玉米蛋白粉为基础的日粮中添加苜蓿干草对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在评估含有31％玉米蛋白粉（DM）的日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿干草对奶牛生产性能的影响。选取80头平均泌乳日龄（DIM）为178±90d的初产以及经产奶牛，采用4个重复的4×4拉丁方设计。每期28d。各处理组日粮中分别含有0％、7％、14％、21％的苜蓿干草（DM基础），用玉米青贮、玉米、豆粕、挤榨的大豆粕以及预混料等来满足营养需要量。配置的日粮含有相同的CP、NDF和非纤维碳水化合物水平。记录其饲料采食量、产奶量、体重的变化，进行体况评分．分析增加苜蓿干草比例而产生的线性和二次方效应。结果表明，随着苜蓿添加量的增加。DMI线性增加（各组分别为26．7、27.3、27．4、27．5kg／d）。干物质校正乳SCM（29．9、30．2、30．8、30．5kg/d）和能量校正乳ECM也线性增加（32．9、33．3、33．8、33．6kg／d）。体重增加量却线性减少（22．9、18．0、11．2、9．5kg／28d）。尽管随着苜蓿干草的增多．日粮颗粒粒度增加．但各组之间的乳脂产量和乳脂率无显著差异。苜蓿增加（最大21％DM）有提高产奶量的趋势。但减少了体重增加量．这意味着代谢能的利用从增加体重转向产奶。但是．日粮中增加苜蓿干草对其产奶量作用很小。     

优质高产奶牛高效全混合饲料配方筛选试验

中国荷斯坦奶牛60头饲喂4种不同紫花苜蓿干草配比、不同精粗比的日粮，以研究日粮配方对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、经济收益的影响。试验结果说明，大比例紫花苜蓿干草日粮（紫花苜蓿占24％DM）乳脂率显著（P〈0．05）或极显著提高（P〈0．01）；日粮营养水平提高，产奶量提高（P〈0．05；P〈0．01）；最佳经济效益日粮为含大比例紫花苜蓿，营养水平较低的日粮（P〈0．01）；在大的精粗比例下，紫花苜蓿干草不是日粮成本的限制因素，而青贮饲料配比为日粮成本的限制因素。只有合理安排精粗比例，适当使用紫花苜蓿干草，可提高奶牛饲养经济效益。     

红薯渣对奶牛产奶量和奶品质的影响

摘要试验选用;35头健康无病、处于泌乳中期、胎次相同、体重相近（体重约450kg）、产奶量相近（P〉0．05）的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组：对照组10头,用产奶期正常饲料饲喂;试验组25头,每头牛在对照组日粮基础上投5kg新鲜红薯渣替代5kg苜蓿干草。结果表明：在产奶期日粮中添加新鲜红薯渣对奶牛的产奶量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）;从乳成分试验统计数据看,其对奶牛的乳成分影响不明显,乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖、乳固形物和非脂固形物均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

围产期奶牛日粮中的粗蛋白水平对消化率及生产性能的影响研究

选择围产期荷斯坦奶牛16头，按年龄、体重、胎次随机分为A、B两组，A组日粮粗蛋白水平为14．0％，B组日粮粗蛋白水平为9．6％，在精粗比3：7条件下（能量浓度基本一致，1．41-1．42Mcal／kgDM）。研究不同粗蛋白水平对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、饲料养分表观消化率及产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、总干物质的影响。试验结果表明，不同粗蛋白水平日粮对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、饲料营养表观消化率、分娩后60d内的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳总干物质影响，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。但乳蛋白和总干物质有随围产期日粮蛋白质水平的提高而升高的趋势。     

