米根霉丙烯醇抗性突变株的筛选及其发酵特性

本研究利用亚硝基胍(NTG)对米根霉As3.3462进行诱变,在含丙烯醇的YPD选择培养基上筛选获得11株ADH活力降低的突变株,其中mut-2突变株发酵液中乙醇含量比原始菌株降低35.2%,而乳酸含量提高了79.6%。对原始菌株和mut-2突变菌株在发酵过程中ADH与LDH活力变化分析表明,突变菌株的最大ADH活力比原始菌株降低了60.6%,而LDH活力与原始菌株相比略有提高。研究结果还表明,mut-2突变菌株与出发菌株相比,其生物量和对还原糖的利用速率均比原始菌株提高。     

氮离子束注入诱变筛选万隆霉素高产菌株的研究

为获得万隆霉素高产菌株,用氮离子束注入万隆霉素产生菌进行诱变处理,并用链霉素抗性筛选法和抑菌圈筛选法进行突变株的筛选。结果表明:通过能量为20keV、剂量为90×2.6×1013N+/cm2的氮离子束注入处理万隆霉素产生菌的分生孢子,筛选出万隆霉素高产菌株WN939,其摇瓶发酵产素水平较出发菌株提高了82.10%。经5代传代培养,其产素水平稳定。     

微波诱变选育高产生长素及耐药性根瘤菌株研究

为获得高效分泌IAA(吲哚乙酸Indoleacetic acid),同时具有卡那霉素(Kanamycin)和氨苄青霉素(Ampicillin)双抗药性的根瘤菌突变株,以红豆草根瘤菌(Rhizobium Onobrychis vicilfolia)RS-1为原始菌株进行微波诱变处理,对微波诱变参数进行了优化,并以含抗生素平板筛选出卡那霉素和氨苄青霉素双抗药突变菌株,以多次传代的方式考察了突变菌株的遗传稳定性和生长素产量。结果显示,最优微波筛选参数为800W、6s,该参数下诱变获得5株高产生长素及双耐药突变株RSW-14、RSW-55、RSW-62、RSW-96和RSW-107。传代试验表明RSW-96是稳定的高产生长素、耐药突变株,表现在RSW-96传代6次后对80mg/L卡那霉素和300mg/L青霉素具有抗性,培养4d和24d的IAA产量比原始菌株提高了40.09%和50.15%,对单株生物量增加效果高于原始菌株25.58%,具有良好的促生效应。     

产γ-氨基丁酸的乳酸菌株筛选及诱变

γ-氨基丁酸(-γaminobutyric acid,GABA)是中枢神经系统一种重要的抑制性神经递质。本研究从鲜奶中分离得到1株高产GABA的乳酸菌株hjxj-01,经初步鉴定为短乳杆菌。实验结果表明,在含5%的L-谷氨酸钠的GYP培养基中,此乳酸菌产GABA最大积累浓度为7 g/L。在此基础上,又先后使用了紫外线和γ射线对出发菌株进行了诱变处理。以正突变率为标准确定诱变条件。30W的紫外灯下,距离45cm照射及照射时间50 s为紫外线诱变的较佳条件;60Co射线诱变的适宜剂量为300 Gy。诱变后得到1株突变菌株hjxj-08119,经连续传代12次,遗传性状稳定,平均GABA产量达到17 g/L,较出发菌株hjxj-01提高142.9%。     

输液器污染微生物辐射抗性频率分布的研究

从 5 6套输液器分离得到 3 0 3 2株分离菌 ,系统地研究了输液器上污染微生物的辐射抗性。用辐射处理获得了较高抗辐射的微生物 98株 ,测定了它们的辐射抗性D10 。分离菌株的D10 是在 0 8～ 4 0kGy之间 ,主要集中在 1 2～ 1 6kGy。D10 ≤1 6kGy占全部污染菌的 99%。所有辐射筛选菌株是革兰氏阳性菌 ,其中 84株是Bacillussp .,1 4株是micrococcussp .。在输液器外壁获得了 1株桔红色的菌株 ,其D10 为 4 0kGy。     

