Effects of fermented soybean residues on growth performance,apparent nutrient digestibility,meat quality and serum biochemical indexes of Hu sheep北大核心CSCD

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of fermented soybean residues on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, meat quality and blood physiological indexes of Hu sheep, and to investigate the value of fermented soybean residues in the production of meat sheep. In the present study, twenty-one healthy male Hu sheep with similar body weight were selected and randomly allocated into a basal diet （control） group, a soybean residue group （basal diet+20% soybean residue, SR） or a fermented soybean residues group （basal diet+20% fermented soybean residues, FSR）, with 7 animals in each group. The experiment lasted for 49 days, including a 7-day adaptation period. The results were as follows: 1）Compared with the control and SR groups, addition of 20% fermented soybean residues in the diet （FSR） significantly increased the average daily weight gain of Hu sheep （P< 0.05） and significantly reduced the weight gain cost （P<0.05）. 2） The apparent digestibility of dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP） and neutral detergent fiber （NDF） of Hu sheep in the fermented soybean residues group was significantly higher than that in other groups （P<0.05）. 3） Compared with the SR group, the carcass weight of the FSR group was increased （P<0.05）, while the dressing percentage, meat redness values of the FSR group were greater than those of the other groups （P<0.05）, and the drip loss was lower than other groups （P<0.05）. 4） Compared with the control and SR groups, the serum total protein content of the FSR group was increased （P< 0.05）, and the urea nitrogen content was reduced （P<0.05）. Compared with the SR group, the serum albumin content of the FSR group was increased significantly （P<0.05）. In conclusion, the addition of fermented soybean residues in the diet significantly improved the average daily gain of Hu sheep, reduced the feed cost, improved the apparent digestibility of DM, CP and NDF, and improved the meat quality and serum biochemical indexes. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

Transfer of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate from sows to their offspring and its impact on muscle fiber type transformation and performance in pigs

Background: Previous studies suggested that supplementation of lactating sows with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate(HMB) could improve the performance of weaning pigs, but there were little information in the muscle fiber type transformation of the offspring and the subsequent performance in pigs from weaning through finishing in response to maternal HMB consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing lactating sows with HMB on skeletal muscle fiber type transformation and growth of the offspring during d 28 and180 after birth. A total of 20 sows according to their body weight were divided into the control(CON, n = 10) or HMB groups(HMB, n = 10). Sows in the HMB group were supplemented with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium(HMB-Ca) 2 g/kg feed during d 1 to 27 of lactation. After weaning, 48 mixed sex piglets were blocked by sow treatment and fed standard diets for post-weaning, growing, finishing periods. Growth performance was recorded during d 28 to 180 after birth. Pigs were slaughtered on d 28(n = 6/treatment) and 180(n = 6/treatment) postnatal and the longissimus dorsi(LD) was collected, respectively.Results: The HMB-fed sows during lactation showed increased HMB concentration(P 0.05) in milk and LD of weaning piglets(P 0.05). In addition, offsprings in HMB group had a higher finishing BW and lean percentage than did pigs in CON group(P 0.05), meanwhile, compared with pigs from sows fed the CON diet, pigs from sows fed HMB diet showed higher type Ⅱ muscle fiber cross-sectional area(CSA), elevated myosin heavy chain(MyHC) Ⅱb and Sox6 mRNA, and fast-MyHC protein levels in LD(P 0.05).Conclusions: HMB supplemented to sow diets throughout lactation increases the levels of HMB in maternal milk and skeletal muscle of pigs during d 28 after birth and promotes subsequent performance of pigs between d 28 and 180 of age by enhancing glycolytic muscle fiber transformation.     

