鄂东北枫香混交林生长规律研究

于鄂东北红安县吴家湾的枫香槲栎混交林内设置标准地,选取枫香优势木进行树干解析和测定,对枫香的生长规律进行了研究。结果表明:枫香的胸径、树高生长快速期都出现在早期;胸径的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在第21年生时相交,树高的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在5年和16年生时相交;15年以后胸径生长逐渐减弱,树高生长还在继续。枫香材积的连年生长量在5~30年时一直呈现较快的增长趋势;而材积的平均生长量一直表现为平稳的增长趋势。     

无性系木麻黄人工林生长规律研究

利用项目研究中设置的系统抽样样地,选择不同径阶的无性系木麻黄标准木各3株作为解析木材料,测定木麻黄的生长规律研究。结果表明:木麻黄的胸径、树高生长快速期都出现在早期,均在12a生前达到最快生长;胸径的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在第11~12a生时相交,树高的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在11~12a生时相交;12a生以后胸径、树高生长均逐渐减弱。木麻黄材积的连年生长量在3~12a生一直呈现较快的增长趋势,12a生以后增长很慢,在15a生时达到最大值;而材积的平均生长量一直表现为平稳的增长趋势。     

光皮树人工林生长规律研究

于湖南省洞口县大湾国有林场的光皮树生产基地设置临时标准样地,并选取优势木进行解析和测定,对光皮树的生长规律进行了研究。结果表明:光皮树的胸径、树高生长快速期都出现在早期,均在12年生前达到最快生长;胸径的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在第12~15年生时相交,树高的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在12~13年生时相交;12年生以后胸径、树高生长均逐渐减弱。光皮树材积的连年生长量在3~12年生一直呈现较快的增长趋势,12年生以后增长很慢,在15年生时达到最大值;而材积的平均生长量一直表现为平稳的增长趋势。树高曲线拟合以二次方程效果最好,其复决定系数为0.819。     

鄂中泡桐生长规律研究

在湖北省太子山林场10 a生白花泡桐人工林中设置临时标准样地,并选取标准木进行树干解析和测定,对其生长规律进行研究,结果表明:树高、胸径、材积快速生长期均出现在1~4 a生的幼龄阶段。树高连年生长量与平均生长量在2 a生和4 a生各出现1次高峰,但峰值出现在2 a生,两者生长曲线在2.5 a、3.5 a、4.5 a时出现3次相交;胸径连年生长量与平均生长量2.5 a达到最大值,两者生长曲线在3 a生时出现相交;材积连年生长量4 a生时达到最大值,8 a生后处于缓慢下降状态,平均生长量一直处于上升状态,尚未达到最大值,两者生长曲线亦未相交;树高、胸径、材积连年生长率最大值分别出现在第2 a、2.5 a和4 a;形数随树龄增加而降低,符合林木生长正常规律。     

京山县太子山林场柏木生长规律研究

2020年7月,在湖北省太子山林场管理局雁门林场44 a生柏木人工林中设置临时标准样地,并选取标准木进行树干解析和测定,对柏木生长规律进行研究,结果表明:柏木胸径和树高生长快速期都出现在10～20 a,胸径和树高的连年生长量均在第20年生时达到最大值,胸径和树高的平均生长量均在第30年生时达到最大值,材积连年生长量第40年时出现最大值;在44 a期间材积平均生长量一直处于上升趋势,没有达到最大值;胸径生长率和树高生长率最大值出现在第10年,材积生长率最大值出现在第20年。     

利川市红椿林场鹅掌楸生长规律研究

以利川市红椿林场17 a生鹅掌楸为研究对象,通过树干解析对其生长状况进行初步研究,结果表明:17 a生鹅掌楸树高15.50 m,胸径12.90 cm,单株材积0.09091 m³;树高、胸径的平均生长量、连年生长量均出现先增加后减少的生长规律。在15 a时,胸径与树高连年生长量与平均生长量相交。因17 a时材积平均生长量与连年生长量并未出现相交,表明17 a生鹅掌楸处于生长旺盛期。因材积未达到数量成熟,故其主伐年龄暂无法确定。     