等离子体处理选育之江菌素产生菌

以之江菌素产生菌玫瑰黄链霉菌杭州亚种 93 -1 5-3 2菌株为出发菌 ,研究离子注入微生物的诱变效应。结果表明 ,各剂量N+离子注入之江菌素产生菌的总变异率达 42 4%～ 73 0 % ,其中正变异率为 5 8%～ 3 8 2 %。通过 9批诱变实验 ,筛选到 1株高产菌株 97 49,效价比出发菌株提高 4倍多。通过 5代传代 ,产素性能能稳定遗传 ,并通过了 40 0L发酵罐中试 ,表明离子注入处理是一种有潜力的微生物诱变育种新方法。     

~(60)Coγ射线诱变选育热凝胶多糖高产菌株的研究

利用60 Coγ射线对产生热凝胶多糖 (Curdlan)出发菌株GM 2 4的菌体细胞与原生质体分别进行辐照处理 ,发现60 Coγ射线对GM 2 4原生质体的诱变效应明显优于对其菌体细胞的作用。对最终诱变筛选获得的 1株高产稳定的Curdlan生产突变株A81研究表明 :与GM 2 4相比 ,其Curdlan产量提高了 5 0 4%,发酵周期缩短了 1 8%,发酵终止后底物残糖由 1 5 3g L降至7 4g L。糖的转化率从 38 7%提高至 5 8 2 %。这说明在Curdlan生产菌株的筛选中60 Coγ辐照是一种有效的方法     

新型胶冻样芽孢杆菌及其突变株的诱变选育

以胶冻样芽孢杆菌菌株(ACCC10012)为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变处理,获得两株胶冻样芽孢杆菌高产菌株UV09K,UV16K,其解K能力较出发菌株分别提高1282.35%,1909.80%。同时通过酸碱和温度处理,获得了一株抗性变异株PHt10K,该菌株能承受pH=4～10,t50的不良环境,而且解P解K能力较出发菌株提高35.97%,23.53%。     

~(60)Coγ射线诱变阿维拉霉素筛选高产菌株及培养基优化

用60Coγ射线对绿色产色链霉菌A-05菌株进行了诱变处理,以正突变率为标准确定诱变的适宜剂量为350 Gy。诱变后得到5株较高产突变菌株,其中H-15菌株经连续传代6次,遗传性状稳定,阿维拉霉素发酵单位达到68.5mg/L。采用响应面分析法对菌株H-15生产阿维拉霉素的发酵培养基碳氮源进行了优化设计。在所试验的碳氮源中,可溶性淀粉、核糖分别作为唯一碳源时,阿维拉霉素发酵单位较高,分别达82.67和79.45mg/L,乳糖、果糖、葡萄糖分别作为唯一碳源时菌株的效价较低;3%的豆粕粉和2%的大豆蛋白胨作为氮源时阿维拉霉素发酵单位分别为77.6和62.7mg/L。采用双碳源双氮源更有利于菌株提高阿维拉霉素的发酵单位,响应面分析结果表明,可溶性淀粉、核糖和大豆蛋白胨对阿维拉霉素发酵单位影响较显著。优化后的碳氮源组成为:可溶性淀粉20.12g/L,D-核糖7.81g/L,豆粕粉25.23g/L,大豆蛋白胨5.06g/L。优化后的模型计算出阿维拉霉素发酵单位由原来的71.63mg/L提高到101.48mg/L。     

磷细菌突变株的诱变选育

以有机P(ACCC1008)为出发菌株,经紫外线、硫酸二甲酯单独处理和复合处理,获得一株P细菌高产菌株D017P,该菌株具有稳定的遗传性能,其解P能力达到95.45mg/mlP2O5,是原始出发菌株的3.2倍。同时通过酸碱和温度处理,获得了一株抗性变异株,其解P能力达34.43mg/mlP2O5,较出发菌株提高53.17%。     

三种花生收获机的作业性能对比试验研

通过对中国花生收收获机械调查分析,针对目前多数花生收获机配套动力人,损失率高,可靠性差、利用率低等现状,选择了常用的4H-2型、4HW-700型和4HW-800型收获机械作为试验研究对象.通过对这三种花生收获机的田间性能对比试验,分析了各机型的主要收获指标:总损失率、含土率、小时耗油量.证明了4H-2型花生收获机的性能均优于4HW-700型和4HW-800型花生收获机.经三种花生收获机的对比试验分析,为花生收获机的理论研究与优化设计提供了参考,也为花生联合收获机的研制开发提供了新的思路.对该类收获机的大面积推广应用提供了很好的素材.     

