鹿肠道寄生虫流行病学调查

为了解鹿群胃肠道寄生虫感染情况,2011年9月至2012年5月,利用漂浮法和沉淀法,对新疆盛华马鹿驯养繁育基地的天山马鹿、阿勒泰马鹿和梅花鹿进行了调查。在检测的432份鹿粪便样品中,发现了蛔虫卵、鞭虫卵、球虫卵和钩虫卵,平均感染率分别为53.24%、34.72%、6.25%和2.31%,感染强度(EPG)分别为37.12、16.78、0.19和0.06。各品种鹿寄生虫感染情况略有差异,蛔虫卵和鞭虫卵发现于所有被检测的鹿种;球虫卵发现于天山马鹿和阿勒泰马鹿;而钩虫卵仅发现于天山马鹿。不同性别与年龄寄生虫感染率存在差异性,雌性鹿的感染率高于雄性鹿,成年鹿的感染率高于幼龄鹿。     

阿拉善马鹿冬季肠道菌群组成的性别差异

肠道菌群对于动物消化及健康有着至关重要的作用,但在性别差异上的研究仍然有限。本研究通过高通量测序技术对贺兰山阿拉善马鹿(Cervus elaphus alashanicus)的20个粪便样本进行多样性分析,雌雄各半,并讨论性别因素对肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,阿拉善马鹿雌雄肠道菌群的多样性及结构均存在差异,且雌性肠道菌群的多样性更高。菌群构成的门水平上,雄性肠道菌群的优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes 49.47%)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia 14.21%),雌性肠道优势菌门为厚壁菌门(54.47%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria 54.41%)。在属水平上,雌雄肠道菌群的优势菌属都为孢杆菌属(Sporobacter),含量为(雌性:6.79%,雄性:7.97%),拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),含量为(雌性:3.87%,雄性:4.42%),NMDS分析及LEfSe分析表明,性别因素对阿拉善马鹿雌雄肠道菌群的影响存在显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究表明性别因素对阿拉善马鹿冬季肠道菌群的多样性及构成存在影响,可为深入研究性别因素对阿拉善马鹿肠道菌群的影响提供依据。     

利用多重PCR技术快速鉴定牛性别的研究

为了建立一套简单、快速鉴定性别的方法,试验根据牛的Beta基因及SRY基因,设计2对引物(β-1,2和SRY-1,2),对牛96个牛肉DNA样本进行PCR性别鉴定。结果表明:雄性样品扩增出了300 bp和429 bp 2条片段,而雌性样品只能扩增出300 bp 1条片段。40个牛血液DNA样本鉴定结果与实际性别对比,雄性、雌性准确率均为100%。     

马鹿X/Y精子分离及人工授精技术研究

对马鹿X/Y精子进行分离、冷冻保存和人工授精,探讨马鹿鲜精保存运输、精子分离以及性控冻精的受胎及后代性别控制准确率.结果表明:①马鹿鲜精中加入三联抗生素、18℃恒温保存最有利于精子活力的保持.②马鹿鲜精死精率与X/Y精子分离速度有明显相关性,死精率越低,分离速度越快.③来自同一马鹿供体的3组样品分离精子解冻后活力(0.61 vs 0.60 vs 0.65)及4 h时活力(0.30 vs 0.30 vs 0.32)无显著差异(P>0.05).④应用马鹿性控冻精对80只发情母鹿进行子宫角深部输精,有55只母鹿妊娠期满产下仔鹿,情期受胎率67.5%,均为雄性,性别控制准确率100%.结论:分离马鹿X/Y精子的冷冻保存、人工授精,在技术上已达到产业化应用水平,通过进一步改善后,可以大规模推广应用.     