长江滩地I-72杨人工林生长特性研究

对14年生I-72杨人工林生长特性进行的研究结果表明,其生长过程大致可以分为3个时期:14 a为幼林期,510 a为速生期,1114 a为近熟期.I-72杨树高速生期为38 a,胸径速生期为510 a,材积速生期为610 a.树高生长要早于胸径生长,林木的后期生长以胸径和材积生长为主.树高和胸径的连年生长量最大值比平均生长量最大值的到来时间要早,树高连年生长量大约在第7年生时与平均生长量相交,胸径连年生长量和平均生长量大约在第9年生时相交,材积连年生长量和平均生长量在14 a中未能相交,即没有达到数量成熟,其合理的轮伐期应在14年生以上.单株之间树高生长的竞争主要集中在第38年生时,胸径和材积生长竟争集中在生长后期.用Richards方程对I-72杨的树高、胸径和材积进行拟合,拟合效果很好.     

太岳林区华北落叶松生长过程研究

为了了解太岳林区华北落叶松人工林的生长动态,为华北落叶松的科学经营管理提供技术参考和理论依据,笔者对太岳林局七里峪林场华北落叶松人工林解析木进行了研究,分析了华北落叶松的生长过程,建立华北落叶松人工林树高、胸径、材积的生长模型。结果表明,适合胸径生长过程的最优模型为Korf方程,适合树高、材积生长过程的最优模型为Richards方程,决定系数R2值均大于0.99.华北落叶松胸径的连年生长量在第9 a达到最大值0.95 cm,连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线相交在第17 a.树高连年生长量在第9年达到了最大值,9 a~12 a连年高生长量相同,连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线相交在第16 a.材积在9 a~15 a时连年生长量快速增长,15 a~21 a时连年生长量逐渐减缓;此后,在21 a~27 a时,连年生长量又呈现快速增长的趋势;直到第27 a,华北落叶松材积的连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线没有相交,说明七里峪林场的华北落叶松林分还没有达到成熟期,正处于生长期。     

楠木人工林生长规律的研究

应用四川农业大学实习林场50～58年生的楠木人工林实验样地数据和树干解析资料,研究楠木人工林的生长规律,结果表明:14年生楠木人工林的树高连年生长量达到最大为0.63 m,20年生时树高的平均生长量达到最大为0.57 m,与树高的连年生长量曲线相交;16年生时胸径的连年生长量最大为0.64 cm,22年生时胸径平均生长量达到最大为0.56 cm,与胸径的连年生长量曲线相交;54年生时材积的平均生长量最大为0.008 9 m~3,与材积的连年生长量曲线相交,此年龄可认为是楠木的数量成熟年龄;楠木人工林的树高、胸径、材积与树龄之间的生长关系可用三次多项式y=a_0+a_1t+a_2t~2+a_3t~3(y表示树高、胸径、材积,t表示树龄,a_0、a_1、a_2、a_3分别为模拟曲线的系数)描述,其适合优度99%.     

钩栗天然林生长规律研究

为了解钩栗的生长规律,以湘西龙山县永龙界国有林场54a生钩栗天然林为研究对象,对其生长规律进行研究。结果表明:钩栗胸径、树高和材积均随年龄的增长而增加,54a生时分别达到24.50 cm(去皮)、17.40 m和0.526 6 m~3;钩栗胸径速生期为5~15a,其连年、平均生长量在43a生左右相交;钩栗树高速生期为5~10a,其连年、平均生长量分别在10~15a、20~25a和30~35a这三段时期内相交;钩栗材积速生期为15~45a,其连年、平均生长量并未在54a生以前相交,表明钩栗材积还未达到数量成熟。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。