效果的影响,分别以猪卵巢颗粒细胞(GC)、猪胎儿成纤维细胞(PFF)和转基因猪胎儿成纤维细胞(Tr-PFF)为供体细胞,采用不同浓度(0、25、50、75、100、150nmol/L)VPA处理,观测比较不同试验组之间猪HMC重构胚发育的效果。结果显示,以GC为供体50nmol/L VPA处理组的猪HMC重构胚囊发育率达到48.92%,囊胚细胞总数为80.33个,极显著高于其他浓度组(P<0.01);以PFF为供体50、75nmol/L VPA处理组猪HMC重构胚囊胚率分别为52.82%和51.41%,极显著高于其他浓度组(P<0.01),其中50nmol/L处理组囊胚细胞总数为75.67,极显著高于其他浓度组(P<0.01);以Tr-PFF为供体100nmol/L VPA处理组的猪HMC重构胚囊胚率为42.74%,囊胚细胞总数为75.67,极显著高于其他浓度组(P<0.01)。结果表明,不同类型供体细胞对猪HMC重构胚的体外发育潜能有显著的影响,一定浓度的VPA处理可显著提高猪HMC重构胚体外发育囊胚率和细胞数,不同类型的供体细胞最佳VPA处理浓度亦有不同。     

5-Aza-CdR对德保黑猪手工克隆重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响

为了探讨5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-CdR）对德保黑猪手工克隆（HMC）重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响，本研究分别从供体细胞和重构胚入手，比较了5个不同处理浓度（0、5、10、20和40 nmol/L）5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚的体外发育效果，筛选最佳处理浓度；在最佳浓度下比较5个不同处理时间（0、24、48、72和96 h）对HMC重构胚的体外发育效果，筛选最佳处理时间；用4个不同浓度（0、0.25、0.5和1 μmol/L）5-Aza-CdR结合最佳浓度和最佳时间处理供体和重构胚，比较其体外发育潜能。结果显示，与空白对照组相比，5、10、20和40 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理72 h对重构胚卵裂率均无显著差异（P>0.05），20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率（P<0.05），10和20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理均能显著提高囊胚细胞数（P<0.05），其中以20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR效果最佳；与空白对照组相比，利用20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚72 h能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数（P<0.05），其余处理时间对重构胚卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响（P>0.05）；在囊胚的最佳处理浓度（20 nmol/L）和最佳处理时间（72 h）下，结合供体的4个处理浓度（0、0.25、0.5和1 μmol/L），同时处理重构胚和供体，各处理组HMC重构胚的发育潜能均有提高，但效果均不显著（P>0.05），其中0.25~0.5 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理效果较佳。综上表明，适宜浓度（0.25~0.5 μmol/L）的DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-Aza-CdR处理供体细胞72 h并结合20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理重构胚72 h均能有效提高德保黑猪HMC重构胚胎的体外发育潜能，该结果可为今后研究德保黑猪HMC胚胎DNA甲基化调控机制提供参考。     

5-Aza-CdR对德保黑猪手工克隆重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响

为了探讨5-氮杂-2′-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-CdR)对德保黑猪手工克隆(HMC)重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响,本研究分别从供体细胞和重构胚入手,比较了5个不同处理浓度(0、5、10、20和40nmol/L)5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚的体外发育效果,筛选最佳处理浓度;在最佳浓度下比较5个不同处理时间(0、24、48、72和96h)对HMC重构胚的体外发育效果,筛选最佳处理时间;用4个不同浓度(0、0.25、0.5和1μmol/L)5-Aza-CdR结合最佳浓度和最佳时间处理供体和重构胚,比较其体外发育潜能。结果显示,与空白对照组相比,5、10、20和40nmol/L5-Aza-CdR处理72h对重构胚卵裂率均无显著差异(P0.05),20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率(P0.05),10和20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理均能显著提高囊胚细胞数(P0.05),其中以20nmol/L 5-AzaCdR效果最佳;与空白对照组相比,利用20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚72h能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数(P0.05),其余处理时间对重构胚卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响(P0.05);在囊胚的最佳处理浓度(20nmol/L)和最佳处理时间(72h)下,结合供体的4个处理浓度(0、0.25、0.5和1μmol/L),同时处理重构胚和供体,各处理组HMC重构胚的发育潜能均有提高,但效果均不显著(P0.05),其中0.25～0.5μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理效果较佳。综上表明,适宜浓度(0.25～0.5μmol/L)的DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-AzaCdR处理供体细胞72h并结合20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理重构胚72h均能有效提高德保黑猪HMC重构胚胎的体外发育潜能,该结果可为今后研究德保黑猪HMC胚胎DNA甲基化调控机制提供参考。     

