棉铃虫对辛硫磷抗性的选育、交互抗性及增效剂增效作用研究

1 991年采自河南偃师棉田的棉铃虫种群(简称 YS种群 )与敏感品系相比有 2 .7倍的抗性。该种群在室内经功夫菊酯 +辛硫磷 (1∶ 2 5 )筛选了 2 7代后 ,对辛硫磷的抗性达到 9.4倍 ,再单用辛硫磷对该种群筛选 2 1代 ,获得 6 3 .0倍的抗性。交互抗性测定结果表明 ,棉铃虫对辛硫磷产生高水平抗性后对灭多威具有比较明显的交互抗性 ,对久效磷具有一定程度交互抗性 ,对甲基对硫磷和丙溴磷只有较低水平的交互抗性。 3种增效剂 TPP、DEF和 PBO对辛硫磷的增效比分别为1 .4、2 4 .8和 1 .0 ,DEF的增效作用明显 ,使辛硫磷的抗性由 6 3倍降至 2 .5倍 ,初步证明酯酶是引起棉铃虫对辛硫磷产生抗性的重要原因。本文的研究结果对于在棉铃虫抗药性治理措施中选择辛硫磷的轮换或替代品种具有重要参考价值     

棉铃虫对丙溴磷抗性风险评估、预报及交互抗性研究

分别用高浓度和低浓度丙溴磷对室内连续饲养29代的江苏东台棉铃虫连续筛选12代,平均存活率分别为27.5%和46.5%,抗性分别上升了7.1倍和3.7倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.1372和0.1171。用高浓度丙溴磷筛选的种群对氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、久效磷及溴氰菊酯具有明显交互抗性(6.3～10.4倍);用Bt生物制剂Dipel和转Bt棉筛选的种群对丙溴磷无交互抗性,但用Bt棉筛选的高抗品系(>1000倍)对辛硫磷具低水平交互抗性(8.0倍)。     

海南豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性测定

就海南省崖城、金江、通什和两院地区豇豆上的豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性进行了初步调查与研究。试验结果表明,不同地区豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性存在明显差异。崖城和金江两地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV均表现出较强的抗药性。以两院地区豇豆蚜作为敏感品系,崖城和金江两地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯、DDV的LC50抗性比值分别为21.86倍、22.78倍、17.88倍、13.49倍和10.91倍、12.59倍、11.47倍和13.49倍。通什地区的豇豆蚜对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV的抗性也有一定的提高,与两院种群LC50抗性比值分别为1.58倍、12.27倍、4.45倍和2.28倍。而且崖城、金江和通什地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV抗性种群的异质性很强。     

桔全爪螨抗辛硫磷品系的选育及多功能氧化酶的特性研究

在实验室内对桔全爪螨进行辛硫磷抗性选育,选育12代后抗性上升了18.6倍。比较抗辛硫磷品系和相对敏感品系体内多功能氧化酶的酶学特性及辛硫磷和增效醚（PBO）对该酶的抑制作用,结果表明,桔全爪螨抗性品系多功能氧化酶的活性、比活力和米氏常数（Km）均显著高于敏感品系。辛硫磷对敏感品系体内MFO的抑制效果显著强于抗性品系,且MFO活性抑制率与药剂抑制浓度之间呈显著的线性关系。以PBO作用于桔全爪螨,相对敏感品系和抗性品系MFO的活力均受到抑制,但对抗性品系的抑制效果强于敏感品系。研究结果说明桔全爪螨对辛硫磷的抗性形成与多功能氧化酶的活力的升高有关。     