TMR日粮不同苜蓿干草长度对奶牛生产性能的影响

探讨TMR日粮中不同长度的苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶量及其乳成分的影响。本试验选用产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情和胎次相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛40头,随机分为两组,即试验1组20头,饲喂苜蓿干草长度为2.52cm的TMR日粮,试验2组20头,饲喂苜蓿干草长度为6.46cm的TMR日粮。试验分两期完成,Ⅰ期日粮鲜重的精粗比例为20：80,Ⅱ期日粮鲜重的精粗比例为30：70。采用双因子重复方差试验设计。结果表明：在Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期两期试验中,不同长度苜蓿干草TMR日粮对奶牛的产奶量均无显著影响（P〉0.05）,但对奶牛的干物质采食量有显著影响（P〈0.05）,试验1组比试验2组奶牛的干物质采食量在Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期试验中分别显著地提高了18.36%、7.40%。在Ⅰ期试验中,试验2组乳蛋白极显著高于试验1组（P〈0.01）,较试验1组提高了11.82%;在Ⅱ期试验中,试验1组乳脂率显著高于试验2组（P〈0.05）,较试验2组提高了8.89%。     

不同比例稻草秸秆、青贮玉米秸和苜蓿组合对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验研究了不同比例的稻草秸秆、青贮玉米秸和苜蓿干草组合对奶牛生产性,能、乳品质量的影响。试验选用健康的3—4胎处于泌乳中期,产奶量大约15kg,平均体重为550kg的中国荷斯坦奶牛18头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头牛。各处理饲料的精粗比为30：70。将组合的的苜蓿草块、稻草秸秆和青贮玉米秸以等干物质量替代对照组中的苜蓿草块、青贮玉米秸和干草,CR40组13粮中苜蓿草块：青稻（青贮玉米秸：稻草秸秆=1：1）为60：40,CR75组日粮中苘蓿草块：青稻比例为25：75。结．果表明：（1）各试验组采食量、泌乳量、乳蛋白、乳。糖及非脂固形物差异不显著（P〉0．05）。（2）按产标准乳量比较,CR40组显著高于对照组,CR75组和CR40组兮别比对照组提高了5．9％H和7．14％（P〈0．05）。（3）CR75组和CR40组显著提高了乳脂率,与对照组相比,CR75组和CR40组分别提高了13．0％和8．76％（P〈0．05）。（4）CR75组和CR40组显著降低了体细胞数（SCC）,CR40组和CR75组比对照组分别降低了30．4％（P〈0．05）和25．9％（P〈0．05）,且CR40和CR75之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。以上结果表明：稻草秸秆、青贮玉米秸和苜蓿干草的合理组合可以产生正组合效应,提高奶牛标准乳的产量和增进奶牛机体健康。     

黄腐酸锌对泌乳奶牛产奶性能和乳成份的影响

将20头荷斯坦泌乳奶牛随机分为2组,组间产奶量、体重、胎次差异不显著。对照组饲喂普通预混料日粮,试验纽饲喂添加黄腐酸锌预混料日粮进行饲养试验。结果表明：黄腐酸锌能够提高泌乳奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率及乳糖含量（P〉0．05）,显著降低奶牛的体细胞含量（P〈0．05）。     

日粮不同精粗比例对中产奶牛生产性能的影响

本课题应用随机分组试验设计,将40头中等产奶量的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组为试验组,日粮精、粗比例依次为50％：50％、40％：60％、35％：65％和30％：70％,研究不同精、粗比例对奶牛TMR日粮采食量、产奶量、乳脂率以及其他乳成分的影响。结果表明,随着粗饲料比例的增加,试验各组采食量和粗饲料采食量都显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,产奶量也显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,并且日产奶量（Y,kg）与日采食量（X,kg）之间存在着显著（P〈0．05）的线性相关关系：y=0．66x-17．73,（r^2=0．76）;试验组乳脂率显著高于对照组,其中试验Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组与对照组相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）,并且乳脂率（Y,％）与粗饲料采食量（X,kg）之间存在显著（P〈0．05）的线性相关关系：y=0．046x＋1．78,r^2=0．56;试验组其他乳成分含量与对照组均差异不显著（P〉0．05）。统计分析表明,试验Ⅱ组的4％校正乳产量最高,日粮采食量与校正乳产量比值最低,即综合经济效益最好。     