TSA处理供体细胞或重构胚对山羊克隆胚胎发育的影响

本研究探讨了TSA处理供体细胞或重构胚对山羊克隆胚胎发育的影响,不处理组设为对照组.选择经5、25、50、75、100 nmol·L-1 TSA处理24 h的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞作为供体细胞进行核移植,结果50和75nmol·L-1组的囊胚率显著高于对照组(27.34%、26.89%VS 16.18%,P<0.05);用5、25、50、75或100 nmol·L-1TSA处理重构胚10 h,结果5、25、50、75 nmol·L-1组的囊胚率均有所提高,其中50 nmol·L-1组显著高于对照组(27.34%VS 16.53%,P<0.05).结果表明,TSA处理供体细胞和重构胚均能显著提高山羊克隆胚囊胚率,说明TSA可能降低了核移植后供体细胞组蛋白去乙酰化水平和DNA甲基化水平,因而提高了克隆胚的发育率.     

SAHA处理对猪手工克隆胚胎体外发育潜能的影响

为了探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA)对德保猪手工克隆胚胎(HMC)发育潜能的影响,试验摸索SAHA的适宜处理浓度[0(对照),1.0,2.5,5.0,7.5,10.0μmol/L]和时间(0,6,12,24 h);之后分为4组,SAHA组、体外受精(IVF)组、孤雌激活(PA)组、对照(HMCC)组,分别在体外发育的1细胞期、2细胞期、4细胞期、囊胚期收集胚胎,在相同时期下比较各组胚胎组蛋白H4K8乙酰化(Ac H4K8)水平差异和相关基因(HDAC1、HAT1、ASF1A、OCT-4)相对表达量。结果表明:7.5μmol/L SAHA处理囊胚率显著高于对照(P0.05),12 h囊胚率显著高于0 h(P0.05);所以适宜处理浓度为7.5μmol/L,适宜处理时间为12 h。在1细胞期、2细胞期、囊胚期,SAHA组Ac H4K8水平接近IVF组水平(P0.05)。在囊胚期,SAHA组HDAC1基因相对表达量接近IVF组(P0.05);在囊胚期,SAHA组OCT-4基因相对表达量接近IVF组(P0.05)。说明SAHA可以使HMC胚胎Ac H4K8水平接近IVF水平,并纠正克隆胚胎乙酰化的异常,从而提高克隆胚胎发育潜能。     

