Effects of Different Oligosaccharides on Performance and Availability of Nutrients in Broilers

One hundred and forty-four Avin broilers (1 d of age) were randomly divided into six groups, with three replicates of eight birds each to study on the effects of different oligosaccharides on performance and availability of nutrients in broilers. The control group(Group Ⅰ)was fed with corn-soybean meal as basal diet, and the trial groups (Group Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ) were fed with basal diet plus 0.1% Manoligosaccharides(MOS), 0.3% Soybean-Oligosacchacline(CTC), respectively. The results showed that the supplementation of oligosaccharides slightly improved daily gain and feed intake. SBOS supplementation improved, but MOS and α-GOS significantly decreased availability of energy.Oligosaccharides supplementation improved availability of energy, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and iron, and significantly increased cholesterol content of fecal, and did not affect on availability of protein and cholesterol contents in serum and muscle. Availability of phosphorus of broilers fed with FOS was much higher than that with α-GOS. SBOS supplementation remarkably increased availability of iron.     

Effects of Fructooligosaccharides,compared with Direct—Fed Microbial Bacteria,and Zinc Bacitracin on Cecal Microbial Populations and Performance of Broilers

1　Introduction　　 Currently,the consumers made higher and higher demands on quality of food and beganto pay attention to methods and ways of animal production for ensuring food safety andhuman health Antibiotics have been used in animal feeding as growth promoters for longhistory.In recent years,this has increasingly become a focus of heated debate.Much attentionhas been received for their negative effects on animal and human being as well.On one hand,the positive influence of feeding growt…     

果寡糖+甘露寡糖对仔猪生长性能的影响

在基础日粮中按不同配比同时添加2种不同寡聚糖,比较其对仔猪的生长性能、腹泻率的影响。结果表明:果寡糖+甘露寡糖能显著或极显著提高仔猪的日增重,明显降低仔猪的饲料转化率以及仔猪腹泻率。以添加0.3%果寡糖+0.15%甘露寡糖或0.45%果寡糖+0.10%甘露寡糖的效果最佳。     

0-4周龄京红蛋鸡饲粮蛋氨酸需要量研究

【目的】研究中国新培育的京红蛋鸡（0—4周龄）饲粮蛋氨酸需要量。【方法】选取300只体重相近、健康的1日龄京红蛋鸡,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,随机分5个处理,饲粮蛋氨酸水平分别为0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%和0.6%,每处理5个重复,每重复12只鸡。试期28 d。在14 d随机从每个重复选2只鸡空腹12 h屠宰,取胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊,计算免疫指数;在28 d随机从每个重复选2只鸡空腹12 h屠宰,分别取免疫和消化器官,计算相应指数。【结果】（1）饲粮蛋氨酸水平未见显著影响雏鸡采食量(P＞0.05),但显著影响其增重(P＜0.05),其中0.4% Met组鸡增重最大,且该组雏鸡ADG为8.31 g•d-1,显著高于0.2%、0.5%和0.6% Met组（P＜0.05）,且呈二次曲线升高趋势;显著影响料重比(P＜0.05),其中0.5% Met组最佳（2.13﹕1）,显著低于0.2%和0.3% Met组（P＜0.05）,呈二次曲线趋势降低;显著影响体重,且呈现二次曲线升高,0.4% Met组体重为268.70g,显著高于0.2%、0.5%和0.6% Met组（P＜0.05）;群体均匀度也呈现二次曲线升高,0.5% Met组最佳（85.19%）,显著高于其它处理组(P＞0.05)。（2）14 d,饲粮蛋氨酸水平未显著影响雏鸡胸腺指数和法氏囊指数(P＞0.05),显著影响脾脏指数(P＜0.05),0.4% Met组最大;28 d,鸡胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊指数均随饲粮Met水平呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),且呈先升后降的趋势。其中,0.4% Met组脾脏和法氏囊指数最大,0.5% Met组胸腺指数最大。（3）饲粮Met水平未显著影响胰腺指数和十二指肠相对长度(P＞0.05),显著影响蛋鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠重量指数和空肠回肠长度指数(P＜0.05)。随饲粮蛋氨酸水平升高,胰腺指数呈先升后降趋势,十二指肠、空肠和回肠重量指数和空肠、回肠长度指数均呈先降后升趋势。0.3% Met组十二指肠指数显著低于0.2%、0.5%和0.6% Met组(P＜0.05);0.4% Met组的空肠指数显著低于其他Met组(P＜0.05),0.5% Met组的空肠相对长度显著低于0.2%、0.3%和0.6% Met组(P＜0.05);0.4% Met组的回肠指数显著低于0.6% Met组(P＜0.05),0.3% Met组的回肠相对长度显著低于0.2%、0.5%和0.6% Met组(P＜0.05)。（4）饲粮Met水平显著影响鸡血清尿素氮、尿酸和碱性磷酸酶水平(P＜0.05),其中0.6% Met组的雏鸡血清的血清尿素氮显著高于0.2%、0.4%和0.5% Met组(P＜0.05),且0.5% Met组血清尿素氮最低、碱性磷酸酶水平最高(P＜0.05);0.6% Met组尿酸显著高于其他组(P＜0.05);但饲粮Met水平未见显著影响鸡血清白蛋白、总蛋白(P＞0.05)。5)通过对鸡体重和料重比二次曲线拟合得出饲粮Met最佳剂量为0.466%和0.507%,平均0.487%。【结论】综合鸡群增重、料重比、群体均匀度等经济指标、免疫指标、消化系统发育和血液生化指标,推荐0—4周龄京红蛋鸡饲粮蛋氨酸需要量为0.49%。     