棉花花生间作田中花生蚜对吡虫啉代谢抗性机制初步研究

【目的】探讨棉花花生间作田中棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)和花生蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch.)对吡虫啉抗性的差异以及花生蚜对吡虫啉代谢抗性的机制,以科学有效防治这一类害虫,避免其对吡虫啉的抗性快速发展。【方法】采集山东巨野和临清2个地区的棉花花生间作农田中的棉蚜和花生蚜,对这两个地区的地理种群和室内敏感品系进行了吡虫啉的室内毒力测定;使用增效剂顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(Diethyl maleate, DEM)、胡椒基丁醚(Piperomyl butoxide, PBO)和磷酸三苯酯(Triphenyl phosphate, TPP)3种增效剂进行了增效剂效果试验;并检测了2个地理种群和室内敏感品系花生蚜细胞色素P450单加氧酶(Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,P450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase, GST)和羧酸酯酶(Carboxylesterase, CarE)3种解毒代谢酶的活性。【结果】临清和巨野2个地区的棉蚜对吡虫啉抗性处于中等水平,抗性倍数分别为43.2倍和54.6倍;而花生蚜对吡虫啉则处于敏感或低水平抗性,2个种群抗性倍数分别为3.7倍和8.3倍。防治花生蚜的增效剂试验结果表明,巨野种群中,PBO、DEM对吡虫啉具有显著的增效作用,增效比分别达到3.63、1.95,而TPP不具有增效作用;在临清种群中,PBO对吡虫啉具有显著的增效作用,增效比达到3.05,而DEM和TPP不具有增效作用。对花生蚜的代谢酶活力测定发现,巨野种群与敏感品系相比,CarE活性没有显著差异,而P450和GST活性显著高于敏感品系;临清种群与敏感品系相比,CarE和GST活性无显著性差异,而P450活性显著高于敏感品系。【结论】间作农田中2种蚜虫对吡虫啉的敏感性差异较大,需要合理施药延缓抗药性的增强,同时推断P450和GST在花生蚜对吡虫啉的抗药性中发挥一定的作用。     

3类杀虫液抑蚊效果研究

探求3种不同杀虫剂对2种品系白蚊伊蚊的致死效果,并对其抗性进行对比研究。在(26.3±1.0)℃,相对湿度(65.0±10.0)%的条件下,采用浸渍法测定了高效氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏、残杀威分别对敏感、野生品系白纹伊蚊24 h内的半数致死浓度LC_(50)及其抗性倍数。高效氯氰菊酯对敏感品系和野外品系的白纹伊蚊24 h内的半数致死浓度分别为0.0073 mg/L和0.0189 mg/L;敌敌畏对敏感品系和野生品系的白蚊伊蚊24 h内半数致死浓度LC_(50)分别为0.2062 mg/L和0.5115 mg/L,残杀威对野外和敏感品系和野生品系的白蚊伊蚊LC_(50)分别为3.5987 mg/L和1.6796 mg/L。在抗性测定试验中,残杀威抗性倍数为2.1,相对另外2种药物,其抗性倍数最低,高效氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏分别为2.6和2.5,综合考虑致死效果及积累因素,3种药物都为低抗性药物,高效氯氰菊酯的致死效果最好,残杀危的抗性最小。     

橘全爪螨双甲脒抗性品系对螺螨酯等4种药剂具有明显的交互抗性

<正>为了对双甲脒进行抗性风险评估,重庆科研人员在室内用双甲脒对橘全爪螨进行了抗性选育和交互抗性研究。研究人员经过12代抗性选育,获得了橘全爪螨双甲脒抗性品系,与敏感品系比较,橘全爪螨对双甲脒的抗性倍数达到26.32倍。螺螨酯、丁醚脲、炔螨特和三唑锡对抗性品系的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为敏感品系的16.85、4.98、2.13和2.05倍,表明双甲脒抗性品系对这4种药剂具有明显的交互     

氟氯氰菊酯与高效氟氯氰菊酯危险性分类研究

<正>一、前言氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)是重要的拟除虫菊酯品种,由于其活性高,既可杀虫也可杀螨,使用非常广泛。该杀虫剂又可细分成两种情况,即氟氯氰菊酯与高效氟氯氰菊酯。这两种商业形态的氟氯氰菊酯均涉及毒性、环境有害等危险性,但两者的危险性稍有区别,在生产、运输、仓储、使用、废弃物处置等全生命周期应根据其危害性采取正确的操作与处理。     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对二化螟的生物活性研究

通过室内试验,研究了10种菊酯类农药对水稻二化螟幼虫的生物活性,以及高效氯氟氰菊酯5种剂型对二化螟幼虫的生物活性差异。结果表明：高效氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、S-氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、乙氰菊酯、醚菊酯、氟硅菊酯对水稻二化螟幼虫均有较高的活性,LD50（μg /头）分别为0.0017,0.0039,0.0043,0.0070,0.0071,0.0116,0.0119,0.714,0.1779,0.3858,其活性分别是对照药剂三唑磷的0.3-141.59倍,是甲胺磷的2.07- 469.06倍。高效氯氟氰菊酯5剂型对二化螟3龄幼虫的生物活性略有差异,LC50(mg/L)值分别为：0.0945（EW）,0.1089（EC）,0.1174(ME),0.1232(SC),0.1591(WP)。     