西瓜枯萎病生防菌枯草芽孢杆菌B11菌株高产拮抗物质的诱变选育

从西瓜根围分离得到的一株有效抑制西瓜枯萎病菌的枯草芽孢杆菌B 11菌株(B acillus subtilisstra in B 11)。为获得高产拮抗物质的诱变菌株,采用紫外线诱变方法对B 11菌株进行诱变,结果获得抑菌活性比野生菌B 11菌株强的6株诱变菌株,其中G 17菌株的抑菌活性及粗拮抗物质含量均高于B 11菌株,且遗传性较稳定;再以G 17菌株为供试菌株,用亚硝基胍(NTG)对其进行化学诱变,结果获得抑菌活性较强的4株诱变菌株,其中BV 22菌株对西瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌活性最高,其抑菌活性比G 17和B 11菌株分别提高了36.88%和80.00%;其粗拮抗物质的含量分别提高了30.15%和62.53%。研究结果说明,用物理诱变B 11菌株后获得的诱变菌株再用化学方法进行诱变,可选育出高产拮抗物质的诱变菌株。     

Evaluation of the selective respiratory inhibition method for measuring the ratio of fungal:bacterial activity in acid agricultural soils

A procedure for the measurement of the fungal and bacterial contribution to substrate-induced respiration was tested in three arable soils. Glucose and different amounts of cycloheximide (eukaryote inhibitor) and streptomycin sulfate (prokaryote inhibitor) were added to soil suspensions, and respiration (CO₂ evolution) was measured. Streptomycin sulfate concentrations from 10 to 120 mg ml^–1 soil solution caused a stable inhibition of respiration. Amounts of cycloheximide ranging from 5 to 35 mg ml^–1 showed an increasing inhibition. In a test with separate and combined addition of the antibiotics at maximum inhibitory concentrations, inhibition by streptomycin was completely overlapped by cycloheximide. This indicated non-target inhibition which may lead to overestimation of fungal respiration. Experiments with sterilized soils inoculated with either fungi or bacteria confirmed that streptomycin selectively inhibited bacteria. Cycloheximide, however, did not only inhibit fungal respiration already at 2 mg ml^–1, but also increasingly inhibited bacterial respiration at increasing concentrations. Only at less than 5 mg cycloheximide ml^–1 was the condition of selective fungal inhibition fulfilled. When 2 mg cycloheximide and 10 mg streptomycin sulfate ml^–1 were applied, the sum of the separate inhibitions almost equalled the combined inhibition by the mix of both inhibitors in field samples. This method yielded fungal:bacterial respiration ratios of 0.50 to 0.60, and confirmed the dominance of bacteria in Dutch arable soils. The ratios obtained by the selective inhibitors were not correlated with, and were higher than, ratios of fungal:bacterial biovolume (0.19 to 0.46) as determined by microscopy and image analysis. Similar measurements in a forest soil (A-horizon) raised doubts on the reliability of the fungal inhibition by cycloheximide in this soil. It is concluded that the separate:combined inhibition ratio should always be checked, and comparison with other approaches is recommended. Received: 17 September 1996     

空间诱变选育万隆霉素高产菌株

为获得万隆霉素高产菌株,以菌株C2507为出发菌株连续2次进行空间诱变,正突变率分别为21.33%和16.5%,筛选得到高产突变株W3-356,万隆霉素产量提高1.83倍,连续传代试验表明其产素能力具有遗传稳定性。突变株W3-356的生长速度加快,在6种营养培养基上,其形态特征有一定改变,在摇瓶发酵过程中,突变株W3-356对碳源和氮源的利用率高于出发菌株,发酵周期缩短了12h。     