酵母源β-葡聚糖对肉仔鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

把309只1日龄AA+肉用仔鸡随机分为3组,分别饲喂不同日粮,试验7周,研究酵母源β-葡聚糖对鸡的生长性能和免疫功能的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加酵母源β-葡聚糖后,鸡的平均日增质量得到了提高,但都与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组的鸡死亡率比对照组降低3.88%,且差异显著(P<0.05)。试验组与对照组之间的鸡新城疫HI抗体效价水平无显著性差异。     

Dynamic Changes of Endothelium Derived Factors and Cyclic Nucleotides in Ascites Broilers and Control of L-arginine

A flock of AA breed chickens were reared in peterstme brood-vait chamber using high energypelleted feed, at 14 days of age, 400 birds were separated into 3 groups randomly as follows: 100 birds wereexposed to normal ambient temperature (20℃) as control group, 150 birds were exposed to low ambient tem-perature (11℃) in order to induce ascites as treatment Ⅰ group, another 100 birds were also exposed to lowambient temperature (11℃) and fed the diets containing 1% L-arginine for ascitic prophylactic treatment astreatment Ⅱ group. The blood samples were collected on 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 wk, respectively, to measure the con-tents of plasma endothelin (ET-1), angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ ) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) andcyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The results indicated that the contents of cAMP, cGMP, Ang Ⅱand the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in treatment Ⅰ and ascitic broilers were higher than that of correspondent con-trol group(P＜0.01, P＜0.05), ET-1 of preascitic broilers were higher than that of control group(P＜0.05),while there were insignificant differences with later ascitic broilers, the contents of cAMP and cGMP in treat-ment Ⅱ were higher than treatment Ⅰ and control group(P＜0.01, P＜0.05), whereas, the ratio of cAMP/cGMP and the contents of Ang Ⅱ were gradually decreased than that of control group(P＜0.05), the contentsof ET-1 were not changed. By further analysis, the increased plasma Ang Ⅱ at low ambient temperature condi-tion in broilers made endothelium cell secretion of increased ET-1, cAMP, cGMP and decreased NO. So lowtemperature accelarated ascites syndrome in broilers. Supplemented L-arginine can decrease ET-1, cAMP andcAMP/cGMP. It is concluded that cAMP mediated pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers.     

