有机物料循环对红壤稻田系统磷素营养的影响

采用动态采样结合室内分析方法,比较研究了中国科学院桃源农业生态实验站的长期田间定位试验中长期施与不施磷肥、有机物料循环再利用和在有机物料循环再利用的基础上配施磷肥等几种施肥模式对土壤Olsen-P含量、水稻不同生育期茎叶和子实磷含量、以及各生育期累积吸收和利用磷的影响。结果表明,长期不施磷肥土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)降低到小于5.mg/kg;施磷肥或有机物料循环再利用模式,土壤Olsen-P维持在5～10mg/kg之间的中等水平;在保持系统内有机物料循环再利用的基础上配施磷肥,土壤Olsen-P迅速提高,超过10.mg/kg。稻田系统内有机物料循环再利用可促进水稻对磷的吸收,增加水稻各生育期茎叶和子实的磷含量,提高各生育期水稻累积吸收磷量和磷的利用率。     

稻田种植春玉米经济效益及高效耦合技术研究

长期定位试验研究结果表明 ,与常规麦 稻二熟制相比稻田种植春玉米的麦 /玉米 稻三熟制年产量为1.4 2 5 4万kg/hm2 ,增产率 17.6 9% ;有机投能、无机投能和总投能分别高 3.5 4 %、8.37%和 7.90 % ,生物量和籽粒能量产出分别高 16 .99%和 15 .12 % ,能量产投比较高 ;N、P2 O5和K2 O等养分盈亏率增大 ,土壤有机质盈余较多 ,盈亏率为 81.18% ;新增纯收益率 2 2 .4 2 % ,边际成本报酬率 3.33。稻田种植春玉米高效耦合技术包括部分放开冬春茬 ,稻田冬春季改小麦为菜果经济作物 ;春玉米采用两段覆膜种植技术 ,其产量 >82 5 0kg/hm2 的综合措施为种植密度792 0～ 8990株 /hm2 ,施N量 2 88.6～ 35 2 .4kg/hm2 ,玉米 11～ 12叶展开时以 30 4 .6～ 4 98.0mg/kg浓度乙烯利化学控制叶面喷施 ;后季稻实施塑盘旱育秧大苗抛栽技术 ,其产量 >75 0 0kg/hm2 的综合措施为在培育 >35d秧龄壮秧基础上 ,基本苗 2 2 5～ 2 4 0万株 /hm2 ,施N量 2 2 5～ 2 5 5kg/hm2 。     

长期不同施肥措施下红壤稻田的养分循环与平衡

红壤丘陵地区荒地或旱地开垦为水田不仅可以治理土壤侵蚀,而且能增加土壤肥力,提高农田生产力.本文分析了长期不同施肥措施下垦自红壤荒地的稻田 2004-2007 年的养分循环和平衡特征及变化.结果表明:不同垦殖年限施肥措施对水稻产量的影响基本不变,都是 NPK+有机质循环 (8589 kg/hm2) ＞ NPK (7804 kg/hm2) ＞ N+有机质循环 (6626 kg/hm2) ＞有机质循环 (4525 kg/hm2) ＞无肥区 (2707 kg/hm2),且随着垦殖年限增加,不同施肥措施间产量差异有增大趋势.P 是中低肥力红壤稻田的主要限制因子,不施 P 肥对早稻产量的影响高于晚稻.有机物循环可以提高系统养分的再循环率,循环及循环配施化肥处理的养分都有盈余,单施化肥则会导致养分亏缺.高产稻田生态系统 N 素输入主要依靠化学 N 肥,有机肥是重要的 P 素资源,秸秆还田对于稻田 K 平衡有重要作用.     