Effects of dietary vitamin and fatty acid content in E on muscle vitamin E Aohan fine-wool sheep

Background： Increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid （PUFA） content and decreasing the saturated fatty acid （SFA） content of mutton can help to improve its nutritional value for consumers. Several laboratories have evaluated the effects of vitamin E on the fatty acid （FA） composition of muscle in sheep. However, little information is available on wool sheep, even though wool sheep breeds are an important source of mutton, especially in northern China where sheep are extensively farmed. The present study was designed to address the effects of vitamin E on muscle FA composition in male Aohan fine-wool sheep. Methods： Forty-two male Aohan fine-wool lambs （5 mo old） with similar initial body weight were randomly divided into seven groups and fed diets supplemented with 0 （control group）, 20, 100, 200, 1,000, 2,000, or 2,400 IU/sheep/d vitamin E for 12 mo. Three lambs from each group were slaughtered to measure vitamin E and FA content in the Iongissimus lumborum （LL） and gluteus medius （GM） muscles. Results： Vitamin E concentrations in the LL and GM increased significantly after 12 mo of vitamin E supplementation （P 〈 0.05）. However, this increase did not occur in a dose-dependent manner because the muscle vitamin E concentration was highest in the 200 IU/sheep/d group. Dietary vitamin E supplementation also caused a significant reduction in SFA content and an increase in monounsaturated FA （MUFA） content in the LL and GM （P 〈 0.05）. All six doses of vitamin E significantly increased cis9 tronsl -conjugated linoleic acid （cgtl -CLA） content in the LL compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： Dietary supplementation with vitamin E increased muscle vitamin E content and improved the nutritional value of mutton by decreasing SFA content and increasing MUFA and c9tl 1-CLA contents in Aohan fine-wool sheep. These effects were greatest in sheep fed a diet containing 200 IU/sheep/d vitamin E.     

Effects of Soybean Meal Replaced by Fermented Plant Protein Compound on Growth,Immune, Antioxidant and Intestinal Microflora Structure of Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)北大核心CSCD

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of soybean meal replaced by fermented plant protein compound on growth, immune, antioxidant and intestinal microflora structure of black carp (Mylopharyn-godon piceus). The different proportions (1∶1 and 2∶1) of fermented cottonseed meal and fermented rapeseed meal were used to replace 0 (control group), 50% and 75% soybean meal in the basic diet, respectively, 5 kinds of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were prepared, and the black carp with initial weight of (6. 04 ± 0. 18) g were fed for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were no significant differences on growth performance, morphological indicators and body composition among all group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences on serum complement 3, malondialdehyde, albumin contents and lysozyme activity among all group (P>0.05). The serum complement 4 content in 50% replacement group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the serum immunoglobulin M content in 75% replacement group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences on hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase activities and total antioxidant capacity and total cholesterol content among all group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences on intestinal α-amylase and lipase activities among all group (P>0.05), and the intestinal pepsin activity in fermented cottonseed meal and fermented rapeseed meal replacing 75% soybean meal with 1 ∶ 1 proportion group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The dominant microflora in intestine of black carp at the phylum level were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Planctomycotes, and the dominant bacteria at the genus level were Aeromonas, Cetobacterium, Ralstonia and Plesiomonas. There were no significant differences on the relative abundances of intestinal main microflora among all group (P>0.05). To sum up, under the experimental conditions, the high proportion (75%) of fermented plant protein replacing soybean meal do not cause hepatopancreas damage and intestinal microflora structure change of black carp, and even improve the activities of some immune indicators in serum and intestinal protease activity, and the compound proportion of fermented cottonseed meal and fermented rapeseed meal have no significant effects on growth performance, morphological indicators, body composition, hepatopancreas antioxidant indexes and intestinal microflora structure of black carp. © 2023 Chinese Journal of Urology. All rights reserved.     

Effects of Dietary Ampitheoe sp. Powder on Growth and Lipid Contents of Litopenaeus vannamei北大核心CSCD

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Ampitheoe sp. powder on the growth and the contents of astaxanthin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO) and fatty acids of Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of approximately 6 777 L. vannamei with an initial body weight of (1. 80 ± 0.72) g were randomly divided into 3 groups, and there were 3 replicates (753 shrimp per replicate) in each group. Those shrimp fed diets containing 0 (D0 group), 8. 25% (D8. 25 group) and 33% (D33. 00 group) Ampitheoe sp. powder, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 40 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, yield and survival rate in D33.00 group were significantly higher than those in D0 group (P <0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower than that in D0 group (P <0.05) . However, there was no significant difference between D33.00 group and the D8. 25 group in those indexes (P >0.05) . 2) The astaxanthin content in carapace, hepatopancreas and muscle of L. vannamei in D8.25 and D33. 00 groups was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P < 0. 05); that in D33.00 group was significantly higher than that in D8. 25 group (P < 0. 05) . 3) TG content in haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle in D8. 25 and D33. 00 groups was significantly lower than that in D0 group (P < 0.05); the TCHO content in hepatopancreas in D8. 25 group was significantly higher than that in D0 and D33.00 groups (P <0.05); TCHO content in muscle in D33.00 group was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P <0.05) . 4) The contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in hepatopancreas in D33.00 group were significantly higher than those in D0 group (P <0.05) . The EPA content in muscle in D33.00 group was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P < 0. 05) . In conclusion, adding Ampitheoe sp. powder into the diet can improve the growth performance, the contents of astaxanthin, EPA and AA in L. vannamei, and affect the accumulation of TG and TCHO, which can be used as a functional diet in aquaculture. Considering the cost, the supplementation level of 8. 25% Ampitheoe sp. powder is more appropriate. © 2023 Chinese Journal of Pediatric Surgery. All rights reserved.     