板栗总苞多酚对AA肉鸡生长、抗氧化性能影响

【目的】氧化应激在畜牧业生产中普遍存在,诱发氧化应激的因素很多,热应激是诱发氧化应激反应的重要因素之一,氧化应激能够影响动物生长性能,甚至造成动物死亡,带来严重的经济损失。近年来,植物多酚因其具有多种生物学功效日益而受到关注。故研究不同剂量板栗总苞多酚对常温和高温热应激条件下肉鸡生长、抗氧化性能的影响。【方法】研究包括两个试验。试验一：将400只1日龄健康爱拔益加（AA）雄性雏鸡随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡：Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组为阳性对照组,饲喂日粮为基础日粮中添加0.15% 2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚(BHT)添加剂预混料（其中BHT含量0.015%）;Ⅲ-Ⅴ组为板栗总苞多酚试验组,饲喂日粮为基础日粮中分别添加0.2%、0.3%和0.4%板栗总苞多酚提取物。试验一：常温条件下饲养42d,根据AA肉鸡饲养程序和免疫程序进行饲养管理。每周末称体重和采食饲料重,测定各组AA肉鸡不同阶段生长性能指标。试验二：将400只28日龄的AA雄性肉鸡按试验一分组,在常温下适应一周后,开始连续7d的高温热应激。高温3d、7d称重、屠宰、取样。测定高温热应激条件下,板栗总苞多酚对AA肉鸡生长性能、屠宰指标和血清抗氧化指标的影响。【结果】试验一结果表明,常温条件下,板栗总苞多酚对肉鸡生长性能无显著影响（P＞0.05）。试验二表明,在初始体重相同的情况下,热应激一周后,Ⅳ、Ⅴ组体重显著高于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅳ组平均日增重（ADG）和平均日采食量（ADFI）均显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅳ和Ⅴ组料重比（F/G）显著低于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;各组间死亡率差异趋于显著（P=0.059)并以V组最低。板栗总苞多酚对AA肉鸡屠宰指标无显著差异（P＞0.05）。高温热应激3d的肉鸡,各试验组血清总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）含量虽有波动,但是差异均不显著(P＞0.05);Ⅳ组血清的总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活力显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组居中间,和所有的组相比都不显著(P＞0.05);相对于Ⅰ组,Ⅱ-Ⅴ组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力均显著升高(P＜0.05)。高温热应激7d时,Ⅳ组血清T-AOC显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);相对于Ⅰ组,其他各组血清中T-SOD活力均显著增高,Ⅱ组效果最好,显著高于IV和V组(P＜0.05);而对于血清MDA各组之间差异均不显著(P＞0.05);GSH-Px活力在各组间变异较小,只有Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅴ组(P＜0.05)。【结论】日粮中添加板栗总苞多酚在常温饲养条件良好的情况下对肉鸡生长性能无显著影响,但在高温热应激条件下,添加0.3%的板栗总苞多酚能够显著提高肉鸡抗氧化能力、缓解高温热应激造成的影响。     

饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平对黄羽肉鸡生产性能 和肉品质的影响

【目的】研究43-63日龄阶段饲粮代谢能（ME）和粗蛋白质（CP）水平对快大型黄羽肉鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响及其生化机制。【方法】试验采用两因子完全随机设计（ME：11.93和12.98 MJ•kg-1）×3（CP：14.6%、15.8%和17.0%）,选用43日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡公鸡840只,以体重一致原则分为6个处理,每个处理4重复,每个重复35只鸡,试验期21 d。各处理组饲粮赖氨酸和蛋氨酸水平与CP水平的比例保持一致,其它营养水平各处理组均一致。试验期间试验鸡地面平养,自由采食颗粒料和自由饮水。【结果】①与饲粮11.93 MJ•kg-1 ME组比较,12.98 MJ•kg-1组试验鸡平均日增重、胸肌pH和肉色a*值、腿肌中乳酸含量、血浆中游离脂肪酸含量显著提高（P＜0.05）,料重比、肉色b*值、血浆脂蛋白脂酶活性显著降低（P＜0.05）。②饲粮CP17%组料重比显著低于15.8%（P＜0.05）和14.6%组（P＜0.05）,半净膛率显著高于14.6%组（P＜0.05）,血浆甘油三酯含量显著低于14.6%组（P＜0.05）,胸肌谷氨酸含量显著低于15.8%（P＜0.05）。饲粮CP水平为17%组胸肌b*值显著高于15.8%和14.6%组（P＜0.05）。③饲粮ME和CP水平对试验鸡胸肌中谷氨酸含量、腿肌纤维直径与密度、血浆中游离脂肪酸含量有显著交互作用（P＜0.05）。【结论】若以生长性能和胴体品质为评定指标,43—63日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡饲粮适宜的ME 和CP水平分别为12.98 MJ•kg-1和17%,此时的饲粮蛋能比为13.10 g•MJ-1;综合考虑肉品质指标评定,饲粮适宜的ME 和CP水平分别为12.98 MJ•kg-1和15.8%,此时的饲粮蛋能比为12.17 g•MJ-1。     

谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素对AA肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响

[目的]研究谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素后对AA肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响.[方法]选用180只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只.阴性对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组添加0.3 g／kg那西肽和0.25g/kg硫酸粘杆菌素预混剂,试验组分别添加0.1;、0.2;和0.3;谷氨酰胺.测定生产性能及胴体品质.[结果]与阴性对照组相比,抗生素组肉仔鸡死亡率和料重比显著降低(P＜0.05),其它指标均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).与抗生素组相比,谷氨酰胺组活体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量均有不同程度的增加.各组料重比差异不显著(P＞0.05),不同水平谷氨酰胺比阴性对照组分别降低了11.40; (P＞0.05)、8.59; (P ＞0.05)、9.69; (P ＞0.05).肉仔鸡宰胴体品质有所改善,添加0.2;、0.3;谷氨酰胺腹脂率分别下降6.25;(P＞0.05)、6.73; (P ＞0.05).[结论]添加不同水平的谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素后均具有提高肉仔鸡生产性能和改善胴体品质的趋势,综合生产性能和胴体品质来看,0.3;谷氨酰胺的替代效果较佳.     

Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on lipid metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel) fed animal or plant protein source-based diets

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soybean oligosaccharides (SBOS) on the levels of cholesterol in plasma and liver, and the fatty acid composition in muscle and liver of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric practical diets (crude protein 49%, gross energy 19 kJ/g) including only fish meal (FM) or soy protein isolate (SPI) as sole dietary protein source with (Diets FMO and SPIO) or without (Diets FM and SPI) supplemented SBOS (stachyose, 2.61%; raffinose, 0.61%) were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate aquaria stocked with 30 fish (initial body weight 1.93 ± 0.02 g) each. Fish were maintained in the flow-through aquaria at water temperature ranging from 22.0°C to 25.0°C and fed twice (08:00, 16:00) daily to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Dietary SBOS supplementation significantly increased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma of the fish fed FM-based diets (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed at the levels of plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (P > 0.05). The levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in plasma of the fish fed SPI-based diets were not significantly influenced by the supplemented SBOS (P > 0.05). Supplementation of SBOS did not influence the hepatic TC, TG and lipid contents and lipid droplet accumulation in fish fed FM-based diets, but significantly decreased the hepatic TC, TG and lipid contents and lipid droplet accumulation in fish fed SPI-based diets (P < 0.05). In contrast, supplemented SBOS significantly increased fecal cholesterol extraction in the fish fed FM-based diets (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the fish fed SPI-based diets (P > 0.05). The fatty acid composition in muscle and liver was not significantly affected by supplemental SBOS regardless of dietary protein source (P > 0.05). These results indicate that dietary SBOS supplementation (stachyose, 2.61%; raffinose, 0.61%) does not negatively affect the lipid metabolism of the fish fed FM-based diets, but decrease the incidences of fatty liver of the fish fed SPI-based diets.     