胚胎期大鼠性腺生长与分化的研究

本试验旨在研究胚胎期大鼠性腺生长与分化的情况。选取12.5~15.5 dpc SD大鼠胚胎为研究对象,运用PCR技术进行大鼠胚胎性别鉴定,采用H-E技术对大鼠性腺分化形态进行观察。结果表明:12.5 d的鼠胚肾管已经开始形成,生殖嵴已经建立,此时仍无明显的性别分化形态;13.5 d的鼠胚开始出现性别分化的迹象,雄性的原始性索开始形成,雌性性腺分化比雄性稍晚,此期仍不易辨别出典型的卵巢特征结构;14.5 d的鼠胚性腺形态初步成型,此期性别明显分化,雄性的原始性索开始分化为实心原始生精小管,雌性胚胎中性腺分为两层,初步形成卵巢特征;15.5 d的鼠胚,雄性胚胎性腺中已经具有明显的曲精小管的雏形,雌性胚胎卵巢特征也开始明显。大鼠胚胎性腺从13.5 d胚龄时开始分化,15.5 d胚龄性腺特征明显。     

鹿的生理特点及提高鹿茸产量的措施

1鹿的生理特点性成熟即是生殖生理上的成熟,此时鹿可以生成成熟的精子和卵子,并有性行为。茸鹿的性成熟与品种、类型、性别、遗传状况、营养情况及个体发育等因素有关,梅花鹿比马鹿早,雌性早于雄性,同一品种鹿营养状况好和个体发育快的性成熟也早。一般性成熟期:梅花母鹿约在16月龄左右,发育良好的     

提高鹿茸产量的几种方法

1驯养优良品种或品系 近几年,我国人工育成了双阳梅花鹿和西丰梅花鹿2个梅花鹿品种,1个长白山梅花鹿品系;育成天山马鹿清原品系和1个塔里木马鹿品种;杂交繁育了东天杂交和花马杂交等杂交鹿。这些鹿在相同饲养管理条件下,比未经培育的鹿种可提高鹿茸产量30％．60％。若能购买饲养这些鹿,尤其购买其中的特级,甚至超特级种公鹿的后代,且神经类型为安静型,茸型呈眉枝小和根细上冲乃至肥大的多头茸,遗传呈显性的,则增产效果尤为显著。     

26种圈养珍稀鸟类性别的快速分子生物学鉴定

世界上过半数的鸟类为单态性,雌雄难以分辨,对人工饲养繁育造成困难,快速准确地性别鉴定对鸟类繁育研究尤为重要。本文根据已有研究,采用无侵入采样的方式,应用3对引物(2550F/2718R、P2/P8和K7/W1)分别对26种258只鸟类的羽毛样品进行了性别特异性PCR扩增,其中部分产物进一步酶切,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳。结果发现:白鹈鹕雄性为1条321 bp条带,雌性多1条234 bp条带;斑嘴环企鹅雄性为302 bp和50～100 bp条带,雌性多1条367 bp条带;鹤鸵雄性样品为1条约350 bp条带,雌性多1条约150 bp条带。结果表明,羽根作为样品,未经DNA提取直接进行PCR检测,可有效地进行鸟类性别鉴定。     

梅花鹿、马鹿血清IGF-1及GH浓度年周期变化规律研究

选用8只雄性成年梅花鹿,6只雄性成年东北马鹿,在我国传统饲养模式下,每月采集鹿血液样品,进行鹿血清胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)及生长激素(GH)浓度年周期变化规律研究。试验结果表明,①梅花鹿血清IGF-1质量浓度4月份上升较高,5月份略有下降,到6月份达到一年周期变化的最高值,7月份开始逐渐下降,7～10月份均保持在一个稳定的水平,从11月至翌年3月,梅花鹿血清IGF-1质量浓度为全年最低水平,从翌年4月开始,IGF-1水平又开始回升。梅花鹿血清GH质量浓度在夏季的4～7月份相对处于较高状态,2月份梅花鹿血清GH质量浓度为一年中的最低水平。梅花鹿血清GH质量浓度相对比IGF-1质量浓度水平高,且变化趋势具有同步性。②马鹿血清IGF-1质量浓度4月份较高,5月份略有下降,到6月份达到一年周期变化的最高值,7月份开始逐渐下降,7～10月份均保持在一个稳定的水平,11月份略有上升,从12月至翌年3月,马鹿血清IGF-1质量浓度为全年最低水平,从翌年4月开始,IGF-1水平又开始回升,5月份同上一年的变化规律,又有一个下降的水平。马鹿血清GH质量浓度全年均较为平稳,但在夏季的4～8月份相对处于较高状态。③梅花鹿与马鹿血清IGF-1及GH质量浓度变化同步,在一年的大部分时间点,梅花鹿血清IGF-1及GH水平均高于马鹿血清IGF-1和GH水平,梅花鹿IG     