A gene expression estimator of intramuscular fat percentage for use in both cattle and sheep

Background：The expression of genes encoding proteins involved in triacyglyceride and fatty acid synthesis and storage in cattle muscle are correlated with intramuscular fat（IMF）%.Are the same genes also correlated with IMF%in sheep muscle,and can the same set of genes be used to estimate IMF%in both species？Results：The correlation between gene expression（microarray） and IMF%in the longissimus muscle（LM） of twenty sheep was calculated.An integrated analysis of this dataset with an equivalent cattle correlation dataset and a cattle differential expression dataset was undertaken.A total of 30 genes were identified to be strongly correlated with IMF%in both cattle and sheep.The overlap of genes was highly significant,8 of the 13 genes in the TAG gene set and 8 of the 13 genes in the FA gene set were in the top 100 and 500 genes respertively most correlated with IMF%in sheep,P-value = 0.Of the 30 genes,CIDEA,THRSP,ACSM1,DGAT2 and FABP4 had the highest average rank in both species.Using the data from two small groups of Brahman cattle（control and Hormone growth promotant-treated[known to decrease IMF%in muscle]） and 22 animals in total,the utility of a direct measure and different estimators of IMF%（ultrasound and gene expression） to differentiate between the two groups were examined.Directly measured IMF%and IMF%estimated from ultrasound scanning could not discriminate between the two groups.However,using gene expression to estimate IMF%discriminated between the two groups.Increasing the number of genes used to estimate IMF%from one to five significantly increased the discrimination power;but increasing the number of genes to 15 resulted in little further improvement.Conclusion：We have demonstrated the utility of a comparative approach to identify robust estimators of IMF%in the LM in cattle and sheep.We have also demonstrated a number of approaches（potentially applicable to much smaller groups of animals than conventional methods） to using gene expression to rank animals for IMF%within     

Effect of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on Reproductive Performance and Larval Development of Fenneropenaeus chinensis

In the present study, Fenneropenaeus chinensis individuals were assigned into six groups, and fed with a diet supplemented with 0(Con-trol), 0.5%(Group E0.5), 1.0%(Group E1.0), 2.0%(Group E2.0), 3.0%(Group E3.0) or 5.0%(Group E5.0) of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB) during their growth and spawning periods, to explore the effect of PHB on the reproductive performance of parents and the development of larvae. The experi-ment was lasted for 192 d to measure the mortality rate, relative percentage of survival(RPS), weight gain rate(WGR), specific growth rate(SGR) and cycle of gonadal development of parental shrimps, number of eggs, number of nauplii, stages of larval development and metamorphosis. The results indicated that PHB had an obvious effect on the fecundity of parental shrimps and growth performance of larva. Compared with control group, the mortality rate of broodstock in experimental groups decreased initially and increased subsequently with the increase of PHB concentration, while RPS showed an opposite pattern. The mortality rate of group E2.0 was the lowest among all groups, showing significant difference from that of other groups(P﹤0.05) except group E1.0(P﹥0.05). WGR of all experimental groups was higher than that of the control group, among which, group E2.0 and group E5.0 had significantly higher WGR than the control(P0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the cycle of gonadal development between the experimental groups and the control group(P ﹥ 0.05). The numbers of eggs and nauplii in the experimental groups were higher than those of the control group. And the numbers of eggs and nauplii in group E2.0 were significantly higher than those of the control(P ﹤ 0.05), bud showed no significant difference from those of other groups(P﹥0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the duration of larval devel-opment and metamorphosis among all the groups. In summary, PHB is capable of improving the reproductive performance of parents and the survival and development of larva in F. chinensis, and 2.0% is the optimal concentration of PHB supplemented to the diet.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of the endothelin 3 gene in black bone sheep