利用体外法研究功能性寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

试验采用批次培养法研究了体外条件下日粮分别添加异麦芽寡糖、甘露寡糖及果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。3种功能性寡糖的添加水平分别为0(对照组)、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%、0.80%以及1.00%。结果表明:(1)日粮添加异麦芽寡糖可以提高培养液中的VFA含量,降低培养液中的NH3-N含量和培养残渣中的NDF含量,对培养液中BCP含量的影响不确定。(2)日粮添加甘露寡糖可以提高培养液中的VFA含量;可以提高培养液中的BCP含量,并以0.60%的添加量效果最佳;添加量在0.80%以上时,可以显著降低(P<0.05)培养液中的NH3-N含量;对培养残渣中的NDF含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。(3)日粮添加果寡糖可以显著(P<0.05)提高培养液中的VFA含量;当添加量在0.60%以上时,可以显著(P<0.05)提高培养液中的BCP含量,显著(P<0.05)降低培养液中的NH3-N含量和培养残渣中的NDF含量;在本试验所设添加范围内,1.00%的果寡糖对瘤胃发酵影响的综合表现最优。日粮添加异麦芽寡糖、甘露寡糖和果寡糖有助于提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能,其中果寡糖对提高瘤胃整体发酵功能的作用效果最佳。     

复合蛋白酶和甘露寡糖对肉鸡消化道的影响及其互作效应研究

试验选用1日龄、平均体质量为(37.6±0.42)g的爱拨益加肉雏鸡112羽以研究蛋白酶和甘露寡糖对肉鸡消化道的影响及其互作效应。随机将试验鸡只分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复7羽鸡。试验分两个阶段,即前期(1～21 d)和后期(22～42 d)。试验组曰粮在玉米.豆粕日粮的基础上分别添加125 g/t的蛋白酶、1 000g/t的甘露寡糖及125 g/t的蛋白酶+1 000 g/t的甘露寡糖。结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加125 g/t的蛋白酶对21日龄肉鸡腺胃和肌胃相对重有降低的趋势(P>0.05),但显著提高了42日龄肉鸡的腺胃相对重(P<0.05)和日增重(P<0.01),对小肠(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)相对重略有提高(P>0.05);日粮添加1 000 g/t的甘露寡糖对肉鸡腺胃和肌胃的相对重也有降低的趋势(P>0.05),而对21日龄和42日龄肉鸡小肠相对重也略有提高(P>0.05),从全期以及整个生长期(1～42日龄)来看日增重并无显著提高作用(P>0.05)。随着日龄的增加3个试验组日增重有增加的趋势(P>0.05)。日粮添加125 g/t的蛋白酶+1 000 g/t的甘露寡糖对21日龄和42日龄肉鸡腺胃、肌胃、日增重和小肠相对重均没有明显的互作效应。     

肉仔鸡盲肠微生物体外发酵NDO和NSP的比较研究

为评价和比较非消化寡糖(NDO)和非淀粉多糖(NSP)的发酵特性,选用饲喂无抗生素日粮的肉仔鸡盲肠微生物为菌源,通过体外发酵试验比较短链脂肪酸的产量及产生速率。结果表明:非消化寡糖发酵产生短链脂肪酸的产量普遍高于非淀粉多糖,非消化寡糖可发酵性的大小顺序依次为棉子糖、水苏糖、果寡糖、甘露寡糖,NSP可发酵性的大小顺序依次为小麦NSP、豆粕NSP、玉米NSP、小麦麸NSP、纤维素;NSP发酵产生的短链脂肪酸中以乙酸的比例较非消化寡糖多,而非消化寡糖以丙酸的比例相对较NSP多;与不可溶性NSP相比,可溶性NSP的发酵特点更接近于非消化寡糖。     