基于木本泥炭快速构建红壤新垦耕地优质耕作层技术与效果

为了探究木本泥炭对红壤岗地新垦耕地优质耕作层构建的机理以及木本泥炭相对于其他有机物料对红壤新垦耕地的改良效果,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究添加不同有机物料对红壤新垦耕地0—20cm耕作层土壤理化性质和微生物生物量以及水稻产量的影响。试验共设6个不同处理:CK(不添加改良材料)、M30FS(木本泥炭30t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、M15FS(木本泥炭15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、CFS(生物炭15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、OFS(有机肥15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)和FS(腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理显著降低了耕作层土壤容重,提高了土壤总孔隙度和pH,且添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理中土壤肥力均有不同程度提高,其中土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别提高了36.41%～88.53%,2.22%～37.78%,6.25%～93.75%和27.57%～85.60%,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和有效钾含量分别提高了17.21%～134.85%,1.42%～72.76%,8.71%～156.79%和12.99%～332.39%。(2)添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理对耕作层土壤微生物生物量影响比较明显,与对照相比,各处理中土壤微生物量碳和氮含量分别显著增加了52.95%～219.00%和121.45%～548.73%。(3)添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理中水稻产量均明显提高,其中M30FS增产效果最明显,增幅为39.53%。(4)利用聚类分析方法将添加不同有机物料处理下新垦耕地耕作层土壤质量等级划分为3级,分别为:一级(M30FS)、二级(M15FS,OFS,CFS)、三级(FS,CK),其中经M30FS处理后土壤质量水平等级最高。添加木本泥炭与有机物料可显著降低新垦耕地耕作层土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度和pH,解决了红壤黏重和酸化的特征,且土壤养分和微生物量碳、氮含量均得到了提高,改善了土壤理化性状和生物学特征,提高了水稻产量,其中添加30t/hm2木本泥炭对红壤新垦耕地优质耕作层构建效果最明显。     

红壤稻田种植制度的养分平衡特征

试验研究了湘北红壤稻田系统4种种植制度的养分平衡特征.结果表明,N、P、K养分输出为稻-稻-油种植制度＞稻-稻-油(肥)种植制度＞稻-稻-肥(紫云英)种植制度＞稻-稻种植制度;N盈余量以稻-稻-肥种植制度最大,达18.4kg/hm2*,稻-稻-油(肥)种植制度基本维持平衡,稻-稻种植制度表现亏缺,稻-稻-油种植制度亏缺最大,达38.9kg/hm2*;4种种植制度P和K均有亏缺,但以稻-稻-油种植制度亏缺量最大,分别为11.2kg/hm2*和118.7kg/hm2*,稻-稻-肥种植制度亏缺量最小;稻-稻-肥种植制度有机物质归还量最大,有利于有机质的积累,稻-稻种植制度有机物质归还量最小,有机质呈现亏缺状态.     

红壤稻田不同施肥制度对土壤钾平衡和水稻产量的影响

基于14年田间定位试验,研究了红壤稻田系统在不同化肥配施条件下,有机养分循环利用对土壤K素平衡和水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不施肥或仅施化肥,土壤K素严重亏缺,其中以不施K的NP处理最严重,平均每年亏损K120.1kg/hm2,有机物养分循环利用的施肥制度可大幅度降低稻田土壤K素的亏损甚至出现K素盈余,NP C处理平均每年亏损K素2.2kg/hm2,而NPK C处理平均每年盈余K素154.5kg/hm2,但过高的K输入可能导致K营养元素的大量流失,降低K肥资源利用效益并增加环境污染风险,实行有机物养分循环利用时应适当减少化肥K的施用量;在不同施肥基础上的有机物养分循环利用都能显著提高水稻产量,但“循环”增产率随化肥配施程度提高而降低,不施肥基础上有机物养分循环利用的稻谷增产率为56%,与NP配施后,有机物养分循环利用的增产率降至18.8%,而在NPK配施基础上有机物养分循环利用的增产率只有10.2%,处理NPK C2与处理NPK之间的稻谷产量却没有显著差异,可见有机养分循环利用可以代替化肥K的施用;有机养分循环利用降低了K内部利用效率(IKUE)值,大小顺序为NPK C相似文献   