Background: Black bone sheep was first discovered in Yunnan province of China in 1970, with unique black pigmentation on the body and internal organs. Endothelin 3(EDN3) has been known as a key gene causing hyperpigmentation in black bone chicken, the Silky fowl.Methods: In this study, EDN3 was employed as a candidate gene for regulating black color pigmentation. First,EDN3 was cloned from sheep to obtain the full-length cDNA by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE).Genomic EDN3 was screened and a total of thirty predicted single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were genotyped for allele and genotype frequency analysis in a case-control study involving two black bone sheep populations. Genomic copy number analysis of EDN3 in sheep was conducted to measure the variation in copy number. EDN3 expression levels were observed among the groups in adult liver, lymph node, and kidney tissues, as well as embryo kidney samples. Also, among the tissues of black bone and non-black bone sheep.Results: The size of the full-length cDNA was 1,578 bp, which included 426 bp of 5′-untranslated region(5′-UTR),an open reading frame(ORF) of 639 bp encoding a protein of 212 amino acids, and a 3′-UTR of 513 bp. Genotype and allele frequencies of all the discovered SNPs were found insignificantly different in black bone and non-black bone sheep(P 0.05). Genomic copy number analysis of EDN3 in sheep revealed no significant difference between the two sheep groups. No significant variations were found in the adult liver and kidney embryo samples. However,the expression in lymph node and kidney tissue was significantly higher in black bone sheep than that in non-black bone sheep(P 0.05). Significant variations in the EDN3 expression levels were observed among the tissues of nonblack bone sheep.Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that unlike in Silky chickens, EDN3 is not responsible for hyperpigmentation but may play a key functional role in immune and excretory systems of black bone sheep.     

Effects of Dietary Quercetin on Growth Performance,Digestive Enzyme Activities,Immune and Antioxidant Functions of Cyprinus carpio北大核心CSCD

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of quercetin on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, immune and antioxidant functions of juvenile Cyprinus carpio. Three hundred juvenile Cyprinus carpio with an initial body weight of (26.00±0.50) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate. The control group (T1 group) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 50 (T2 group), 100 (T3 group), 200 (T4 group) and 400 mg/ kg (T5 group) quercetin, respectively. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with T1 group, the final body weight of juvenile Cypri⁃ nus carpio in T3 and T4 groups was significantly increased (P < 0. 05), the weight gain rate and specific growth rate in T3 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed coefficient in all experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), which in T3 group was the lowest. With the specific growth rate as the evaluation index, according to the cubic regression model analysis, the optimal supplemental level of quercetin in the diet for Cyprinus carpio was 124.02 mg/ kg. 2) The activities of intestinal protease, lipase and amylase in T3 group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). 3) Compared with T1 group, the serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and complement 3 (C3) content in T3 group were signifi⁃ cantly increased (P<0.05); the serum complement 4 (C4) content in T3 group was the highest, and signifi⁃ cantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05); the serum lysozyme (LZM) activity and immunoglobu⁃ lin M (IgM) content in T3 and T4 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum LZM activity in T3 group was significantly higher than that in T4 group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with T1 group, the activi⁃ ties of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in T3 group were significantly increased (P< 0.05); the liver glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in T3 group was the highest, and significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05); the liver total antioxidant capacity (T⁃AOC) in T3 and T4 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content in T2, T3 and T4 groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal supplemental level of quercetin can improve the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, immune and antioxidant functions of juvenile Cyprinus carpio, and the optimal supplemental level is 100 mg / kg. © 2023 Chinese Journal of Clinical Research. All rights reserved.     