单色光对肉雏鸡小肠黏膜形态结构的影响

 【目的】研究单色光对肉雏鸡小肠黏膜形态结构的影响,为阐明单色光影响肉雏鸡生长发育的作用机理提供形态学依据。【方法】采用LED（Light-emitting diodes）灯作为光源,选用刚出壳AA肉公雏120羽,随机分为4组,分别提供红（660 nm）、绿（560 nm）、蓝（480 nm）和白（400～700 nm）4种光源,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复5只,人工光照光强度均为15 lx,光照时间23 h,试验期7 d;分别于0、7 d时每个重复随机选取1只,利用组织化学染色方法及免疫组织化学方法检测肉鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠的黏膜结构变化、杯状细胞数量以及空肠肠腺上皮细胞的增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达。【结果】7日龄时,绿光组各项检测指标比其它光色组明显增高,与红光组相比,绿光组能够促进雏鸡空肠肠腺上皮细胞的增殖（115.5%,P＜0.05）,提高十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛上皮的杯状细胞数量（分别为71.8%,35.8%和27.2%,P＜0.05）,增加十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度（分别为207.9,93.9和63.9 μm,P＜0.05）,黏膜厚度（分别为262.2,184.6和185.6 μm,P＜0.05）以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值（分别为18.9%,54.5%和77.8%,P＜0.05）。【结论】在15 lx光强度下,肉鸡生长早期（0～7 d）选用绿光照明,可不同程度地改善肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,提高小肠对营养物质的吸收能力,从而促进肉鸡生长发育。     

Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function,antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers

Cinnamon essential oil(CEO) and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid(BLF) have been shown to exhibit an additive antibacterial effect in vitro, but their functions in broilers were not clear. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded levels of CEO and its combination with BLF on the growth performance, immune responses, antioxidative ability, and intestinal morphology and microbiota of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 576 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male broilers were randomly allotted to 9 treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each in a completely randomized design. Birds were fed on a basal corn-soybean meal diet(control, without plant extracts and antibiotics), or the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg of aureomycin kg~(-1), 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg of CEO kg~(-1), a combination of 100 mg of CEO and 16.7 mg of BLF kg~(-1), or a combination of 200 mg of CEO kg~(-1) and 33.3 mg of BLF kg~(-1) for 42 d. Dietary treatment affected(P0.05) the serum immune globulin M(IgM) contents on d 42, liver malondialdehyde(MDA) contents on d 21, duodenal crypt depth on d 42, relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents on d 21, and relative abundances of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in the cecal contents on d 42, but had no effect(P0.16) on all other measured indices. The addition of 400 mg of CEO kg~(-1) or a combination of 200 mg CEO kg~(-1) and 33.3 mg BLF kg~(-1) increased(P0.02) serum IgM contents on d 42. Dietary supplementation with 100 or 200 mg CEO kg~(-1), or 50 mg aureomycin kg~(-1) decreased(P0.003) liver MDA contents on d 21. In addition, the supplement of 100 mg CEO kg~(-1) increased(P0.002) the Lactobacillus relative abundance in caecum on d 21 and Bifidobacterium relative abundance in caecum on d 42, and decreased(P0.0001) E. coli relative abundance in caecum on d 42. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with CEO, an alternative to aureomycin, improved the immune status, antioxidantative ability and cecal microbiota of broilers, and dietary supplementation with the combinations of CEO and BLF did not exhibit further effects. Dietary supplementation with 100 mg CEO kg~(-1) is beneficial for broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.     