Scriptaid对猪移植体细胞核在胚胎外发育的影响

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs)是调控基因的关键蛋白酶,乙酰化是一种可逆的蛋白共价修饰。组蛋白去乙酰化酶可以改变特定基因的转录和表达水平,诱导细胞的分化和凋亡。为了检测一种低毒新型的组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Scriptaid对克隆猪胚胎发育的影响,进行了不同浓度和不同时间的处理,并在体外检测了胚胎分裂率和囊胚发育能力。研究以对照试验作为基础,以凌源禾丰种猪场长白猪胎儿成纤维作为供体细胞,然后通过体细胞核移植(SCNT)技术获得体外发育胚胎。将重构胚胎以不同浓度(0、200、500、700、900 nmol/L)Scriptaid处理后,并进行不同时间(0、15、36、72 h)的培养,然后通过观察不同处理浓度和处理时间下胚胎在2细胞阶段分裂率和囊胚发育率。再通过Real-time PCR检测2细胞阶段未处理组与Scriptaid处理组的Oct4、Sox2两个因子的相对表达变化。通过统计学分析发现,与未处理组相比,500 nmol/L Scriptaid处理15 h囊胚发育率显著增加(P0.05),但2细胞阶段分裂率基本不变,而未处理组克隆胚胎在囊胚期Oct4基因表达的倍数明显低于经过Scriptaid处理的克隆胚胎在囊胚期的表达倍数(P0.05),这说明经过500 nmol/L Scriptaid处理后,克隆胚胎的Oct4表达量明显提高。未经过处理的克隆胚胎在囊胚期Sox2基因的表达倍数和经过Scriptaid处理的克隆胚胎在囊胚期Sox2基因的表达倍数有差异但是差异不明显,这说明经过500 nmol/L Scriptaid处理之后,基因Sox2表达虽然有提高,但总体来说和未处理的胚胎相比差异不大(P0.05)。     

Scriptaid和TSA对牛体细胞核移植重构胚发育效果的影响

为探讨一种新型组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Scriptaid处理核移植重构胚时对其发育能力的影响,本研究以牛卵丘细胞为核供体,对获得的核移植重构胚分别用Scriptaid和曲古抑菌素(TSA)处理,统计其胚胎发育效果。结果表明:TSA以0.1μmol/L为宜,与对照组相比,尽管卵裂率无显著性差异(P0.05),但囊胚发育率显著提高(26.53%vs 18.00%,P0.05);Scriptaid处理组以0.4μmol/L囊胚发育率最高(27.08%),显著高于对照组(15.56%,P0.05)。对0.1μmol/L的TSA和0.4μmol/L的Scriptaid处理牛核移植重构胚发育结果进行比较,发现0.4μmol/L的Scriptaid处理组囊胚率(27.18%)显著高于0.1μmol/L的TSA处理组(23.39%,P0.05)。可见,组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Scriptaid和TSA处理均可显著提高牛核移植重构胚的囊胚发育率,并且Scriptaid处理效果优于TSA(P0.05)。     

TSA处理供体细胞对组蛋白乙酰化和核重编程效果的影响

克隆胚胎基因组的不完全重编程是克隆动物成功率低的主要原因.试验中以第5代牛胎儿成纤维细胞作为供体核,以牛卵母细胞作为受体胞质进行体细胞核移植,用75 nmol·L-1曲古抑菌素A(Trichostatin A,TSA)分别处理供体细胞6、12和24 h,通过核移植检测克隆胚胎发育率,并应用激光共聚焦显微镜技术和流式细胞术检测处理细胞和克隆囊胚组蛋白H3K18乙酰化水平和细胞周期.结果显示:随着TSA处理时间的延长,供体细胞组蛋白H3K18乙酰化水平不断提高;以75 nmot·L-1TSA处理供体细胞12 h的克隆胚的囊胚发育率显著高于未处理组(23.5%vs 15.7 %,P<0.05);供体细胞经TSA处理的克隆囊胚组蛋白H3K18乙酰化水平与未处理组相比差异不显著(P>0.5);处理组和对照组细胞G0/G1期和S期比例间存在显著差异(P<0.05).结论:TSA对核供体细胞的处理存在时间效应,75 nmol·L-1TSA处理12 h的牛胎儿成纤维细胞更易被卵母细胞重编程,显著提高了克隆胚的体外发育能力,初步证实TSA是通过提高供体细胞组蛋白乙酰化水平来促进供体细胞重编程的.     