Effects of Compound Bacteria Preparation on Fermentation Quality and Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Phragmites australis Silage北大核心CSCD

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of compound bacteria preparation (including homogeneous Lactobacillus/heterogeneous Lactobacillus, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger as well as their compatibility) on nutrient composition, fermentation quality and rumen fermentation characteristics of Phragmites australis silage. Taking growing Phragmites australis from Dongting lake as silage material, five groups were set up, which were blank group (CK group), lactic acid bacteria group (LA group, supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus buchneri), lactic acid bacteria+Bacillus subtilis group (LA+BS group), lactic acid bacteria+Aspergillus niger group (LA+AN group) and lactic acid bacteria+Bacillus subtilis+Aspergillus niger group (LA+BS+AN group), and each group had 3 replicates. The supplemental level of lactic acid bacteria was 1.5×108 CFU/kg silage raw materials, and the supplemental levels of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis were 1.0×108 CFU/kg silage raw materials (all were based on fresh weight of silage raw materials). After 60 days of silage, the nutrient composition and fermentation quality of Phragmites australis silage were determined, and the rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated by in vitro fermentation and in vivo degradation. The results showed as follows: 1) the contents of dry matter and ash in LA, LA+BS and LA+AN groups were significantly lower than those in CK group (P<0.05), and the crude protein content in LA+BS, LA+AN and LA+BS+AN groups was significantly higher than that in CK and LA groups (P<0.05). 2) The silage sensory evaluation scores of all groups were 60 to 70 points, and the ratings were good. The comprehensive scores of fermentation quality in LA+BS and LA+AN groups were higher, among which, the ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio, acetic acid content and acetic acid to total acid ratio in LA+AN group were significantly decreased compared with CK group (P<0.05), while the lactic acid content and lactic acid to total acid ratio were significantly increased compared with CK group (P<0.05). 3) The dry matter disappearance rate and total gas production of in vitro fermentation in LA+AN group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05), and in vitro fermentation parameters such as volatile fatty acid contents in fermentation liquid were improved. 4) The rumen fermentation dry matter degradation rate in LA+AN and LA+BS+AN groups at 8, 24 and 48 h was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, the combined application of lactic acid bacteria and Aspergillus niger with supplemental levels in this experiment has the best effect on the quality of Phragmites australis silage and rumen fermentation characteristics. © The Author(s) 2023.     

初生和成年黑藏羊肉品质与肌纤维特性差异分析

旨在比较放牧条件下不同年龄间黑藏羊肉品质与肌纤维组织学特性的差异.本研究选择青海自然放牧条件下体况良好的初生黑藏羊(平均体重(2.31±0.49)kg)和12月龄黑藏羊(平均体重(36.58±1.26)kg)各5只,依据年龄分为2组,即羔羊组(lamb)和成年羊组(adult).通过三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)染色、酶...     

岩藻多糖对肉兔生长性能、血清生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平岩藻多糖对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、内脏器官指数、血清生化指标和养分表观消化率的影响，为岩藻多糖作为抗生素替代物在肉兔日粮中的应用提供理论依据。从200只35日龄健康断奶福建黄兔中选取36只体重相近的试验兔，采用单因素试验设计，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复3只。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂添加100、200和300 mg·kg^-1岩藻多糖的日粮，预试期5 d，正试期22 d。结果表明：1）试验Ⅲ组末重、平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）显著高于对照组（P<0.05），料重比（F/G）显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。2）试验Ⅲ组宰前活重显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。其他各项指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。3）各试验组胸腺指数均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。各组间脾脏指数和圆小囊指数均无显著差异（P>0.05）。试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组蚓突指数显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。其他各项指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。4）试验Ⅲ组丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）含量显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）、胆固醇（CHO）含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅲ组超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。各试验组丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著低于对照组（P<0.05），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性均显著高于对照组（P<0.05），其中试验Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。其他各项指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。5）各试验组干物质（DM）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、粗灰分（Ash）表观消化率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅲ组酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。各组粗蛋白（CP）表观消化率均无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上所述，日粮中添加岩藻多糖可显著提高肉兔ADFI和ADG，显著降低F/G，提高内脏器官指数和抗氧化能力，同时显著提高日粮中DM、ADF、NDF和Ash表观消化率，在本试验条件下，添加水平为300 mg·kg^-1时，效果最佳。     