日粮添加维生素E对免疫抑制产蛋鸡经济性状下降的调控效应

 【目的】研究在基础日粮中添加维生素E对环磷酰胺诱导产蛋鸡免疫抑制的调控效应。【方法】将270 只健康尼克褐产蛋鸡随机等分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复18只。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮（维生素E含量44.59 mg•kg-1）,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加50、100和200 mg•kg-1维生素E。试验第5、6、7天,对Ⅱ—Ⅴ组产蛋鸡注射80 mg•kg-1 BW环磷酰胺建立免疫抑制模型,第Ⅰ组注射等量生理盐水。【结果】日粮中添加VE能显著提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡的产蛋性能和饲料转化率、养分表观代谢率（P＜0.05）,提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡脾脏和胸腺的相对重量和新城疫（new castle disease,ND）、H5和H9亚型禽流感（avian influenza,AI）抗体滴度及血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性（P＜0.05）,降低丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量（P＜0.05）;提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡血浆的PGE2、IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α含量（P＜0.05）。【结论】环磷酰胺诱导产蛋鸡所产生的免疫抑制可显著降低其生产性能、养分利用率、抗体水平、抗氧化功能及PGE2和炎性细胞因子含量;日粮中添加维生素E对免疫抑制蛋鸡具有明显的调控效应,且添加水平为50和100 mg•kg-1时效果优于200 mg•kg-1的添加量。     

不同低聚糖对嗜酸乳杆菌增殖的影响研究

采用活细胞计数和比浊测定细菌总数的方法,检测不同种类的低聚糖对嗜酸乳杆菌体外增殖的影响效果,筛选促进效果较明显的低聚糖,初步检测其最适作用浓度、混合使用效果及最适混合比例、对小鼠体内肠道乳酸菌菌群数和大肠杆菌菌群数变化的影响.结果表明,低聚糖对嗜酸乳杆菌生长具有促进作用,尤其甘露低聚糖、低聚果糖和菊糖效果明显,其最适添加浓度分别为0.2％、0.3％和0.4％.甘露低聚糖与低聚果糖混合作用效果更佳,其最适混合比例为3∶7.     

植物甾醇对肉仔鸡的生物安全性评价

【目的】研究饲粮添加不同植物甾醇水平对1-21和22-42日龄AA肉仔鸡生长性能、血液生理指标、血浆生化指标及对42日龄肉仔鸡器官发育和组织病理学变化的影响,从而评价植物甾醇对肉仔鸡饲用的生物安全性。【方法】试验采用单因子完全随机设计。选用240只1日龄AA肉仔鸡（公母各半）,按平均体重随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组60只鸡（公母各半）,分为6个重复笼饲养,每个重复笼10只鸡,公母各5只。分别饲喂含植物甾醇300 mg•kg-1 的基础饲粮和在基础饲粮中分别添加植物甾醇为80、400和800 mg•kg-1的试验饲粮。试验期为42 d,分为两个阶段：1-21日龄和22-42日龄。用SAS9.0软件中一般线性模型对试验数据进行方差分析。【结果】饲粮添加植物甾醇对肉仔鸡前期（1-21日龄）日增重、采食量、耗料增重比和死亡率及对肉仔鸡后期（22-42日龄）日增重、耗料增重比和死亡率无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但对肉仔鸡后期的采食量有显著影响（P＜0.05）,400 mg•kg-1处理组肉仔鸡后期的采食量明显低于对照组和80 mg•kg-1添加组（P＜0.05）;饲粮中添加植物甾醇对21日龄肉仔鸡多数血浆生化指标和42日龄肉仔鸡生化指标无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但对21日龄血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶活性和肌酐浓度有显著影响（P＜0.05）,添加800 mg•kg-1植物甾醇显著提高21日龄肉仔鸡血浆总蛋白、白蛋白浓度和谷丙转氨酶活性（P＜0.05）;添加400 mg•kg-1植物甾醇降低21日龄肉仔鸡血浆肌酐浓度（P＜0.05）;饲粮中添加植物甾醇除对42日龄肉仔鸡胰脏相对重量有显著影响外（P＜0.05）,对其他器官相对重量无显著影响（P＞0.05）,80和400 mg•kg-1添加组42日龄鸡胰脏相对重量明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;饲粮中添加植物甾醇对21日龄和42日龄肉仔鸡血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积无显著影响（P＞0.05）。另外,42日龄肉仔鸡的重要器官均未观测到组织病理学变化。【结论】饲粮添加80-800 mg•kg-1的植物甾醇水平对肉仔鸡多数生长性能指标、血液主要生理指标、血浆系列生化指标和脏器发育均无不良影响,鸡只均未出现毒性反应;因此,在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中的本底植物甾醇含量约为300 mg•kg-1的条件下,肉仔鸡饲粮中植物甾醇的最高添加量定为80 mg•kg-1,即饲粮中总植物甾醇含量为400 mg•kg-1对肉仔鸡饲用是安全的。     