曲古抑菌素(Trichostatin)A对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎发育能力的影响

曲古抑菌素A（Trichostatin A,TSA）是一种组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂,用TSA处理鼠核移植胚胎可显著提高胚胎的囊胚率。检验TSA对猪卵母细胞体外成熟以及孤雌胚胎发育的影响。在猪卵母细胞体外成熟液及胚胎培养液中添加TSA,比较不同浓度TSA对卵母细胞成熟的影响,不同浓度TSA对孤雌胚胎发育能力的影响以及TSA处理不同时间对孤雌胚胎发育能力的影响。结果发现：（1）5nmol／LTSA处理对卵母细胞体外核成熟无显著影响,却显著提高了卵母细胞孤雌胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率（P〈0．05）;（2）50nmol／LTSA处理显著提高了孤雌胚胎的卵裂率及囊胚率（P〈0．05）;（3）50nmol／LTSA处理24h能显著提高胚胎的卵裂率及囊胚率（P〈0．05,82．1％&#177;2．6％和37．4％&#177;3．1％）。结果表明TSA对猪卵母细胞的体外成熟及孤雌胚胎发育具有显著的促进作用。5nmol／L的添加量对卵母细胞的体外胞质成熟具有促进作用;胚胎培养基中添加50nmol／LTSA处理24h能提高孤雌胚胎的发育能力。     

曲古抑菌素A处理克隆胚对囊胚发育率的影响

[目的]探讨曲古抑菌素A（Trichostatin A,TSA）处理对囊胚发育率的影响。[方法]以牛胎儿成纤维细胞作为供体核,以牛卵母细胞作为受体胞质进行体细胞核移植,用80 nmol/L TSA处理供体细胞12 h,核移植后继续处理克隆胚胎0、6、12和24 h,应用激光共聚焦显微镜检测供体细胞组蛋白H4K12乙酰化水平,并通过核移植检测TSA不同时间处理的克隆胚胎囊胚发育率。[结果]TSA处理12 h的供体细胞组蛋白H4K12乙酰化水平显著增高（P〈0.05）;80 nmol/LTSA处理12 h的克隆胚的囊胚发育率（21.9%）高于未处理组（16.5%）,差异显著（P〈0.05）。[结论]供体细胞和克隆胚胎经TSA处理的12 h的克隆胚胎,显著提高了体外发育能力。     

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid,a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor,improves the development and acetylation level of miniature porcine handmade cloning embryos

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) can change the histone acetylation and significantly enhance the developmental competence of the pre‐implantation SCNT embryo. To select a proper histone deacetylase inhibitor to improve the success rate and potentially developmental ability of handmade cloning (HMC) embryos of miniature porcine, we compared the effect of two histone deacetylase inhibitors (SAHA vs. VPA) on HMC embryo development, their histone acetylation level and the expression level of relevant genes. The blastocyst rate and number of blastocyst cells of HMC embryos treated with SAHA (SAHA‐HMC) or VPA (VPA‐HMC) were significantly higher than those of control (Control‐HMC), respectively, but there were no significant difference between SAHA‐HMC and VPA‐HMC groups. In addition, the acetylation level (AcH4K8) of Control‐HMC and VPA‐HMC embryos at the blastocyst stage, respectively, was significantly lower than that of in vitro fertilized (IVF) and SAHA‐HMC embryos. However, the acetylation H4K8 of the blastocysts had no significant difference between SAHA‐HMC and the IVF groups. The SAHA‐HMC blastocysts indicated comparative expression levels of Oct4 and HDAC1 (histone deacetyltransferase gene) with those of IVF blastocysts. In contrast, the expression levels of Oct4 were lower and those of HDAC1 were higher in the VPA‐HMC and Control‐HMC blastocysts, respectively, compared to those of the IVF blastocysts. Our results demonstrated that the HMC embryos treated by SAHA could promote the pre‐implantation development and increase the levels of histone H4K8 acetylation and the expression of the OCT4 gene, yet decrease the expression of the HDAC1 gene to the comparable level of the IVF embryos. Our results proved that SAHA may be a better histone deacetylase inhibitor for porcine HMC compared to VPA, and furthermore, it may indicate that SAHA can effectively correct the abnormal histone acetylation during the HMC embryo development and subsequently improve the full‐term developmental potential of the HMC embryos after embryo transplantation.     