水稻自然生态应用技术研究

根据N通量的质量平衡原理,通过布置田间试验,测定作物的吸N量并据此估算红壤水稻土有机N、C的年矿化量。结果表明,红壤水稻土无N区作物的年吸N量为24~160kg/hm2,其中,高肥力土壤上约为110~160kg/hm2,中等肥力土壤上约为100~105kg/hm2,低肥力土壤上约为24~65kg/hm2;经校正计算得到红壤水稻土有机N的年矿化量为8~108kg/hm2,其中,高肥力土壤为70~110kg/hm2,中等肥力土壤为65kg/hm2,低肥力土壤为8~33kg/hm2;土壤有机C的年矿化量为130~1050kg/hm2,其中,高肥力土壤为1050kg/hm2,中等肥力土壤为750kg/hm2,低肥力土壤为440kg/hm2。土壤肥力水平、作物吸肥特性、土壤母质类型及土壤酸度是影响土壤有机N、C矿化的重要因素。     

“稻鸭共生”养分归还特征及水稻植株对氮、磷的吸收

"稻鸭共生"是对我国传统农业稻田养鸭的继承与发展。在长江流域双季稻主产区湖南布置了稻田养鸭田间试验,以常规稻作为对照,研究早、晚稻两季"稻鸭共生"养分归还特征及对水稻植株氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明:两季"稻鸭共生"后,稻田可增加鸭粪碳229.87 kg.hm 2、鸭粪氮18.22 kg.hm 2、鸭粪磷17.75 kg.hm 2。"稻鸭共生"归还稻田土壤的碳、氮、磷量分别为1 491.21 kg.hm 2、66.02 kg.hm 2、25.14 kg.hm 2,比常规稻作分别提高20.43%(P>0.05)、55.81%(P<0.05)、379.00%(P<0.05)。"稻鸭共生"归还稻田土壤的碳、氮、磷量表现为碳>氮>磷,归还的碳、氮量以水稻根碳、氮占明显优势,归还的磷量以鸭粪磷占明显优势。与常规稻作相比,土壤全氮含量提高5.73%,全磷含量显著提高6.25%;"稻鸭共生"提高了早、晚稻根和秸秆的全氮、全磷含量及早、晚稻籽粒的全磷含量,增加了早、晚稻秸秆的氮、磷吸收量和早、晚稻根的磷吸收量,降低了双季稻产量及籽粒的氮、磷积累量。"稻鸭共生"对水稻植株磷的影响效果好于氮。     

施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的生物化学性状变化

在中国科学院红壤生态开放实验站布置田间长期定位试验,研究施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的肥力恢复特征,本文报道土壤生物化学性状的变化。结果表明,年施有机物料4500~9000kg/hm2时,5年后不同瘠薄红壤的表土有机C含量可提高2.1~7.5g/kg,全N含量提高0.18~0.71g/kg;而单施化肥的处理土壤有机C含量平均仅提高2.0g/kg,全N含量提高0.22g/kg。在施用较高量有机肥的情况下(9000 kg/hm2),5年后表土有机C含量从原来的1.3~3.0g/kg提高到7.0~9.7g/kg,全N含量从原来的0.34 ~ 0.41g/kg提高到0.70 ~ 1.05g/kg,该值已接近一般旱地红壤的含量水平。积累量也因母质、利用方式、施肥量的不同而异。施用有机肥还明显增加大团聚体中有机C的含量和比例,提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,对改善养分有效性和土壤有机质品质有显著作用。     

密云水库北京集水区刺槐水源保护林主要养分元素的生物循环

研究结果表明 :13年生刺槐林的总生物量为 2 4 16 5 .4 8kg/hm2 ;刺槐林 5种养分元素贮存量为 4 39.76 8kg/hm2 ,各器官中不同养分元素的含量差异较大 ,不同器官中 5种养分元素贮存量大小排序结果是树干 >叶 >枝 >根。若以各养分元素的贮存量来计 ,N的贮存量为 16 4 .92 2 kg/hm2 ,P的贮存量为 9.371kg/hm2 ,K的贮存量为 31.814 kg/hm2 ,Ca的贮存量为 2 2 5 .35 3kg/hm2 ,Mg的贮存量为 17.5 76 kg/hm2 ;刺槐林生态系统乔木层每年从土壤中吸收的 5种养分元素量为 15 7.310 kg/hm2 ,吸收量占土层 5种养分元素总量的 0 .2 2 % ,占土层有效养分含量的 2 .18% ,吸收量中存留量为 2 3.84 2 kg/hm2 ,归还量为 133.4 6 8kg/hm2 ,加上雨水输入到森林生态系统的养分元素量 ,则刺槐林生态系统的养分元素归还量略大于吸收量。     

