苗期PCR检测玉米丝黑穗病的取样时期及部位研究

以2份抗病及2份感病玉米自交系为试验材料,模拟玉米丝黑穗病适宜的侵染及田间发病条件,采用室内菌土接种方法培养玉米幼苗,通过PCR检测病原菌侵染率,研究苗期PCR检测抗、感玉米自交系的最佳取样时期和检测部位.结果表明,SSR标记SR3可用于玉米丝黑穗病室内接种鉴定;同一自交系不同的取样时期叶鞘侵染率均显著高于叶片侵染率;感病自交系与抗病自交系三叶期第3叶叶鞘的PCR侵染率差值极显著高于其他取样时期和取样部位,且该期4份自交系的侵染率与田间接种条件下的发病率呈显著正相关,为鉴别抗感自交系最佳的取样时期和部位.     

玉米丝黑穗病田间接种浓度与发病率关系的研究

试验以10个抗性不同的玉米自交系为材料,研究了玉米丝黑穗病不同接种浓度与田间发病率的关系。结果表明,随着病原菌接种浓度增加,玉米自交系田间发病率呈逐步增高的趋势,线性方程为y=2.336 4x+ 19.443,相关系数为0.924。接种浓度在0.05%、0.1%、0.3%和0.5%时,田间发病率差异没有达到极显著水平,与1%接种浓度发病率差异极显著。     

玉米丝黑穗病侵染率与发病率关系的PCR检测分析

用2个感病的玉米材料接种玉米丝黑穗病菌,苗期调查侵染率,开花期调查发病率,结果表明侵染率显著高于发病率;在开花期提取未发病植株茎髓组织DNA进行PCR检测,结果检测到玉米丝黑穗病菌DNA的存在。因此,通常情况下玉米丝黑穗病侵染率大于发病率。     

出苗后干旱对玉米丝黑穗病发病的影响

选取2个不同抗性的玉米杂交种,播种期接种玉米丝黑穗病菌,出苗后(约6～7片叶)进行干旱处理,开花期调查发病率。结果发现,同一玉米品种干旱处理比对照的发病率高。说明苗后干旱增加了玉米丝黑穗病发病率。经分析发现存在携带病菌而不发病的植株,出苗后期保持适宜的水分可以减少玉米丝黑穗病的发生。     

不同浓度戊唑醇包衣处理对玉米丝黑穗病防治效果分析

以高感玉米丝黑穗病品种为试验材料，人工接种丝孢堆黑粉菌，验证在设定药种质量比包衣下，采用0.1%～1.1%不同浓度梯度戊唑醇种衣剂进行不同播期处理，对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果，分析玉米播种至8叶期的土壤温湿度对玉米丝黑穗病发生的影响。结果表明，土壤温度是丝黑穗病菌侵染的关键因子。不同播期处理，玉米丝黑穗病发生率差异较大，播期早，出齐苗时间长，玉米丝黑穗发病重；播期晚，出齐苗时间短，丝黑穗病发生相对轻。0.1%～1.1%浓度戊唑醇种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病效果为53.07%～90.87%，0.9%戊唑醇包衣处理对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果最好。     

玉米丝黑穗病菌PCR检测

利用玉米丝黑穗病菌基因组特异引物PCR技术,检测了该菌对玉米植株的侵染状况,并对不同玉米品种在苗期对丝黑穗病菌的抗性进行了初步判断。研究结果表明,感病品种K12分别在接种后第3 d的茎中,6 d的茎,9 d的根、茎、叶,12 d茎,抗病品种20060分别在接种后第3 d的茎、6 d的茎、9 d的茎和叶、12 d的茎和15 d叶都能扩增出PCR特异片段,经过EM种衣剂包衣的玉米幼苗的根茎叶材料扩增出来的特异DNA条带明显少于未经包衣的玉米幼苗。EM包衣处理能够有效的提高玉米种子的抗病能力,减少了玉米丝黑穗病菌对幼苗的侵染机会,有效地防治了玉米丝黑穗病。     

不同症状的玉米丝黑穗病病原菌rDNA-ITS分析

采用真菌rDNA-ITS序列分析技术,对不同症状表现的玉米丝黑穗病菌进行鉴定与分析。结果表明,不同来源、不同症状的玉米丝黑穗病菌均为孢堆黑粉菌（Sporisorium reilianum）。玉米丝黑穗病菌菌株间ITS区域序列存在微小差异,具有一定的遗传多样性。     

玉米抗瘤黑粉病生理生化特性及基因表达分析

采用盆栽试验，以玉米高抗瘤黑粉病自交系齐319和高感自交系掖478为材料，采用注射法接种瘤黑粉菌，从生理生化及防御酶和相关抗病基因转录表达等方面，分析不同抗性玉米种质对瘤黑粉病的抗病特征。结果表明，接种后，2个自交系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性增强，可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加，而可溶性糖(SS)含量降低。利用RT-PCR对SOD、PAL、PR-l、PR-2a、COI1和LOX基因的相对表达量分析表明，接种瘤黑粉病菌后，不同抗性材料中抗病相关基因的转录水平均显著提高，抗病材料中的表达时间基本均早于感病材料，基因的转录水平均随着接种时间的增加而上升。在接菌后期，感病材料中防御酶基因和抗病相关基因的表达量大于抗病材料。     

旱作条件下油菜根茬对玉米两种土传病害的生防作用

为探究多熟种植模式下油菜根茬对玉米土传病害的防治效应,在湖北襄阳和甘肃甘谷两地连续进行了两年的油菜—玉米、小麦—玉米轮作试验。通过对后茬玉米接种丝黑穗病原菌和纹枯病病原菌,考察两种种植模式下后作玉米土壤养分、微生物特性、土传病害发生率以及作物产量。结果表明,油菜根茬粉碎还田提高了土壤有效氮、磷、钾的含量,在整个试验周期,土壤有机质含量显著增加;油菜茬后作土壤中的细菌数量增加,而真菌减少。调查土传病害发生情况显示,油菜根茬生物熏蒸作用降低了后作玉米两种土传病害的发生率。与小麦茬后玉米相比,油菜茬后玉米产量显著提高。说明在油菜—玉米种植模式下,油菜根茬能培肥地力、改良土壤微生物环境,而且油菜根茬所具有的生物熏蒸作用对玉米土传病害有抑制作用,有利于提高后作玉米产量。     

东北地区玉米丝黑穗病菌类型分化的初步研究

通过人工接种的方法,利用7个对玉米丝黑穗病菌抗、感差异明显的自交系作为鉴别寄主,将其划分为4个鉴别寄主池。利用4个鉴别寄主池对东北三省的11个地区的玉米丝黑穗病菌类型进行分析。结果发现,不同来源的玉米丝黑穗病原菌对不同材料的致病性不同,可能存在5种玉米丝黑穗病原菌类型,即高致病的哈尔滨丝黑穗病原菌Ⅰ型;绥化和大庆地区的丝黑穗病原菌Ⅱ型;辽宁省农科院和密山地区的丝黑穗病原菌Ⅲ型;吉林省的白城、范家屯和双城的丝黑穗病原菌Ⅳ型;四平、佳木斯和海伦地区的丝黑穗病原菌Ⅴ型。同时,还发现高粱丝黑穗病菌对玉米鉴别寄主自交系具有一定的侵染性。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.