Effects of ghrelin on in vitro development of porcine in vitro fertilized and parthenogenetic embryos

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of addition of ghrelin to in vitro culture medium on preimplantation development of porcine in vitro fertilized and parthenogenetic embryos. In Experiment 1, we sought to compare the in vitro developmental competence of IVF and parthenogenetic embryos. No significant (P<0.05) differences were detected for cleavage rate or blastocyst rate between the in vitro fertilization (IVF)- and parthenogenetic activation-derived embryos. In Experiment 2, parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in Porcine Zygote Medium-3 containing various concentrations of ghrelin. The blastocyst rate was remarkably (P<0.05) increased when 5 ng/ml (PA-5) and 500 ng/ml (PA-500) of ghrelin was added to in vitro culture medium compared with the other groups. Total cell number per blastocyst was slightly promoted in the ghrelin treatment groups compared with the controls. However, the ratio of inner cell mass (ICM) cell number/total cell number was significantly reduced in the PA-50 group compared with the controls (P<0.05). In Experiment 3, we cultured in vitro fertilized embryos in Porcine Zygote Medium-3 supplemented with ghrelin at different dosages. The rate of blastocyst formation was markedly (P<0.05) elevated when 500 ng/ml ghrelin was added to culture medium (IVF-500) compared with the controls. Increased total cell numbers (P<0.05) were observed when in vitro fertilized embryos were cultured in IVF-50 and IVF-500 compared with the controls. However, the ratio of ICM cell number/total cell number was decreased in the ghrelin treatment groups compared with the controls (P<0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that ghrelin can enhance blastocyst formation of porcine in vitro fertilized and parthenogenetic embryos while exerting a negative effect on the structural integrity of the blastocysts.     

水牛徒手克隆胚胎培养及冷冻条件的优化

本试验利用微滴、微穴和平板培养系统对徒手克隆(hand-made clone,HMC)重组胚进行体外培养;采用了40% EG(ethylene glycol,EG)、25% EG＋25% DMSO(dimethylsulphoxide,DMSO) 和20% EG＋20% DMSO＋0.5 mol/L蔗糖作为玻璃化冷冻液对HMC囊胚进行了超低温冷冻;并且比较了HMC与传统核移植的胚胎生产效率及囊胚冷冻存活率。结果表明,微穴系统的卵裂率要显著高于平板系统(P<0.05),极显著高于微滴系统(P<0.01);且微穴系统的囊胚率(40.0%)极显著高于平板(19.8%)和微滴系统(8.3%)(P<0.01)。采用20% EG＋20% DMSO＋0.5 mol/L蔗糖作为冷冻保护剂时HMC囊胚存活率极显著高于40% EG(P<0.01);HMC重组胚的融合率和囊胚率均高于传统核移植法(P<0.05;P<0.01),而HMC囊胚的冷冻存活率与传统核移植生产的囊胚没有显著差异。以上结果说明水牛HMC可以替代传统核移植法生产克隆胚胎,微穴体系最适合水牛HMC胚胎的体外培养,且采用20% EG＋20% DMSO＋0.5 mol/L蔗糖对HMC囊胚进行玻璃化冷冻可以取得良好的冷冻效果。     

Effects of trichostatin A on in vitro development and transgene function in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from transgenic Clawn miniature pig cells

The present study was carried out to examine the effects of post‐activation treatment of trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on in vitro development and transgene function of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos derived from Clawn miniature pig embryonic fibroblast (PEF) transfected with a bacterial endo‐β‐galactosidase C gene (removal of the α‐galactosyl (Gal) epitope). SCNT embryos were incubated with or without TSA (50 or 100 nmol/L) after activation, cultured in vitro and assessed for cleavage, blastocyst formation and transgene function. The rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher in SCNT embryos treated with 50 nmol/L TSA than that in control (P < 0.05), whereas the rate of cleavage and cell number of blastocyst did not differ. Following labelling with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled BS‐I‐B₄ isolectin, the intensity of fluorescence observed on cell‐surface was dramatically reduced in transgenic SCNT blastocyst in comparison with non‐transgenic SCNT blastocyst. However, the reduction of α‐Gal epitope expression in transgenic SCNT blastocyst was not affected by TSA treatment. The results of this study showed that post‐activation treatment with 50 nmol/L TSA is effective to improve in vitro developmental capacity of transgenic SCNT miniature pig embryos without the modification of transgene function.     

