分散固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定花生中辛硫磷的残留

采用气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱法(GC-NCI-MS),建立了花生仁、花生壳、花生植株和土壤中辛硫磷的残留分析方法,样品经乙腈和水混合溶液提取,分散固相萃取(d-SPE)法净化后,采用负化学电离方式(NCI),在选择离子监测模式(SIM)下进行检测。结果:辛硫磷在花生仁、花生壳、花生植株和土壤中的平均回收率在82.0%～101.4%之间,相对标准偏差在2.3%～9.3%之间,该方法在花生仁、花生壳、花生植株和土壤中的定量限均为0.02mg/kg。因此,该方法快速、简便、灵敏度高,适用于花生样品中辛硫磷残留量的检测。     

异噁唑草酮及其代谢物在玉米中残留分析方法

建立了采用分散固相萃取为样品前处理方法的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLCMS/MS)快速检测玉米中异噁唑草酮及其代谢物DKN的残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,C18吸附剂净化,电喷雾电离、负离子模式采集,多反应监测模式检测,基质匹配标准品外标法定量。结果表明:在0. 005～0. 5mg/L范围内,异噁唑草酮及DKN在玉米等中的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数均0. 992 2。在0. 01～0. 1 mg/kg添加水平下,异噁唑草酮及DKN在玉米、青玉米和秸秆平均回收率为95%～108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2%～11%。异噁唑草酮及DKN在玉米等基质中的定量限(LOQ)均为0. 01mg/kg。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于玉米中异噁唑草酮及DKN的残留检测。     

气相色谱法测定玉米中莠去津和丁草胺农药残留

采用丙酮和石油醚(1:1)提取玉米中莠去津、丁草胺的农药残留,用中性氧化铝进行柱净化,气相色谱法(NPD检测器)进行测定,2种农药的回收率在85.44～95.71%之间,变异系数在4.44～15.19%之间,莠去津的最低检出限为0.004mg/kg,丁草胺的最低检出限为0.016mg/kg。     

三种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇及其栽培基质中的残留动态

为明确二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇栽培过程中的残留动态规律,采用在工厂化双孢蘑菇栽培基质 (覆土和培养料) 中拌料施药的方式,开展了田间试验,运用QuEChERS净化前处理技术结合UPLC-MS/MS分析,检测了3种农药在双孢蘑菇子实体和栽培基质中的残留动态。结果表明:建立的双孢蘑菇子实体、覆土和培养料3种基质中3种有机磷农药的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,经验证,在二嗪磷分别以0.000 3、0.003、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平,毒死蜱和辛硫磷分别以0.000 6、0.006、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平下,3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇、覆土和培养料3种基质中的平均回收率为76%~108%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~13%。检出限分别为:二嗪磷0.000 1 mg/kg、毒死蜱和辛硫磷均为0.000 2 mg/kg,定量限分别为:二嗪磷0.000 3 mg/kg、毒死蜱0.0006 mg/kg和辛硫磷0.000 6 mg/kg。在2 和10 mg/kg两个施药水平下,二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷在双孢蘑菇栽培基质中的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程,在培养料中的消解半衰期分别为5.2、10.6、13.6 d和5.6、11.4、12.3 d;在覆土中的消解半衰期分别为25.9、41.7、27.2 d和41.7、48.1、36.8 d,且在培养料中的消解快于在覆土中的。在施药剂量不超过10 mg/kg的条件下,在双孢蘑菇子实体中毒死蜱残留量最高,为0.014 mg/kg,超过了欧盟规定的最大残留限量(MRL)标准,其余均低于现行日本、欧盟和美国规定的MRL值。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱法测定粮谷中氰烯菌酯残留

建立了一种适用QuEChERS前处理结合气相色谱-质谱 (GC-MS) 技术测定4种粮谷（糙米、小麦、高粱及玉米）中氰烯菌酯残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取、PSA净化和浓缩后,采用GC-MS检测,内标法定量。结果表明:在10～500 μg/L质量浓度范围内,氰烯菌酯峰面积与进样质量浓度间线性关系良好,决定系数 (R2) > 0.9983,定量限 (LOQ) 低于0.005 mg/kg;在添加水平分别为0.005、0.02、0.05及0.1 mg/kg时,该方法的平均回收率在85%～108%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSDs) 为1.1%～10.4%。该方法简便、快速,具有良好的灵敏度和重现性,适用于粮谷中氰烯菌酯的残留量测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定玉米及土壤中烟嘧磺隆和2甲4氯残留