虎斑颈槽蛇肾脏存在两性差异

虎斑颈槽蛇 (Rhabdophistigrina)雌、雄性的肾脏在形态和结构上存在明显的差异 ,雌性虎斑槽蛇的肾脏呈暗红色且较细小 ,雄性的肾脏呈橙黄色且较粗壮 ;雄性肾脏具有明显肾性节(Sexualsegment) ,而雌性不具有此结构。     

分离Y精子在茸鹿性别控制中的应用研究

为研究一种新的茸鹿繁殖方法,2007～2008年对469头马鹿,79头梅花鹿进行性别控制技术研究。结果表明：性别控制冻精情期受胎率马鹿为87．21％,梅花鹿为60．76％,两者之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,性比率（指产公仔率）马鹿为90．95％,梅花鹿为93．75％,两者之间无显著差异（P〉0．05）;性别控制冻精与普通冻精输精比较,马鹿情期受胎率之间、性比率之间和梅花鹿性比率之间都存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,梅花鹿情期受胎率之间则无显著差异（P〉0．05）。普通冻精受胎率马鹿为94．89％、梅花鹿为61．63％,性比率马鹿为50．22％、梅花鹿为49．06％,性别控制冻精受胎率整体接近普通冻精,性比率则提高40％以上,比较分析认为对茸鹿X、Y精子分离进行性别控制试验是成功的。     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿微卫星位点的筛选

利用黑尾鹿、白尾鹿等近缘物种的18对微卫星引物,对2个东北马鹿肌肉DNA样品和176个粪便DNA样品进行扩增,通过毛细管电泳法筛选适合东北马鹿的微卫星位点。结果表明,其中3个位点为高度多态性位点（PIC〉0.5）,1个为中度多态性位点（0.5〉PIC〉0.25）。共检测到26个等位基因片段,平均每个位点6.5个等位基因。多态信息含量0.393～0.827,个体识别率0.643～0.958,累积个体识别率为0.9999,累积非父排除率为0.9976。这4个多态性微卫星位点为东北马鹿的遗传研究提供了理论依据。     

Fascioloides magna: Occurrence in Saskatchewan and Distribution in Canada

Infection with Fascioloides magna, the large American liver fluke, was diagnosed in two moose (Alces alces) and six wapiti (Cervus elaphus) from central Saskatchewan. This is believed to be the first record of the parasite in the province. Fecal samples collected from wild wapiti at five sites in the commercial forest zone in Saskatchewan contained eggs believed to be those of F. magna. Trematode eggs were not found in feces from five captive herds of wapiti in the province, nor in samples from wild wapiti in Moose Mountain Provincial Park. Operculate eggs were found in feces of wild wapiti from Cypress Hills, but these were believed to be from trematodes other than F. magna. The distribution and significance of F. magna in Canada, based partially on responses to a mail questionnaire, are reviewed.     

Survey of Fascioloides magna in farmed wapiti in Alberta

The formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation procedure was used to detect ova of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, in feces of farmed wapiti in Alberta. Twenty (3.2%) of the 629 fecal samples examined contained ova of F. magna. Thirteen (33.3%) of the 39 farms surveyed had wapiti positive for F. magna. The presence of F. magna in farmed wapiti north of the North Saskatchewan River is confirmed, and 3 areas where the infection has become endemic are identified.     

马鹿精子形态与超微结构研究

文中对马鹿(Cervus elaphus)精子形态与超微结构进行了研究。马鹿精子经固定、脱水、置换、包埋和聚合,用超薄切片机切片,再用醋酸双氧铀、柠檬酸铅染片,最后于透射电镜下观察其超微结构的变化。观察结果表明:马鹿精子全长(58.75±2.35)μm,由头部(8.93±0.24)μm、颈部(1.00±0.16)μm和尾部(48.18±1.18)μm三部分组成;头部呈扁卵圆状,绝大部分被浓缩且电子密度较高的精核所占据,顶体似帽状扣在精核之上,约占头部的2/3,其前部较为膨大;颈部位于头部和尾部之间,这个区域较短;尾部可分为中段、主段和终段。马鹿尾部轴丝的结构类型为"9+2";微管结构类型为"9+9+2"。     

Comparison of various reproductive status in Sika deer (Cervus nippon) using fecal steroid analysis