水牛活体采卵和无透明带胚胎培养体系的优化

本研究旨在探索哺乳动物体外受精（IVF）胚胎单独或少量培养时发育效率低、无透明带胚胎的体外发育潜能受阻的问题,以期建立提高水牛活体采卵（ovum-pick-up,OPU）和徒手克隆（handmade clone,HMC）胚胎发育潜能高效稳定的体外生产体系。研究首先比较了单个微滴内共培养的胚胎数量（1、3、5、10和20枚）对胚胎发育效果的影响;而后采用微穴体系（well-of-the-well,WOW）和辅助共培养体系（培养微滴中添加包埋IVF胚胎的琼脂糖小块）培养OPU-IVF胚胎,并用WOW体系培养无透明带的徒手克隆重构胚,与传统的微滴培养体系比较其体外发育效果。结果表明：单个微滴内培养的胚胎数量为1、3和5枚时,囊胚发育率极显著低于10枚和20枚组（P<0.01）;与微滴培养体系相比,辅助共培养和WOW体系均极显著提高OPU-IVF胚胎的囊胚率（P<0.01）,且WOW培养体系极显著促进HMC重构胚的卵裂率和囊胚率（P<0.01）。综上所述,胚胎群体培养有助于胚胎发育,在保证系谱明确的前提下琼脂糖包埋辅助胚胎共培养体系和WOW体系提高了OPU-IVF体外胚胎发育效率,且WOW体系还可用于无透明带胚胎的高效培养。     

Optimization of in vitro Culture System for Embryos Derived from Ovum-pick-up and Zona-free Embryos in Buffalos

The purpose of this study was to explore the problems of low development efficiency of small amounts in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos and limited development potential of zona pellucida-free embryos when cultured in vitro of mammals,to establish an efficient and stable in vitro production system for improving the developmental potential of living ovum-pick-up (OPU) and handmade clone (HMC) embryos in buffalos.The study first compared the effect of the number of fertilized eggs (1,3,5,10 and 20) co-cultured within a single microdroplet on the embryonic development effect.Then,OPU-IVF embryos were cultured using the well-of-the-well (WOW) system and the auxiliary co-culture system (adding agarosaccharide fragments of embedded in in vitro fertilization (IVF) fertilized egg in the cultivation of microdroplets).Furthermore,the embryos without zona pellucida were cloned and reconstructed by using the WOW system and compared with the traditional microdroplet system in vitro.The results showed that the blastocyst development rates of the 10 and 20 embryos groups were significantly higher than that of the 1,3 and 5 embryos groups.Compared with the microdroplet system,the assisted co-culture system and the WOW system significantly improved the blastocyst rate of OPU-IVF embryos(P<0.01).Moreover,the WOW culture system significantly promoted the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate of HMC reconstructed embryos(P<0.01).To sum up,embryo mass culture contributed to embryo development,and under the premise of ensuring a clear pedigree,the agar-sugar embedding assisted embryo co-culture system and the WOW system improved the in vitro development efficiency of OPU-IVF embryos,the WOW system would also be applied to the high-efficient culture of zona pellucida free embryos.     