采用分散固相萃取法进行样品前处理,建立了超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时快速检测玉米及其土壤中烟嘧磺隆和2甲4氯残留的方法。样品经乙腈-甲酸[V(乙腈):V(甲酸)=99.9:0.1]提取,C18基质固相分散(DSPE)净化后,采用UPLC-MS/MS、多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,外标法定量。结果显示,烟嘧磺隆和2甲4氯进样质量浓度与峰面积间线性关系良好,在0.005～0.1 mg/kg添加水平范围内,烟嘧磺隆和2甲4氯在不同基质中的平均回收率分别为74.6%～98.0%和81.3%～100.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.1%～3.4%和1.7%～10.5%,定量限(LOQ)均为0.005 mg/kg。     

固相抗体直接竞争ELISA法测定小白菜和苹果中的甲萘威残留

采用固相抗体直接竞争ELISA法测定小白菜和苹果中的甲萘威残留量 ,并以高效液相色谱法进行验证。结果表明:ELISA法测定小白菜和苹果中甲萘威残留的检测限为0.4 ng/ kg;样本中添加 0.1mg/ kg和 10.0 mg/ kg甲萘威标样 ,以该法测定的回收率分别为80.9%～ 116 %和 86.7%～ 96.3% ,变异系数分别为 9.62 %～ 16.9%和 7.34%～ 11.4 % ;实际样本中甲萘威残留 ELISA测定的变异系数为 6.89%～ 10.3% ,符合残留分析的要求。方法简便快速 ,测定结果与高效液相色谱法测定结果基本一致。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测菜豆及土壤中的灭蝇胺残留

建立了采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测分析菜豆及其土壤中灭蝇胺残留的方法。样品经5 mmol/L的乙酸铵-乙腈溶液[V(乙酸铵):V(乙腈)=1:4]提取、定容,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化后用UPLC-MS/MS在正离子模式下以多反应监测扫描方式进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.05～1 mg/kg添加水平范围内,灭蝇胺在菜豆和土壤中的平均回 收率为80.1%～95.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%～9.1%,检出限(LOD)为3.8～5.9 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为50 μg/kg。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、定量准确且测定浓度范围宽,适用于菜豆及土壤中灭蝇胺的残留分析。     

在线GPC-气相色谱-质谱联用测定玉米中莠去津、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯残留

建立在线GPC-气相色谱-质谱联用测定玉米中莠去津、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯农药残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈和水(体积比50∶50)震荡提取后,Florisil固相萃取柱净化,采用在线GPC-气相色谱-质谱联用进行测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。在此条件下,莠去津、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯最小检出浓度均为0.02mg/kg。莠去津方法平均回收率为98.0%～107.0%;相对标准偏差为3.4%～14.0%;乙草胺平均回收率为72.0%～105.6%;相对标准偏差为4.7%～10.5%。2,4-滴丁酯平均回收率为81.0%～107.6%;相对标准偏差为6.8%～10.2%。     

甲基化衍生-高效液相色谱法检测代森锰锌在花生中的残留量

建立了简单、快速测定花生中杀菌剂代森锰锌的残留检测方法。花生样品用L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐和EDTA-2Na的混合溶液振荡提取,在pH= 6.5 ~8.5时,用0.05 mol/L的碘甲烷与三氯甲烷-正己烷(3 ∶ 1,体积比)的混合溶液进行甲基化反应。有机层经浓缩后,用乙腈定容,采用高效液相色谱仪在272 nm处进行检测。色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18,流动相为乙腈-水(50 ∶ 50,体积比),以 1.0 mL/min 的流速等梯度洗脱。结果表明,代森锰锌的添加浓度在0.05 ~2.00 mg/kg 范围内,平均回收率为76.1% ~86.2%,变异系数分别为0.7 % ~10.2 %,均在农药残留测定所允许的范围内。该方法的最低检出限(LOD)为0.02 mg/kg,最低检测浓度(LOQ)为0.05 mg/kg。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.