7种杀虫剂对大庆地区车蝗的敏感性评价

为确定大庆地区黄胫小车蝗(Oedaleus infernalis Sauss)敏感性,试验采用点滴法测定7种杀虫剂对大庆2个不同地点黄胫小车蝗种群的毒力。结果表明,肇源种群对三唑磷、辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯敏感性下降,LC₅₀值分别是大学种群的3.9、2.2、2.2、3.0倍。肇源黄胫小车蝗种群对阿维菌素、丁烯氟虫腈和印楝素敏感性较高。     

20种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟高龄幼虫的效果

20种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟高龄幼虫的试验表明：24h内防治效果最好的杀虫剂品种是阿维菌素,其次是锐劲特及赛丹。拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂功夫、灭扫利及高效氯氰菊酯,以及沙蚕毒系的杀虫双仍能有效控制稻纵卷叶螟的为害。有机磷类杀虫剂三唑磷、乙酰甲胺磷、辛硫磷、乐斯本、甲胺磷、甲基1605及敌敌畏以及三种含有机磷的混剂对稻纵卷叶螟高龄幼虫几乎无效。同一杀虫剂对不同地区的稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的防治效果有差异。     

苏云金杆菌降低储粮害虫对磷化氢的抗药性

主要研究经过苏云金杆菌处理的米象对磷化氢、马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯的敏感性。试验结果表明,抗磷化氢的米象品系经过苏云金杆菌处理7代后,对磷化氢的抗性有所降低;但经过苏云金杆菌处理的米象对马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯却未表现负交互抗性。     

Preliminary Study on Metabolic Resistance Mechanism of Aphis craccivora in Intercropping Field of Cotton and Peanut to Imidacloprid

[Objective] This study aims to explore the difference of imidacloprid resistance between Aphid gossypii and Aphid craccivora in intercropping field of cotton and peanut, and the mechanism of imidacloprid resistance to A. craccivora, so as to scientifically control these pests and to effectively avoid the rapid development of the resistance to imidacloprid. [Method] Two A. gossypii field populations and two A. craccivora field populations were collected from intercropping field of cotton and peanut in Juye and Linqing county of Shandong province, China. The bioassay experiment with two A. gossypii field populations, the bioassay and synergism experiment in two A. craccivora field populations were performed by the leaf dipping method. In addition, the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) were assayed in the susceptible strain and two field populations of A. craccivora. [Result] Two A. gossypii field populations from Linqing and Juye exhibited moderate levels of resistance to imidacloprid, with the resistance ratios of 43.2- and 54.6-fold, while two A. craccivora field populations from Linqing and Juye showed susceptible and low level of resistance to imidacloprid, with the resistance ratio of 3.7- and 8.3-fold, respectively. According to the synergistic experiments, PBO and DEM significantly synergized imidacloprid in A. gossypii field population of Juye with the synergistic ratio of 3.63- and 1.95-fold, respectively, and TPP had no effect on imidacloprid toxicity. In A. craccivora field population of Linqing, PBO significantly synergized imidacloprid with the synergistic ratio of 3.05-fold, and DEM and TPP had no effect on imidacloprid. Further enzyme activity tests revealed that the activities of P450 and GST in Juye A. craccivora population were significantly higher than susceptible strain, and the activity of CarE had no significant difference between Juye A. craccivora population and susceptible strain. However, the activity of P450 in Linqing A. craccivora population was higher than susceptible strain, and the activities of CarE and GST had no significant differences. [Conclusion] Sensitivity of the two aphids in intercropping field of cotton and peanut to imidacloprid were greatly different, and P450 and GST may play an important role in resistance of A. craccivora to imidacloprid. The results are valuable for reasonable use of pesticides to delay the development of pesticide resistance of two aphids.     