桂牧一号杂交象草对奶牛生产性能影响的试验

根据奶牛胎次、产奶量、泌乳日龄等相近的原则选择33头中高产水平澳洲型荷斯坦经产奶牛,随机分成3组,每组11头（即对照组,处理I组,处理II组）,分别饲喂桂牧一号杂交象草占青绿类饲料比例分别为0、50％、100％的日粮。结果表明,日粮的各类饲料含量相同而青绿类饲料中桂牧一号所占的比例不同对奶牛的产奶量有显著的影响（P〈0．05）,对乳脂率、干物质率和乳蛋白率没有显著影响（P〉0．05）,但乳干物质率和乳蛋白率均有上升的趋势而乳脂率有下降的趋势。     

碳酸氢钠对奶牛产奶量的影响

选择20头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为两组，每组10头。试验组牛每头每日在日粮中添加50g碳酸氢钠，对照组牛不添加，只喂基础日粮。结果表明：试验组奶牛比对照组奶牛的产奶量提高1．69kg，差异显著（P〈0．05）。说明碳酸氢钠能提高饲料转化率，增加产奶量。     

牦牛乳各乳成分间相关性分析

为掌握牦牛乳常规营养成分以及不同成分间的相关关系,为下一步牦牛乳用性能选育提供理论基础,本试验对青海高原型牦牛纯放牧条件下(7月底)牦牛乳成分进行了测定,利用SPSS软件对各营养成分间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明∶纯放牧条件下,牦牛乳乳脂率为7.42±1.8956%,乳蛋白率为3.91±0.1619%,乳糖为5.88±0.2375%,非脂乳固体为10.78±0.4238%,密度为1033.45±2.3144kg/m^3,冰点为-0.7377±0.0346℃,盐为0.82±0.041%,电导率为4.74±0.0821s/m。相关性分析表明乳脂肪与密度和盐呈极显著负相关,乳蛋白质、乳糖、非脂乳固体、密度、盐两两间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),冰点与乳糖、乳蛋白、非脂乳固体呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),冰点与密度和盐没有相关性,电导率与各乳成分之间没有相关性。     

Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and milk products

For food evaluation the determination of the number of Staphylococcus aureus (hereinafter S. aureus) colonies is insufficient in view of present scientific knowledge. The results, advantages and shortcomings of diagnostic methods are demonstrated on an example of three methods of detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and milk products. 133 strains were investigated by the method of biotyping of S. aureus strains. Four strains of S. aureus were included in biotype A, seven xin-producing strains were isolated seventeen times by detection of 96 S. aureus strains were not included in any biotype, the other strains belonged to biotypes C and E. This method can be used as an auxiliary method of evaluation of foods containing S. aureus bacteria. The agar-gel precipitation method of enterotoxin detection in isolated strains of S. aureus has just restricted validity. The enteroto-strains. The main shortcoming of this method is a fact that the result concerning the isolated strains need not be identical with the result of enterotoxin detection in food. Direct assays of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and milk products using an enzymoimmunological method seem to be the most promising, mainly due to their high sensitivity (0.0001-0.001 micrograms.ml1-) and other advantages. Positive and negative results are presented on an example of two model trials with winter sheep milk cheese.     

Role of milk immunoglobulins in the Brucella milk ring test

Milk immunoglobulins were extracted from the stained cream layer of positive milk ring tests from experimentally inoculated or naturally infected cows. IgA was always found, associated with IgM in most cases (15/17) and with IgG in a smaller number of cases (11/17). An additional incubation at 20 degrees C for 18 h gave clearer positive and negative results and a lower limit of detection than that of the usual milk ring test.     

The effect of milk cultures on the survival of salmonellae in milk

The influence was investigated of yoghurt and cream cultures on salmonella survival in milk. Salmonella-contaminated milk was blended with yoghurt culture and kept for three hours at the temperature of 43 degrees C; the mixture with cream culture was kept for 20 hours at the temperature of 22 degrees C. The samples were then stored at a room temperature and at the temperature of 4 degrees C. The two milk cultures exerted inhibitory effects on salmonellae within the range of 92.5 to 99.8%. The inhibitory effects depended on the activity of the culture (expressed by titration acidity), storage time and temperature and on the starting concentration of salmonellae.     