产IAA菌株的UV和DES诱变筛选及培养条件优化

为了得到高产吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)菌株,采用紫外(UV)诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变的方法,对从烟草根际土壤中分离得到的一株产IAA并具有溶有机磷性状的促生菌进行诱变选育,并对获得的目标菌株的发酵培养条件进行正交优化。结果表明,菌株经UV诱变和DES诱变均能有效提高其IAA产量。诱变条件为 UV(15 W,30 cm)照射1 min或2 mg·mL^-1 DES处理30 min时,得到1株高产IAA的菌株UV19,其IAA产量为33.77 mg·L^-1,是出发菌株产量的299.48%。菌株UV19经10代继代,其产IAA能力和溶有机磷性状稳定遗传。菌株UV19产IAA培养发酵优化条件为10%装瓶量、初始pH值8、培养温度25℃、接种量3%、培养时间96 h、含500 mg·L^-1色氨酸的LB培养基,优化后IAA产量高达75.47 mg·L^-1,为优化前的2.23倍。本研究结果为菌肥及生物法生产IAA提供了基础材料及技术方案。     

Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils treated with ammonium sulfate and Nutrasweet sludge

Abstract

NutraSweet sludge, a by‐product of the manufacture of the artificial sweetener aspartame, contains about 40% of its nitrogen (N) in inorganic form and the rest mostly in the form of L‐phenylalanine. Although this sludge is often applied to land as fertilizer, the exact management strategy for its optimum use has not been clear. We conducted a laboratory study to compare the evolution of inorganic N contents and nitrification in two soils treated with NutraSweet sludge and ammonium sulfate at rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg N kg^‐1. Four days after application, the inorganic N recovered from the sludge ranged from 67 to 105%, indicating a fast rate of mineralization. At 25 and 50 mg N kg^‐1, the overall recovery of inorganic N from NutraSweet sludge was higher than from ammonium sulfate, whereas the converse was true at higher application rates. In Dothan soil with an initial pH of 5.5, nitrate‐N as percentage of the N applied was higher in samples with NutraSweet sludge than in those with ammonium sulfate. The opposite effect was observed in Tifton soil, which had an initial pH of 6.8. Due to the fast release of inorganic N from NutraSweet sludge, the material should be managed as an inorganic, ammoniacal N fertilizer.     

不利用香菇多糖的香菇单核菌株的选育

以香菇939菌株的担孢子为材料,应用紫外线诱变得到1株不能利用香菇多糖的突变株939-5,其菌落形态和生长速度与未突变H型单核菌株相同,多糖产量比未突变H型单核菌株提高30.7%,比双核菌株提高19.6%。该菌株产香菇多糖的最适碳源是淀粉,氮源为酵母膏,培养基初始pH值为6.0;Mg2+ 对其产香菇多糖有显著的促进作用;高溶氧水平则对产香菇多糖有明显的抑制作用。这些产香菇多糖的特性与已报道的香菇939菌株的S1型单核菌株相同。     

多轮次筛选选育高酚酸耐受性丁醇生产菌

纤维原料预处理过程中会产生酚酸等抑制菌株生长的物质,为选育出高丁醇产量及高耐受酚酸胁迫丁醇生产菌株,该研究利用多因子复合筛选策略筛选出一株能够合成足够还原力与对丁醇耐受性较好的菌株Clostridium beijerinckii W6。通过丁醇胁迫适应性进化获得丁醇耐受菌W6-1,其丁醇和总溶剂产量相较于菌株W6分别提高了14.01%和16.85%。通过紫外诱变处理菌株W6-1并结合理性筛选模型最终获得丁醇产量较高菌株W6-2,其丁醇及总溶剂产量分别可达到（9.51±0.06）和（15.32±0.11）g/L。最后将菌株W6-2通过酚酸胁迫适应性进化得到突变菌W6-3,其能耐受1.0 g/L酚酸胁迫环境,且丁醇和总溶剂产量相较于菌株W6-2分别提高了18.17%和17.49%。当以葛渣水解液为底物进行丙酮丁醇发酵时,突变菌W6-3的丁醇产量达（8.54±0.31）g/L,相较于菌株W6-2提高了26.71%。经多轮次诱变及适应性进化处理获得的突变菌的酚酸耐受性及发酵性能均有较大提高,该文所采用的多轮次筛选方法可以为其他快速筛选优良生产菌提供可靠的理论参考。