纤维素酶处理荞麦秸秆对其纤维结构和滩羊肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究荞麦秸秆经不同酶活纤维素酶处理对其发酵前后纤维结构、营养成分、微生物数量以及滩羊肉品质的影响。本试验分为两部分,第1部分为酶处理试验,第2部分为饲养试验。酶处理试验共设计3个组,分别为对照组（未经酶处理的荞麦秸秆）,试验I组（纤维素酶I处理的荞麦秸秆）,试验Ⅱ组（纤维素酶Ⅱ处理的荞麦秸秆）,每组3个重复。荞麦秸秆在发酵罐中密封贮存30 d后取样,然后测定其处理前后纤维结构、营养成分和微生物数量。饲养试验选择体重相近、健康状况良好的3月龄宁夏滩羊24只,采用完全随机分组设计分为3组,每组8只。日粮精粗比为30∶70,对照组饲喂基础日粮+未经处理的荞麦秸秆,试验I组饲喂基础日粮+纤维素酶I处理的荞麦秸秆,试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+纤维素酶Ⅱ处理的荞麦秸秆。预饲期15 d,正饲期60 d。正饲期结束后,每组选择5只体重接近的羊只禁食24 h后屠宰,测定羊肉理化指标和营养成分。结果表明：1） 未经酶处理的荞麦秸秆细胞壁结构完整,经纤维素酶处理的荞麦秸秆细胞壁结构存在不同程度的破坏;2） 试验I组和试验Ⅱ组中荞麦秸秆的酸性洗涤纤维分别显著降低18.71%和13.78%,中性洗涤纤维分别显著降低19.75%和17.81%（P<0.05）;3） 试验I组和试验Ⅱ组荞麦秸秆中的乳酸菌数量显著增加（P<0.05）,霉菌数量显著降低（P<0.05）;4）纤维素酶Ⅱ处理荞麦秸秆能够显著提高肌肉熟肉率（P<0.05）,纤维素酶I和纤维素酶Ⅱ处理荞麦秸秆后使得羊肉剪切力分别显著降低9.31%和11.84%（P<0.05）;5）试验I组和试验Ⅱ组的羊肉粗蛋白质含量分别为14.22%和14.23%,显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。综上所述,纤维素酶处理荞麦秸秆可以有效破坏秸秆细胞壁结构,改善秸秆营养成分,提高秸秆饲料品质和肉品质。在本试验日粮条件下,纤维素酶I处理荞麦秸秆的饲喂效果较优。     

酶制剂对水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质及体外消化特性的影响

为探讨纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及两种酶组合添加对水稻秸秆青贮过程中结构性、水溶性碳水化合物组分含量及体外消化特性和发酵品质的影响，试验设4个处理组：1）0.3%蒸馏水（对照组，CO）；2）0.3%纤维素酶（CE）；3）0.3%木聚糖酶（XE）；4）0.15%纤维素酶+0.15%木聚糖酶（组合酶组，CX），分别于青贮3、7、14、30 d后取样分析。结果表明，与CO相比，CE、XE和CX组显著提高了乳酸、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量，显著降低了pH值、氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素含量，减少了干物质损失（P<0.05）。酶制剂显著提高了水稻秸秆青贮饲料24、48和72 h时的累积产气量和干物质体外消化率（P<0.05）。青贮末期CX组有最高的乳酸含量（34.13 g·kg^-1 DM）、体外产气量（68.27 mL）、干物质体外消化率（61.31%）和最低的pH值（4.36）。与CE和XE相比，CX组水溶性碳水化合物（葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖）含量更高。综上所述，添加酶制剂可促进结构性碳水化合物的降解，提高水溶性碳水化合物的含量，改善水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质及体外消化率，与CE和XE相比，CX组发酵品质、碳水化合物的降解转化和体外消化特性更好。     