Diet-induced milk fat depression: Association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat

This experiment was designed to examine changes in milk fatty acids during fish oil-induced milk fat depression (MFD) and to test the theory that these changes are related to milk fat fluidity. The experiment was divided into three periods: 1) Baseline: all cows (n = 12) received a high fiber diet without fish oil (FO) for 12 days; 2) Treatment: 4 cows/group received the following treatments for 21 days: a) Low fiber diet without FO (LF), b) High fiber diet + FO (HF + FO) and c) Low fiber diet + FO (LF + FO); 3) Post-treatment: cows returned to the baseline diet and were monitored for 12 days. FO was included at 1.6% DM and HF and LF diets had 40 and 26% NDF, respectively. Milk fat content and yield were unchanged by the LF diet, but were reduced by FO diets at both dietary fiber levels and recovered in the post-treatment period. FO diets caused a pronounced reduction in stearic and oleic acid concentrations in milk fat and an equally pronounced increase in trans-18:1 fatty acid concentrations. Milk fat mean melting point (MMP) was correlated with MFD (r = 0.73) and with milk oleic acid concentration (r = − 0.92). The ratio of oleic:stearic in milk fat increased gradually and consistently in response to FO. Trans-C18:1 isomers with double bounds at carbon ≤ 10 increased with greater MFD and those with double bonds at carbon ≥ 11 decreased with greater MFD. Trans-9 cis-11 CLA explained more than 80% of MFD and was strongly correlated with trans-10 C18:1. Maintenance of MMP below 39–40 °C suggests that the mammary gland was able to secrete only milk fat with adequate fluidity and that MFD could be an adaptation mechanism to prevent secretion of milk with higher MMP.     

饲料中添加沸石粉对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

在奶牛精料中添加 3%、5 %的沸石粉 ,研究其对产奶量及乳成分的影响 ,经过 5 0天的试验 ,结果表明 :添加 3%沸石粉的试验组产奶量比对照组提高了 3 0 9%(P >0 0 5 ) ,添加 5 %的试验组产奶量比对照组提高了 7 96 %(P <0 0 5 )。添加沸石粉的试验组与对照组相比乳脂率分别下降了 12 5 %和 15 6 %(P <0 0 5 ) ,乳蛋白分别下降了 3 8%和 3 2 %(P >0 0 5 )。     

Substitution of milk protein with isolated soy protein in calf milk replacers

The influence of replacement of milk protein by isolated soy protein on digestion and pancreatic enzyme secretion was determined in nine Holstein male calves. Calves (average weight 47 kg) were fitted with permanent re-entrant pancreatic and a T-type cannula in the distal ileum at 6 to 10 d of age. Following a 2-wk recuperation period, the calves were fed three milk replacers in a triplicated 3 x 3 latin square. Experimental diets consisted of a control, in which 100% of the CP originated from spray-dried skim milk powder (SM), and the test diets, in which 50% (SM/ISP) or 100% (ISP) of the skim milk protein was replaced by isolated soy protein. Each experimental period lasted 2 wk. Replacement of SM protein by ISP decreased (P less than .05) the digestibilities of protein and most amino acids. Ileal digestibilities of total indispensable amino acids for SM, SM/ISP and ISP diets were 82.1, 75.8 and 61.8%, respectively, and total tract digestibilities of total indispensable amino acids were 90.0, 82.6 and 74.0%, respectively. Including ISP did not affect (P greater than .05) the volume of secretion of pancreatic juice, protein or chymotrypsin; however, the secretion of trypsin decreased (P less than .05). Reduction in trypsin secretion may be responsible, in part, for the lower amino acid digestibilities in milk replacers containing isolated soy protein.     

提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质的几项措施

自三鹿奶粉事件以后,人们对牛奶的品质要求更高,养牛户对乳牛的产奶量更加关注,那么我们怎样做才能更好的提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质呢?科学的饲养管理是提高乳牛的奶产量和奶品质的主要途径,喂给丰富的、易消化的饲料,可提高奶中脂肪和蛋白质的含量.