Dynamic interactions of natural organic matter and organic compounds

Purpose

This article reviews our current understanding about how organic chemicals and water interact dynamically with, and therefore coevolve with, soil and sediment natural organic matter (NOM). NOM can be regarded as a polymer-like phase that responds to the input of organic compounds in ways analogous to synthetic polymers.

Methods

Sorption selectivity of organic compounds is shown to result in part from the three-dimensional microstructure of NOM related to its glassy character. Sorption to NOM conforms to polymer theory by exhibiting isotherm shape and irreversible behaviors characteristic of the glassy organic physical state. The glassy state is a metastable state characterized by the presence of excess free volume (holes).

Results

In polymers and NOM, incoming molecules preferentially occupy holes due to the absence of a cavitation penalty. Incoming molecules can enlarge existing holes and create new holes that do not relax completely when the molecules leave. The physical changes in NOM induced by sorption result in hysteresis in the isotherm that persists indefinitely at ambient temperature.

Conclusions

Sorption selectivity and hysteresis have important implications for the fate and bioavailability of contaminants.     

土壤有机质对疏水性有机污染物的非线性吸附及其影响因素

土壤有机质(SOM)是土壤的重要组成部分,它对疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)的吸附作用对污染物在环境中的迁移转化有着至关重要的影响。近年来的一些研究表明,HOCs在SOM上的吸附行为并不严格地符合传统的线性分配模型。本文综述了近年来一些学者提出的SOM对HOCs的非线性吸附作用的机制及其影响因素,认为SOM的组成和结构均对HOCs的吸附有着重要的影响。SOM吸附在土壤矿物表面后,其结构或各组分的比例发生了改变,从而对其本身的吸附作用产生影响。溶液的化学环境(主要是阳离子)会对SOM的结构和吸附作用产生影响,特别是当溶液中存在一些过渡金属(如,铜或银)的离子时,共吸附的金属离子可能会与多环芳烃类分子形成阳离子-π键的作用,从而促进多环芳烃类物质在SOM上的吸附。     

Effective retention of litter-derived dissolved organic carbon in organic layers

This study aimed to gain insight into the generation and fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in organic layers. In a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment Experiment at the alpine treeline, we estimated the contribution of ¹³C-depleted recent plant C to DOC of mor-type organic layers. In an additional laboratory soil column study with 40 leaching cycles, we traced the fate of ¹³C-labelled litter-DOC (22 and 45 mg l⁻¹) in intact Oa horizons at 2 and 15 °C. Results of the field study showed that DOC in the Oa horizon at 5 cm depth contained only 20 ± 3% of less than six-year-old C, indicating minor contributions of throughfall, root exudates, and fresh litter to leached DOC. In the soil column experiment, there was a sustained DOC leaching from native soil organic matter. Less than 10% of totally added litter-DOC was leached despite a rapid breakthrough of a bromide tracer (50 ± 7% within two days). Biodegradation contributed only partly to the DOC removal with 18-30% of added litter-DOC being mineralized in the Oa horizons at 2 and 15 °C, respectively. This was substantially less than the potential 70%-biodegradability of the litter-DOC itself, which indicates a stabilization of litter-DOC in the Oa horizon. In summary, our results give evidence on an apparent ‘exchange’ of DOC in thick organic layers with litter-DOC being retained and ‘replaced’ by ‘older’ DOC leached from the large pool of indigenous soil organic matter.     