细胞松弛素B对猪孤雌胚胎和体外克隆胚胎发育能力的影响

为探讨细胞松弛素B（cytochalasin B,CB）对猪孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎发育能力的影响,本研究通过在猪体外胚胎培养基中添加不同浓度CB以及不同孵育时间的处理,筛选出CB对猪早期胚胎发育的最适浓度和最佳孵育时间,同时通过Hoechst33342染色检测猪体外囊胚孵化期的细胞数差异,进一步研究CB对孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎发育的影响。结果显示,培养基中添加CB浓度为7.5 μg/mL时孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎的卵裂率分别为85.00%和90.23%,囊胚率为35.68%和42.58%,均显著高于其他各组（P < 0.05）;采用7.5 μg/mL CB处理电激活后的孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎,孤雌胚胎孵育4 h组的卵裂率（83.80%）和囊胚率最高（35.39%）,与其他各组差异显著（P < 0.05）,而克隆胚胎孵育6 h组的卵裂率（83.98%）和囊胚率最高（55.62%）,与其他各组差异显著（P < 0.05）。此外,Hoechst33342染色结果显示,未添加CB处理的孤雌胚胎在囊胚孵化期的细胞平均数为28个,CB处理组的孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎细胞平均数分别为36和52个,处理组和未处理组细胞数差异显著（P < 0.05）。结果表明,猪体外孤雌胚胎用7.5 μg/mL CB 处理4 h可获得较高的卵裂率和囊胚率;体外克隆胚胎用7.5 μg/mL CB 处理6 h卵裂率及囊胚率最高,且囊胚期内细胞团细胞总数最多。CB处理有利于体外胚胎早期发育,提高克隆胚胎移植受孕率。     

Comparison the effects of 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine and zebularine on the in vitro development,blastocyst quality,methylation pattern and conception rate on handmade cloned buffalo embryos

In this study we treated the handmade cloned (HMC) buffalo embryos with the DNA methylation inhibitors; 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AzadC) or Zebularine individually after post-fusion and during in vitro culture till eighth day. The blastocysts production rate significantly improved (p < .01) after treating embryos independently with 5 nM AzadC and 5 nM zebularine compared with 2 and 10 nM AzadC or zebularine groups, respectively. The highest cleavage rates were obtained for 5 nM treatment of AzadC and zebularine compared with other treatments and untreated control group. Quality of blastocysts were evaluated using total cell number (TCN) and the ratio of number of inner cell mass (ICM) cells/total cell number (ICM/TCN). Zebularine treatments (2/5/10 nM) significantly improved both TCN and ICM/TCN ratio compared with AzadC treatments (2/5/10 nM); however, control group TCN and ICM/TCN ratio was found lower. The methylation percentage of pDS4.1 and B. bubalis satellite DNA were comparatively more attenuated with 5 nM zebularine than 5 nM AzadC treatment. The increased in vitro development rates of the treated embryos were correlated with the decreased level of DNA methylation and the improved blastocyst quality. Following transfer of 5 nM zebularine treated embryos to 6 recipients, 4 were found to be pregnant, though the pregnancies were not carried to full term.     

Effects of trichostatin A on histone acetylation and methylation characteristics in early porcine embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer

Until now, the efficiency of animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has remained low. Efforts to improve cloning efficiency have demonstrated a positive role of trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of deacetylases, on the development of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos in many species. Here, we report the effects of TSA on pre‐implantation development of porcine NT embryos. Our results showed that treatment of reconstructed porcine embryos with 50 nmol/L TSA for 24 h after activation significantly improved the production of blastocysts (P < 0.05), while treating donor cells with the same solution resulted in increases in cleavage rates and blastomere numbers (P < 0.05). However, TSA treatment of both donor cells and SCNT embryos did not improve blastocyst production, nor did it increase blastomere numbers. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we found that TSA treatment of NT embryos could improve the reprogramming of histone acetylation at lysine 9 of histone 3 (H3K9) and affect nuclear swelling of transferred nuclei. However, no apparent effect of TSA treatment on H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) was observed. These findings suggest a positive effect of TSA treatment (either treating NT embryos or donor cells) on the development of porcine NT embryos, which is achieved by improving epigenetic reprogramming.