The feasibility of fecal steroid analysis for pregnancy diagnosis and sex determination were tested in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Feces were collected from captive sika deer in June (non-breeding season and late-pregnancy period) and October (breeding season), and also from the rectum of 24 female sika deer (19 pregnant and 5 non-pregnant females) shot as part of programs for population control in February and March (mid-pregnancy period). In mid- and late-pregnancy periods, fecal progesterone concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant female than in male and non-pregnant female deer. In October, fecal testosterone concentrations were higher in adult male deer, and no difference was found between young males and females. These results suggest that fecal steroid analysis would be a useful means for estimating pregnancy status and for detecting adult male among wild deer.     

Outcome of limb amputations in wapiti: 13 cases (1995-2001).

The object of this investigation was to determine the outcome of limb amputation in wapiti. Medical records of 13 wapiti that underwent limb amputation were reviewed to determine age, weight, sex, injury preceding amputation, limb amputated, amputation location, length of hospital stay, complications, and outcome. Ages ranged from 3 months to 8 years and weights from 70 kg to 280 kg. All animals were female. Eleven animals sustained catastrophic long bone fractures prior to amputation. Five animals had front limb amputations and 8 had hind limb amputations. Of these animals, 1 with a front limb amputaiton and 5 with hind limb amputations survived. Postsurgical inability to stand is associated with hospitalization of > 1 day. Of the 13 wapiti reviewed, 5 with hind limb amputations have produced and reared offspring. Hind limb amputation can be considered a viable alternative to euthanasia when catastrophic orthopedic injuries occur in female wapiti.     

Noninvasive genetics provides insights into the population size and genetic diversity of an Amur tiger population in China

Understanding population size and genetic diversity is critical for effective conservation of endangered species. The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is the largest felid and a flagship species for wildlife conservation. Due to habitat loss and human activities, available habitat and population size are continuously shrinking. However, little is known about the true population size and genetic diversity of wild tiger populations in China. In this study, we collected 55 fecal samples and 1 hair sample to investigate the population size and genetic diversity of wild Amur tigers in Hunchun National Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China. From the samples, we determined that 23 fecal samples and 1 hair sample were from 7 Amur tigers: 2 males, 4 females and 1 individual of unknown sex. Interestingly, 2 fecal samples that were presumed to be from tigers were from Amur leopards, highlighting the significant advantages of noninvasive genetics over traditional methods in studying rare and elusive animals. Analyses from this sample suggested that the genetic diversity of wild Amur tigers is much lower than that of Bengal tigers, consistent with previous findings. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of this Hunchun population in China was lower than that of the adjoining subpopulation in southwest Primorye Russia, likely due to sampling bias. Considering the small population size and relatively low genetic diversity, it is urgent to protect this endangered local subpopulation in China.     

头骨形态指标鉴别水貂来源有效性的评估

人工驯养野生动物是获取野生动物产品的重要手段,但是非法盗猎的野生动物产品以人工饲养的名义进入市场,就会对野生动物的保护形成挑战。因此,准确鉴别市场上的动物产品是来自养殖场还是野外,是保护野外种群,维持养殖业正常秩序的关键。本研究以北美水貂(Neovison vison)为例,基于颧骨内侧空间(ZAS)、颧宽(ZAA和ZBA)、颅基长(BSL)、下颌长(MDL)、眶后收缩(POC)和最大面部宽度(GFB)等量度,建立了9个头骨形态计量学指标:POC/GFB、POC/BSL、POC/MDL、ZAS SQRT/BSL、ZA SSQRT/MDL、ZBA×BSL/2ZAS、ZBA×MDL/2ZAS、ZBB×BSL/2ZAS和ZBB×MDL/2ZAS。野生组(n=32,9雄23雌)和饲养组(n=45,35雄10雌)的比较表明,除POC/GFB外,所有指标对于在两组样品之间均有显著差异,整体判别正确率为73.2%—85.5%。在性别已知的情况下,雄性的整体正确率为82.4%—93.8%,雌性为41.7%—85.7%。为此,应针对不同性别、不同来源的动物建立相应的参考数据,利用似然比进行鉴别。本研究的结果不仅可用于北美水貂的鉴别,也为其他小型食肉动物的鉴别提供经验。