不同类型有机物料的有机磷组成及生物有效性

  【目的】  研究不同有机物料的有机磷组成及其作为磷源施用后的供磷能力,为化肥磷的有机替代奠定理论基础。  【方法】  供试有机物料包括粪肥类 (猪粪、羊粪)、绿肥类 (豌豆、苜蓿和绿豆)、秸秆类 (小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆)。分析了8种有机物料的全磷、有机磷含量和C/P值,采用Bowman-Cole方法测定了有机磷中的活性 (LOP)、中活性 (MLOP)、中稳性 (MROP) 和高稳性有机磷 (HROP) 4个组分的含量。用供试的8种有机物料进行了小麦盆栽试验,分析了土壤速效磷含量、小麦吸磷量与不同有机物料的有机磷组成、碳/磷 (C/P) 值之间的关系。  【结果】  粪肥、绿肥和秸秆中的全磷含量分别为5.49～5.52、1.19～2.59、0.57～1.07 g/kg,有机物料中有机磷含量占全磷的比例在31.3%～55.2%,除绿豆秸秆外,有机磷含量小于无机磷。有机磷中LOP、MLOP、MROP和HROP的平均比例分别为8.5%、45.2%、41.5%和4.9%。LOP平均含量以粪肥类 (175.5 mg/kg) > 绿肥类 (67.03 mg/kg) > 秸秆类 (25.8 mg/kg);以猪粪、绿豆秸秆的MLOP含量相对较高;MROP含量羊粪 > 猪粪 > 苜蓿秸秆 > 绿豆秸秆 > 豌豆秸秆 > 玉米秸秆 > 油菜秸秆 > 小麦秸秆;HROP在粪肥中的含量显著高于其他类型物料。施用绿肥和粪肥显著增加了小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量,而施用秸秆则不同程度降低了小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量。小麦吸磷量与土壤速效磷含量呈线性正相关关系,与有机物料C/P值呈极显著负相关关系,与LOP、MLOP、MROP呈极显著正相关关系,与HROP相关性不显著;土壤速效磷与有机物料C/P值呈负相关关系。  【结论】  供试有机物料中的全磷含量以粪肥类 > 绿肥类 > 秸秆类,无机磷含量均大于有机磷含量 (绿豆秸秆除外),有机磷以中活性和中稳性有机磷为主。绿肥类和粪肥类物料中含磷量高、且C/P值较低,作为肥料使用能显著增加土壤速效磷含量、小麦生物学产量和吸磷量,可以有效替代一定比例的磷肥。而秸秆类有机物料含磷量较低,且C/P值较高,不适宜作为化肥磷的有机替代物料。     

Contribution of organic amendments to soil organic matter detected by thermogravimetry

Sustainable soil management requires reliable and accurate monitoring of changes in soil organic matter (SOM). However, despite the development of improved analytical techniques during the last decades, there are still limits in the detection of small changes in soil organic carbon content and SOM composition. This study focused on the detection of such changes under laboratory conditions by adding different organic amendments to soils. The model experiments consisted of artificially mixing soil samples from non‐fertilized plots of three German long‐term agricultural experiments in Bad Lauchstädt (silty loam), Grossbeeren (silty sand), and Müncheberg (loamy sand) with straw, farmyard manure, sheep faeces, and charcoal in quantities from 3 to 180 t ha^?1 each. In these mixtures we determined the organic carbon contents by elemental analysis and by thermal mass losses (TML) determined by thermogravimetry. The results confirmed the higher reliability of elemental analysis compared to TML for organic carbon content determination. The sensitivity of both methods was not sufficient to detect the changes in organic carbon content caused by small quantities of organic amendments (3 t ha^?1 or 0.1–0.4 g C kg^?1 soil). In the case of elemental analysis, the detectability of changes in carbon content increased with quantities of added amendments, but the method could not distinguish different types of organic amendments. On the contrary, the based on analysis of degradation temperatures, the TML allowed this discrimination together with their quantitative analysis. For example, added charcoal was not visible in TML from 320 to 330°C, which is used for carbon content determination. However, increasing quantities of charcoal were reflected in a higher TML around 520°C. Furthermore, differences between measured (with TML_110–550) and predicted mass loss on ignition using both organic carbon (with TML₃₃₀) and clay contents (with TML₁₄₀) were confirmed as a suitable indicator for detection of organic amendments in different types of soils. We conclude that thermogravimetry enables the sensitive detection of organic fertilizers and organic amendments in soils under arable land use.     