利用尼龙袋法比较3个全株玉米品种青贮前后肉牛瘤胃降解特性

本试验旨在利用尼龙袋法比较不同品种全株玉米青贮前后瘤胃降解特性的差异。试验采用2×3双因素试验设计，选择玉米7367号、玉米7377号、玉米7387号3个全株玉米品种为研究对象，采用尼龙袋法比较3种全株玉米青贮前和青贮后的营养成分和瘤胃降解特性，旨在探讨适合河北省种植的全株玉米青贮品种。结果表明：1）青贮前玉米7377的粗蛋白（CP）和非蛋白氮（NPN）含量显著高于玉米7367和玉米7387（P<0.05）；玉米7677和玉米7377的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量显著低于玉米7387（P<0.05）；玉米7677的酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量显著低于玉米7377和玉米7387（P<0.05）。与青贮前同品种全株玉米相比，3种全株玉米青贮后的CP、粗脂肪（EE）、粗灰分（Ash）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）、NPN含量显著提高（P<0.05），NDF含量显著下降。玉米7367青贮的CP和NPN含量显著高于玉米7377青贮和7387青贮（P<0.05）；玉米7677青贮和7377青贮的NDF和ADF含量显著低于玉米7387青贮（P<0.05）。2）不同品种全株玉米青贮前的DM、CP、NDF、ADF瘤胃降解率有显著差异，玉米7367的干物质（DM）和NDF有效降解率显著高于玉米7377和玉米7387（P<0.05）；玉米7377的CP有效降解率显著高于玉米7367和玉米7387（P<0.05）。青贮处理能显著提高3种全株玉米DM、CP、NDF和ADF的快速降解部分（P<0.05），降低其慢速降解部分（P<0.05），显著提高其有效降解率（P<0.05）。玉米7367青贮的DM、CP、NDF、ADF有效降解率显著高于玉米7377和玉米7387（P<0.05）。综合表明青贮处理能很好地保存3种全株玉米的营养成分，显著提高DM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解率；玉米7367青贮前和青贮后的营养成分和瘤胃降解率显著高于玉米7377和玉米7387，在本试验中是比较适合河北省种植的全株玉米青贮品种。     

海鲜菇菌糠发酵饲料对山羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同添加比例发酵海鲜菇菌糠对简阳大耳黄羊屠宰性能、羊肉氨基酸、脂肪酸含量等品质的影响。采用单因子试验设计,选取简阳大耳黄羊48只,随机分为4组,每组12只羊。分别在基础日粮中添加0（C组,对照组）、20%（L组）、30%（M组）、40%（H组）发酵海鲜菇菌糠。预试期10 d,正试期120 d。结果表明：1）L组宰前活重和眼肌面积显著高于H组（P<0.05）,肺脏、肾脏、瘤胃、小肠、大肠重量以及瘤胃占宰前活重比例显著高于其余3组（P<0.05）。且随发酵菌糠添加量的增加,眼肌面积、肺脏、肾脏、瘤胃、小肠以及大肠重量呈二次变化（P<0.05）。2）各组间背最长肌pH无显著差异（P>0.05）;L组24和48 h滴水损失显著低于其余3组（P<0.05）,且均随添加水平的提高呈二次变化（P<0.05）,熟肉率显著高于H组（P<0.05）,剪切力显著低于H组（P<0.05）。3）L组背最长肌中必需氨基酸总量显著高于C组（P<0.05）,天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸含量显著高于C和H组（P<0.05）,丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸含量显著高于其余各组（P<0.05）,脯氨酸、甘氨酸含量显著高于C和M组（P<0.05）,其中,缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸和天冬氨酸含量随发酵菌糠添加量的增加呈二次变化（P<0.05）。4）各组间脂肪酸含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。其中,硬脂酸（C18：0）和α-亚麻酸（C18：3n3）含量随发酵菌糠添加水平的增加分别呈二次变化和线性升高（P<0.05）,H组C18：3n3含量较C组提高了16.48%,试验组多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）和n-3 PUFA含量较C组有不同程度的提高,n-6/n-3较C组分别下降了0.64%、11.73%和12.34%。综上所述,日粮中发酵海鲜菇菌糠添加水平为20%时对提高山羊内脏器官发育以及改善肉品质方面具有较好的效果。     

