美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种子代无性系遗传变异和初步选择研究

参试材料为美洲黑杨50号(母本)和5个种源(各10个单株)青杨(父本)杂交获得的25个家系115个子代无性系。5年生生长性状的方差分析结果表明,子代无性系在父本不同种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间3个不同水平上存在a=0．001水平的显著差异,具有较大选择潜力。根据子代无性系的生长量和水泡溃疡病抗性,初步选择出了36个生长量大且对水泡溃疡病有一定抗性的优良无性系。     

二十个油桐优良单株后代测定

从正安39株油桐优树中选择20株进行子代及无性系测定,6年的观察研究表明,2号、5号家系为优良家系,家系遗传增益达12.9％;5号无性系为优良无性系,遗传增益达27.7％。5号优树在群体子代和无性系测定中均表现出了良好的遗传品质和较高的遗传增益,应加速利用。     

沐川县慈竹无性系选育研究

在选优的基础上,将3丛慈竹优树的无性系子代进行多点区域栽培试验,7 a生时,对无性系子代生长量进行方差分析和多重比较,结果表明：（1）3个慈竹无性系株高和胸径变异不大;（2）慈竹3号无性系在竹高、胸径、单位面积竹秆数和发笋数方面表现最好,分别比对照提高了46.76％、61.38％、128.16％和57.06％;（3）综合各无性系产量在不同地点表现,慈竹3号表现最好,其次为慈竹2号.     

巨尾桉尾叶桉无性系造林对比试验初报

叙述了巨尾按2个无性系及其亲本之一的尾叶桉1个无性系、尾叶按实生苗造林在桂中的生长情况。对3.5年生林分生长情况初步分析结果表明,该两树种基本能适应桂中肥力低下、干旱的立地条件生长,其中以巨尾桉BH115号无性系表现最好,而未经选优的巨尾桉(无号)无性系表现最差,说明了杂交种巨尾按子代与其亲本之一的尾叶桉子代之间并无绝对的生长优势,应在选优过程中优胜劣汰。     

基于层次分析法榉树无性系生长特性综合评价

以10个榉树无性系为研究对象,基于层次分析法对不同榉树无性系的生长特性进行综合评价。结果表明:不同榉树无性系间树高、胸径、地径、胸径/地径、枝下高、分枝角度、叶面积等定量性状存在极显著或显著差异,无性系重复率为0.62-0.99。不同无性系间的干形、分枝浓密度、分枝均匀度、叶片浓密度、秋叶色彩等性状差异也很明显。综合考虑用材和观赏指标,通过构建4个层次12个指标的决策模型,对10个榉树无性系优劣筛选的综合排序结果为:冲天>4号>壮榉>无性系6号>5号>飞龙>绿花瓶>武野>8号>绿村。‘冲天’、4号和‘壮榉’综合性状排序位列前3位,是用材和观赏兼优品种。     

马尾松二代无性系种子园遗传多样性和交配系统分析

运用12对SSR引物,对马尾松二代无性系种子园内61个亲本及其中8个无性系单株的320个子代进行研究。结果显示:子代群体包含亲本群体的所有等位基因,子代与亲本具有同样高的遗传多样性,子代群体的F为0.045,纯合子过剩的现象不明显;树冠北面子代遗传多样性并未因其雌、雄球花量较树冠南面减少而有明显的降低;雌雄均衡和偏雌型植株子代遗传多样性基本一致,以偏雌型植株子代略大,二者F趋于0,子代基本符合哈温平衡。种子园异交率较高,多位点异交率为1.098,子代亲本的近交现象不显著(tm-ts=-0.033);树冠南面多位点与单位点异交率均高于树冠北面;偏雌与雌雄均衡型植株的多位点异交率基本相当,雌雄均衡型植株并未因其雌、雄球花量比例较偏雌型植株减小而呈现异交率明显降低的现象,2种类型植株的近交指数均接近于0。整体而言,马尾松二代种子园子代仍具有丰富的遗传多样性,无性系间基因交流相对充分,子代亲本近交现象不明显。     

无性繁殖方式对芳樟叶精油及主成分的影响

在福建省南平市郊林场,分别以组培苗、扦插苗造林的6年生的优良芳樟无性系(187、PC1、PC2和变异2)为研究对象,测定不同优良无性系叶精油及其芳香醇和樟脑含量,分析不同繁殖方式的芳樟叶精油含量、主成分及无性系在栽培过程中的差异性及遗传稳定性。结果表明:不同的繁殖方式对子代芳樟无性系的叶精油含油量及主成分有不同的影响,其中扦插子代樟脑含量变化不明显,组培子代芳樟无性系的樟脑含量比母本的樟脑含量降低了-12.50%~24.52%,但子代芳樟无性系在栽植过程叶精油含油量及主成分都能够较好保持稳定性,无性系187扦插苗造林更有利提高芳樟叶精油的品质。     

南方型杨树新无性系引种试验初报

１９９２年春于浙江临海进行南方型杨树新无性系引种试验２年。结果其平均胸径达９￣１０ｃｍ，，平均树高达８￣９ｍ，单株材积平均为０．０３￣０．０６ｍ＾３，生长量均比对照增加；各试验中树高、胸径和材积的重复率都比较高，且表现出高度的生长性状遗传相关，无性系之间的主要生长性状差异已十分明显，无性系７２５和１３８８已经具有比其它无性系更明显的超亲优势。     

豫南引种18个薄壳山核桃无性系黑斑病抗性调查

为给豫南地区筛选适合的、对黑斑病抗性较强的薄壳山核桃主栽品种和配置授粉品种提供参考，采用田间调查方法和感病率、病情指数指标，对豫南引进的18个薄壳山核桃无性系果实的黑斑病发病情况进行调查分析。结果表明：18个薄壳山核桃无性系对黑斑病的抗性存在差异，其中6号、11号、13号、20号、21号、25号、35号、64号、132号、“波尼”为高抗病无性系，28号、C12号、C29号为中抗病无性系，5号、104号、C10号为低感病无性系，29号为中感病无性系，1号为高感病无性系；相关性分析表明，薄壳山核桃黑斑病的发生与无性系的树体性状、果实性状和无性系之间有一定的相关性，发病率和病情指数与冠幅呈显著负相关、与地径、树高呈负相关；与果实长度、单核质量呈正相关，与果实宽度、单株核产量呈一定负相关；与不同无性系之间有相关性。从18个无性系的抗病性、核果质量和产量性状差异综合评判，13号、64号、“波尼”、25号、132号等5个无性系可以作为豫南地区抗黑斑病较强的薄壳山核桃无性系推广。     

红松优良无性系选择技术研究

选择生长、结实、子代因子,采用q检验和多性状综合评定方法对34年红松无性系分别进行无性系测定,结果表明:按无性系生长因子为标准,综合选择出16个无性系为优良无性系,占参试无性系的29%;按生长、结实因子为标准,综合选择出22个无性系为优良无性系,占参试无性系的47. 8%;按生长、结实、子代因子为标准,综合选择出16个无性系为优良无性系,占参试无性系的48. 5%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.