均质后芹菜抽检样品中7种拟除虫菊酯农药残留降解规律研究

选择7种拟除虫菊酯类农药作为研究对象,采用芹菜加标均质的制样方法制备抽检样品,研究不同储存条件（常温、冷藏和冷冻）下抽检样品中农药的降解规律,并将7种农药残留的检测结果通过拟合一级动力学模型预测其降解半衰期。结果表明：在常温条件下7种拟除虫菊酯类农药半衰期范围为3.1~12.6 d,冷藏条件下半衰期范围为5.9~23.1 d,冷冻条件下半衰期范围为28.9~63.0 d,其中,氰戊菊酯在各种储存条件下半衰期较长,化学性质相对稳定,而氯氰菊酯半衰期较短,容易降解。芹菜中7种拟除虫菊酯农药冷冻条件下的半衰期明显大于常温条件的半衰期。检出芹菜中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药超标在2倍以内的结果被复检机构推翻的风险较高。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药在人参中的多残留方法研究

建立了人参样品中氯菊酯、联苯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的多残留气相色谱分析方法（GC）,用乙腈提取人参样品,石墨炭黑-氨基串联柱净化,经DB-1701石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）分离后,采用GC-μECD测定。结果表明在0.05~1 mg/kg的线性范围内,相关系数（r）分别为0.9993、0.9995、0.9992、0.9996、0.9988、0.9993、0.9993。测定结果高、中、低3个水平的平均回收率在79.1%~103.3%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在3.6~9.7之间,检出限在0.0008~0.03 mg/kg之间。方法简便、快速、净化效果好,适合人参中痕量拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的同时测定。     

新疆哈萨克牧民定居点牛羊养殖环境与投入品及畜产品质量安全性评价

本研究旨在分析新疆实施牧民定居工程中畜牧业生产方式的转变对畜产品安全性的影响,以期为健康养殖和优质安全畜产品生产奠定科学基础。以新疆阿勒泰和塔城地区的牧民定居点为试验点,现场调查并随机采取养殖环境中的土壤、地表水源、饲草料及牛羊肉样品,对土壤和水样中As、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cd等重金属进行检测;对饲草料和肉样中辛硫磷、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯等农药残留,盐酸克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺等违禁添加剂进行检测;此外还对肉样的阿维菌素、伊维菌素、硝基呋喃类抗生素和四环素类抗生素等兽药残留进行检测。结果表明,新疆牧民定居点牛羊养殖环境符合健康养殖和畜产品生产的相关国家标准,但在养殖投入品环节中的种植饲草料中存在农药残留的隐患,但尚未对畜产品的质量安全造成影响,应尽早加以控制。总体而言,牧民定居后的生活和生产方式符合国家有关畜产品生产质量安全标准,牧民定居后的养殖模式有利于改善民生,草原生态环境保护及草地畜牧业可持续发展。     

粮食污染物残留免疫分析技术研究与示范

随着人们对粮食安全问题的重视,政府部门不断加强对粮食安全的监测工作。针对粮食生产、加工、储运过程中的化学污染物安全性问题,研究粮食污染物快速监测技术,研究污染物免疫分析方法通过利用抗原、抗体的特异性反应来检测农药含量,设计并筛选吡虫啉、多溴联苯醚、功夫菊酯、氰戊菊酯4种半抗原,制备相关高特异性的抗体,分析吡虫啉、多溴联苯醚、功夫菊酯与气相色谱法(GC)相比,稻谷、大米、玉米样品通过相关性分析均高度相关,操作简便、快速。     

Genetic analysis of partial resistance to coffee leaf rust ( Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br.) introgressed into the cultivated Coffea arabica L. from the diploid C. canephora species

The objective of this study was to identify polymorphic molecular markers associated with partial resistance to coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastarix. A segregating F ₂ population derived from a cross between the susceptible Coffea arabica cv. Caturra and a C. canephora-introgressed Arabica line exhibiting high partial resistance was analyzed. Rust resistance measured as rust incidence (RI) and defoliation (DEF) was evaluated in field conditions in three consecutive years (2003–2005). During the 2003 season, which was characterized by favorable conditions for a rust epidemic, the F ₂ plants exhibited different levels of resistance ranging from very susceptible (50.1% for DEF and 49.5% for RI) to highly partial resistance (9.1% for DEF and 3.7% for RI). Molecular analysis enabled identification of seven polymorphic markers (5 AFLP and 2 SSR) exhibiting significant association with partial resistance. Coexistence of resistance homozygous alleles (RR) at codominant SSR loci was correlated with high resistance. This study is the first attempt to develop PCR-based sequence specific markers linked to partial rust resistance in coffee.