不同精粗比日粮对山羊生产性能、血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵的影响

在相同蛋能比和钙磷比下，研究不同精粗比全混合日粮对努比亚山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵的影响。选择健康、体重相近的2月龄努比亚山羊母羊36只，随机分为3组，每组12只羊，分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60（L）、50∶50（M）和60∶40（H）的全混合日粮。试验期70 d。结果表明：1）正试期第14天，L组山羊的平均日采食量显著高于其他两组（P<0.01）。正试期第35天，L组山羊的平均日采食量显著高于H组（P<0.05），而料重比则相反。正试期第56天，L组山羊的平均日增重显著高于其他两组（P<0.05），而料重比则相反。2）正试期第14天，L组山羊血清白蛋白（albumin，ALB）和尿素氮（urea nitrogen，BUN）浓度显著高于H组（P<0.05）。正试期第56天，L组山羊血清ALB和血糖（glucose，GLU）含量以及M组山羊血清甘油三酯（triglyceride，TG）含量显著高于H组（P<0.05）。3）正试期第14天，M组山羊血清瘦素（leptin，LEP）和三碘甲状腺原氨酸（triiodothyronine，T₃）浓度分别显著低于H组和L组（P<0.05）。正试期第35天，L组山羊血清LEP和胰岛素（insulin，INS）浓度显著高于其他两组（P<0.05）。正试期第56天，L组山羊血清生长激素（growth hormone，GH）浓度显著高于H组（P<0.05）。4）M组山羊的后腿重和屠宰率显著高于L组（P<0.05）。5）L组的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度均显著低于其他两组（P<0.05），而pH则相反。6）L组山羊瘤胃的黄色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量显著高于H组（P<0.05），而乳酸菌数量和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌则相反。M组山羊瘤胃的栖瘤胃普雷沃菌数量显著高于其他两组（P<0.05）。综上所述，努比亚山羊饲喂精粗比40∶60全混合日粮能够获得最佳的生产性能。     

棕榈粕替代部分玉米对藏羊母羊小肠形态发育、消化酶活性及抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在探究精料补充料中使用不同比例棕榈粕替代玉米对藏羊母羊肠道组织形态学、消化酶活性、pH、脂多糖以及抗氧化能力的影响。选取初始体重相近且健康的2～3月龄高原型藏羊母羊120只,随机分为4组,每组30只,每组6个重复,每个重复5只母羊,分别饲喂0%、15%、18%和21%水平的棕榈粕替代精料中玉米。试验期97d。结果显示：1)0%组与15%组间小肠各段的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、黏膜厚度以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度差异均不显著（P>0.05）;2)0%组空肠的α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶及糜蛋白酶显著或极显著小于15%组（P<0.05或P<0.01）;3)0%组空肠的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著低于15%组与18%组（P<0.05）,相较于21%组差异不显著（P>0.05）;4)18%组与21%组空肠的脂多糖含量显著或极显著高于0%组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,与15%组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。由此可见,棕榈粕可替代部分玉米饲喂藏羊母羊,推荐替代玉米的比例为15%。     

复方中药对热应激条件下杂交小尾寒羊生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响

针对目前生产中绵羊遭受热应激的现状，研究了热应激条件下复方中药对杂交羊（小尾寒羊×内蒙古细毛羊）生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响。选择4味中草药（香薷、大黄、厚朴和黄芩），按3∶3∶2∶2进行组方。选择240只、体重（36.61±0.73） kg相近的育肥后期杂交绵羊，随机分为4组，各组羊分别饲喂含干物质含量的0（对照组）、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复方中药，每组60只羊。试验期为28 d，试验期间羊舍温湿指数平均达79.68。结果表明：1）从生理指标上，日粮中添加不同剂量的中药可显著降低羊的呼吸频率（P<0.05），并提高了羊的躺卧比例，尤其是下午12：00-16：00，较对照组提高了13.38%~19.15%。2）从生产性能上，饲喂中药显著提高了羊的平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）（P<0.05），不同中药组的ADFI较对照组提高了1.05%~7.21%（P<0.05），ADG和料重比（F/G）以0.5%组效果最好，ADG较对照组提高了12.12%（P<0.05），F/G降低了14.68%（P<0.05）。3）从血液理化指标上，饲喂中药组的血清甲状腺素（T₄）和皮质醇（COR）含量分别表现出增加和降低趋势（P<0.05），尤其0.5%组，T₄含量较对照组提高了13.97%（P<0.05），而COR含量降低了33.15%（P<0.05）。从血清常规代谢营养指标看，各组间尿素氮（BUN）和葡萄糖（GLU）含量均表现出显著性差异（P<0.05），0.5%组GLU含量较对照组极显著提高（P<0.01），而BUN含量显著下降（P<0.05）。4）从经济效益分析，饲喂0.5%~1.5%中药可使增重效益提高了7.50%~13.91%，0.5%组净收益最高（4.85元·d^-1·只^-1）。可见，该复方中药可以有效缓解杂交小尾寒羊的热应激，添加日粮干物质的0.5%最佳。