Compositional characterization of soil organic matter and hot-water-extractable organic matter in organic horizons using a molecular mixing model

Purpose

Microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is generally believed to be heterogeneous, resulting in the preferential loss of labile compounds such as carbohydrates and proteins and the accumulation of recalcitrant compounds such as lipids and lignin. However, these fractions are difficult to measure directly in soils. We examined patterns in the biomolecular composition of SOM and hot-water-extractable organic matter (HWEOM) by using a molecular mixing model (MMM) to estimate the content of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and lignin.

Materials and methods

Organic-horizon soils from Spodosols at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in NH, USA were analyzed for this study. The MMM uses data from elemental analysis (C, H, and N) and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning to estimate the percentage of total C in the various classes of biomolecules.

Results and discussion

Carbohydrate content decreased from about 50 % of the C in recent litter to approximately 35 % in the bottom of the humus layer. Lipids accounted for about 18 % of C in recent litter and increased to 40 % in the lower humus layers. The HWEOM fraction of SOM was dominated by carbohydrates (40–70 % of C). Carbohydrates and lipids in HWEOM exhibited depth patterns that were the opposite of the SOM. The results from the MMM confirmed the selective decomposition of carbohydrates and the relative accumulation of lipids during humus formation. The depth patterns in HWEOM suggest that the solubility of carbohydrates increases during decomposition, while the solubility of the lipid fraction decreases. The MMM was able to reproduce the spectral properties of SOM and HWEOM very accurately, although there were some discrepancies between the predicted and measured H/C and O/C ratios.

Conclusions

The MMM approach is an accurate and cost-effective alternative to wet-chemical methods. Together, carbohydrates and proteins account for up to 85 % of the C in HWEOM, indicating that the HWEOM fraction represents a labile source of C for microbes. Humification resulted in a decrease in carbohydrate content and an increase in lipids in SOM, consistent with investigations carried out in diverse soil environments.     

Influence of mineral and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon pools

Abstract

The influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and equivalent mineral NPK application on organic matter content, hot water extractable carbon (HWC), microbial biomass C (C_mic), and grain yields in a long-term field experiment was assessed after 40 years in Hungary. The unfertilized plot, FYM fertilized plots and plots fertilized with equivalent NPK fertilizer contained 0.99%, 1.13% and 1.05% total organic carbon (TOC) respectively. Compared to the unfertilized plot, FYM application resulted in 8.2% higher TOC than equivalent NPK fertilization. The highest TOC was only 1.21%, much lower than expected for a soil containing 21.3% of clay. The quantity of HWC varied depending on the type of fertilization: Compared to control, FYM treatments lead to 29% more HWC than mineral fertilization (FYM: 328 mg kg^?1; NPK: 264 mg kg^?1). The impact of FYM and equivalent NPK fertilizer on C_mic was contrary. FYM and NPK resulted in 304 and 423 mg kg^?1 C_mic, respectively. The difference was 119 mg kg^?1; 42% as compared to the unfertilized plot. Despite the higher HWC content, FYM treatments lead to significantly less (35%) grain yields than equivalent NPK doses; C_mic content showed closer correlation to grain yields.     

Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils

We investigated the transformation of the organic P fractions from organic manure in two paddy soils (Ultisol, Entisol) and the influence of organic manure or cellulose on organic P under anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from the P fractionation experiment indicated that during the incubation labile and moderately labile organic P fractions increased in the Ultisol and decreased in the Entisol, which might be related to the difference in the organic matter content of both soils. Immediately after the application of organic manure, a large part of labile and moderately labile organic P supplied with the manure was transformed into moderately resistant organic P, possibly Ca- or Mg-inositol P were transformed into Fe-inositol P. During anaerobic incubation, the labile forms of organic P in the soils treated with organic manure were increased along with the incubation period in the first 4 weeks. The change in the moderately labile fraction was dramatic. It increased sharply in the first 2 weeks, then decreased, which was more pronounced in the soils treated with pig faeces. The moderately resistant fraction decreased during the whole incubation period. This indicated that under anaerobic conditions, the moderately resistant fraction can be transformed into labile and moderately labile organic P fractions, perhaps as Fe³⁺-inositol P is reduced to Fe⁺²-inositol P. Cellulose as an organic substrate had an increasing effect on organic P, especially when it was combined with inorganic P. Therefore, it is suggested that the application of inorganic P fertilizer combined with organic manure may be an effective way of protecting inorganic P against intensive sorption in soils.     

半干旱土添加有机改良剂后有机质的化学结构变化

A 9-month incubation experiment using composted and non-composted amendments derived from vine pruning waste and sewage sludge was carried out to study the effects of the nature and stability of organic amendments on the structural composition of organic matter (OM) in a semi-arid soil.The changes of soil OM,both in the whole soil and in the extractable carbon with pyrophosphate,were evaluated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography and chemical analyses.By the end of the experiment,the soils amended with pruning waste exhibited less organic carbon loss than those receiving sewage sludge.The non-composted residues increased the aliphatic-pyrolytic products of the OM,both in the whole soil and also in the pyrophosphate extract,with the products derived from peptides and proteins being significantly higher.After 9 months,in the soils amended with pruning waste the relative abundance of phenolic-pyrolytic products derived from phenolic compounds,lignin and proteins in the whole soil tended to increase more than those in the soils amended with sewage sludge.However,the extractable OM with pyrophosphate in the soils amended with composted residues tended to have higher contents of these phenolic-pyrolytic products than that in non-composted ones.Thus,despite the stability of pruning waste,the composting of this material promoted the incorporation of phenolic compounds to the soil OM.The pyrolytic indices (furfural/pyrrole and aliphatic/aromatic ratios) showed the diminution of aliphatic compounds and the increase of aromatic compounds,indicating the stabilization of the OM in the amended soils after 9 months.In conclusion,the changes of soil OM depend on the nature and stability of the organic amendments,with composted vine pruning waste favouring humification.     

A simple soil organic carbon level metric beyond the organic carbon-to-clay ratio

Soil is a precious and non-renewable resource that is under increasing pressure and the development of indicators to monitor its state is pivotal. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for key physical, chemical and biological soil properties and thus a central indicator of soil quality and soil health. The content of SOC is driven by many abiotic factors, such as texture and climate, and is therefore strongly site-specific, which complicates, for example, the search for appropriate threshold values to differentiate healthy from less healthy soils. The SOC:clay ratio has been introduced as a normalized SOC level metric to indicate soils' structural condition, with classes ranging from degraded (<1:13) to very good (>1:8). This study applied the ratio to 2958 topsoils (0–30 cm) in the German Agricultural Soil Inventory and showed that it is not a suitable SOC level metric since strongly biased, misleading and partly insensitive to SOC changes. The proportion of soils with SOC levels classified as degraded increased exponentially with clay content, indicating the indicator's overly strong clay dependence. Thus, 94% of all Chernozems, which are known to have elevated SOC contents and a favourable soil structure, were found to have either degraded (61%) or moderate (33%) normalized SOC levels. The ratio between actual and expected SOC (SOC:SOC_exp) is proposed as an easy-to-use alternative where expected SOC is derived from a regression between SOC and clay content. This ratio allows a simple but unbiased estimate of the clay-normalized SOC level. The quartiles of this ratio were used to derive threshold values to divide the dataset into the classes degraded, moderate, good and very good. These classes were clearly linked to bulk volume (inverse of bulk density) as an important structural parameter, which was not the case for classes based on the SOC:clay ratio. Therefore, SOC:SOC_exp and its temporal dynamic are proposed for limited areas such as regions, states or pedoclimatic zones, for example, in a soil health monitoring context; further testing is, however, recommended.