饲料中添加两种寡糖和一种芽孢杆菌对牙鲆肠道菌群的影响

在饲料中单独或联合添加果寡糖（FOS）、甘露寡糖（MOS）和克劳氏芽孢杆菌Bacillus clausii,共配制8种试验饲料,分别为对照组（不添加寡糖和芽孢杆菌）、5 g/kg FOS（F组）、5 g/kg MOS（M组）、2.5 g/kg FOS＋2.5 g/kg MOS（FM组）、107CFU/gB.clausii（B组）、5 g/kg FOS＋107CFU/gB.clausii（FB组）、5 g/kg MOS＋107CFU/gB.clausii（MB组）和2.5 g/kg FOS＋2.5 g/kg MOS＋107CFU/gB.clausii（FMB组）。用8种饲料饲喂牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus56 d后,取牙鲆肠道用2216E琼脂培养基培养肠道细菌,并进行16S rRNA基因测序鉴定。结果表明：从各组牙鲆肠道中共检出细菌11种,其中共有细菌为表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis、弗尼斯弧菌Vibrio furnissii、鲍氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter bau-mannii、溶酪大球菌Macrococcus caseolyticus、铅黄肠球菌Macrococcus caseolyticus和施氏假单胞菌Pseudo-monas stutzeri;各试验组（除B组外）肠道可培养细菌总数低于对照组,且FMB组最低;各试验组（B组除外）的表皮葡萄球菌、弗尼斯弧菌数、鲍氏不动杆菌和溶酪大球菌数明显低于对照组;F组、M组和FM组肠道优势菌与对照组基本相似,B组、FB组和FMB组的优势菌与对照组差异较大;各试验组的铅黄肠球菌和施氏假单胞菌比例均大幅度高于对照组。在试验饲料中添加FOS、MOS和B.clausii可不同程度地抑制牙鲆肠道病原菌,有利于改善牙鲆肠道健康,且寡糖与B.clausii联合使用表现出一定的协同作用。     

早期限饲开始日龄对肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响

研究了早期限饲开始日龄对肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响.采用单因子试验设计,选用1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡240只,随机分为4个处理,每处理设3个重复,每重复20只鸡,其中1个处理为对照组,其余为限饲组.限饲组在非限饲期及对照组肉仔鸡均为自由采食和饮水.3个限饲组的限饲开始日龄依次为6、9和12日,限饲强度为对照组前一天采食量的80%,限饲时间为7 d.研究结果表明:早期限饲可显著降低肉仔鸡21日龄体重(P＜0.05),但对42日龄体重无显著影响(P＞0.05);早期限饲对肉仔鸡全期的平均日采食量、日增重及饲料转化率无显著影响(P＞0.05),但早期限饲有降低肉仔鸡全期平均日采食量、日增重及饲料转化率的趋势;早期限饲町极显著降低肉仔鸡1～21日龄的平均日采食量(P＜0.01)及屁著降低日增重(P＜0.05),而6日龄开始限饲则显著降低了肉仔鸡1～21日龄的饲料转化率(P＜0.05);早期限饲对肉仔鸡22～42日龄的平均日采食量、日增重及饲料转化率无显著影响(P＞0.05).早期限饲开始日龄对肉仔鸡胴体性能指标无显著影响(P＞0.05),但6、9日龄开始限饲的试验组42日龄体重已经超过对照组,表明6、9日龄开始限饲的肉仔鸡在42日龄时达到完全补偿生长.以上结果表明,以9日龄开始限饲效果较好.