台湾释迦的离体培养与植株再生

选取台湾释迦实生苗的不同部位为外植体进行离体培养与植株再生研究。结果表明：诱导台湾释迦愈伤组织的最佳外植体为下胚轴,最适愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS＋6．BA0．5mg／L＋2,4．D2mg／L;愈伤组织分化培养基为MS＋6．BA2mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L;增殖培养基为MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L;生根培养基为1/2MS＋NAA0．2mg／L。     

绿巨人的试管繁殖技术研究

以绿巨人带顶芽或腋芽进行组培繁殖，研究表明：适合诱导培养基为1／2MS＋6-BA3．Omg／L，诱导率为90％；适合不定芽增殖培养基为Ms＋6-BA4mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L；适合分化培养基为Ms＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋IBA0．1mg／L；适合生根诱导培养基为1／2MS＋NAA1．0mg／L或1／2MS＋IBAl．0mg／L，生根率可达90％以上；继代过程中次数多了会出现玻璃化现象，而6-BA浓度4或0．5mg／L与NAA0．5mg／L组合的交替使用可有效降低玻璃化的发生，也有利于芽苗的增殖；     

老虎须的组织培养与植株再生

以老虎须茎段为试验材料,采用不同激素组合对其进行愈伤组织诱导和分化、芽增殖与生根研究。结果表明：老虎须茎段愈伤组织诱导和分化的最适培养基分别为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L和MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L;芽增殖的最适培养基为MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋IAA 0.2 mg/L;生根的最适培养基为1/2 MS＋IBA 0.5 mg/L。     

小麦不同外植体的组织培养效果研究

良好的组织培养效果是提高植物基因转化效率的基础。以山东省近年来育成并大面积推广的10个优良品种（系）为材料，对这些品种的花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚的组织培养效果进行研究，旨在筛选每一基因型最适合于组织培养的外植体类型，为应用基因工程技术进行小麦遗传改良提供基础材料。结果表明，禽伤诱导率和再生成苗率与基因型和外植体类型（花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚）密切相关。8802在花药和成熟胚培养中表现突出，花药出愈率达119．5％，愈伤分化成苗率19．9％;烟农19的幼穗愈伤直接分化成苗率最高，这43．5％；8802、烟农19和潍麦8号三个基因型的幼胚培养效果差异不显著，其愈伤分化成苗率分别为26．3％、24．5％和24．8％。蔗糖浓度在3％～9％之间，对成熟胚的愈伤组织诱导率影响很小。高浓度蔗糖降低愈伤生长速度。在一定蔗糖浓度下，愈伤诱导率与2，4-D浓度密切相关，高浓度的2，4-D对愈伤组织再生不利。MS＋4mg／L2，4-D对于成熟胚的脱分化相对较好，MS和MS＋0．4mg／L NAA＋0．6mg／L KT作为成熟胚的愈伤组织再生培养基，对不同基因型具有一定的适用性。     

白掌的离体快速繁殖初探

以白掌带顶芽或腋芽茎段，进行组培试验，研究表明：适合诱导培养基为1／2MS＋6-BA3．0mg／L，诱导率为100％；适合不定芽增殖培养基为Ms＋6-BA4mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L，适合生根诱导培养基为1／2MS＋NAA1．0mg／L或1／2MS＋IBA1.0mg／L，生根率可达90％以上；继代过程中次数多了会出现玻璃化现象，而6-BA浓度4或0．5mg／L的交替使用有效减低玻璃化的发生，也有利于芽苗的增殖。     

甜菜组织培养与植株再生体系的建立

本研究以甜菜品种"甘糖7号"叶柄为外植体,通过诱导愈伤组织、愈伤组织分化不定芽、芽生根和移栽等步骤建立一套甜菜组织培养与植株再生体系。结果表明,诱导甜菜叶柄愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+4 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA,诱导率达88.2%;诱导愈伤组织分化不定芽的最佳培养基为MS+4 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA,分化率仅为9.4%;生根培养基为MS+0.1 mg/L NAA,生根率达33.3%。甜菜再生苗移栽至蛭石中,保温保湿7~10 d后,成活率可达90%以上。本研究结果将对糖料作物甜菜抗逆遗传改良及其基因工程育种具有推动作用。     

斑马水塔花的组织培养和快速繁殖

试验筛选出斑水塔花的诱导愈伤组织培养基MS＋6－BA1.0mg.L^-1＋NAA0．2V，愈伤组织诱导率达96．7％；继代增殖培养基MS＋6－BA2．0mg.L^-1＋NAA0．2mg.L^-1，增殖倍数达8－9倍；生根培养基MS＋KT0．5mg.L^-1＋NAA0．5mg.L^-1，生根率达100％，幼苗经炼苗后，移栽到经菌肥处理的甘蔗渣：泥岩土：珍珠岩＝6：3：1的基质上，成活率达95％以上。     

猫尾射的组织培养

以猫尾射无菌播种苗(去除根部)为外殖体,对其愈伤组织诱导和分化及其不定芽增殖进行研究。结果表明,外殖体在MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基上,愈伤组织诱导和分化的效果较好,愈伤诱导率为82.0%,分化率为74.5%;经不定芽增殖培养基MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg/L＋NAA 0.05 mg/L培养,不定芽增殖倍数为8.2,平均株高为4.7cm。组培苗在MS＋IBA 0.5 mg/L培养基上生根率达90%。生根苗移栽成活率达84%。     

安祖花的离体培养及快速繁殖

以安祖花（Anthurium andraeanum Lind)无菌苗叶，叶柄及茎段为外植体，在附加1mg/L的6－BA的改良MS培养基上经经光培养可诱导愈伤组织形成；在1／2MS＋NAA0.1mg/L 6-BA0.5mg/L的培养基上增殖其愈伤组织及诱导丛生芽；在1/2MS NAA0.05mg/L 6-BA0.5mg/L＋水解乳蛋白400mg/L上壮苗；在1／2MS＋NAA0.05mg/L 400mg/L活怀炭0．4％上生根，小苗移栽成活率高且生长良。     

提高玉米胚性细胞系诱导再生植株的研究

本实验以玉米G35×31、Tf幼胚培养的胚性细胞系为材料，用8114、MS和MN6、MB四种培养基诱导胚性细胞系再生绿苗，结果以MB培养基诱导率最高，为93.3%；在以不同激素配比的培养基进行愈伤组织的生根培养，KT1.0mg/L(单位下同)+6BA0.5+NAA0.5+IBA 2的激素组合诱导生根效果最好，而其他三种激素组合未出现分化生根现象。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.