广东江门地区雷林1号桉的自然更新与扩散

调查了雷林1号桉单株的扩散情况及雷林1号桉林缘在广东江门地区主要植被类型(杉木人工林、红花荷人工林和灌木丛)中的扩散情况,采用小样方法调查了雷林1号桉林下乡土乔木树种的自然更新情况.调查发现:15年生雷林1号桉单株在45°扇形样地单向扩散的最大距离为17.82 m,扩散苗最多22株,平均树高4.72 m;雷林1号桉不能扩散进入20年生杉木人工林,可以扩散进入红花荷幼林,但实生苗数量很少,还可以扩散进入地被物较少的灌木丛,且更新苗数量较多.分析表明:雷林1号桉在引种栽培地能自然更新;雷林1号桉种子落地接触土壤、光照充足是其更新的主要条件;有5种乡土树种能在雷林1号桉林下自然更新且正常生长,因此,目前雷林1号桉对乡土树种的自然更新没有影响.     

马占相思人工林生长影响因子的分析

通过对闽南不同坡向、不同坡形、不同造林密度6年生马占相思人工林生长状况的调查分析,结果表明：6年生马占相思人工林生长阴坡优于阳坡,山洼优于山脊,密度为750株／hm^2的林分优于密度为1500株／hm^2的林分;坡形和造林密度对6年生马占相思人工林的生长影响显著,而坡向对6年生马占相思人工林的生长影响不显著。     

马占相思人工林近自然改造群落结构转型2年期效果初报

近自然改造对马占相思人工林群落向热带天然林群落结构演替具有重要促进作用。该试验对采取了近自然改造措施的马占相思人工林林分的群落结构动态进行分析研究,结果表明：⑴通过适当的人工干预措施能促进满足一定条件的马占相思人工林在2年的时间内转型为符合热带天然林标准的林分。其中,林分改造前林下天然更新乡土树种幼苗幼树密度是成功转型的关键因素,对马占相思林而言,该研究初步获得的该指标阈值为3400株/hm2;⑵林分在转型过程中仍然保持自然正向演替,采伐等人工干预措施对林下天然更新乡土林木冠幅造成的损伤对林分的演替方向没有决定性的影响。     

云南热区4种乡土阔叶树种人工林营建技术研究

选择西南桦、山桂花、高阿丁枫、马占相思等4种云南热区乡土阔叶树种,在云南思茅市的江城、翠云、孟连等试验点上,开展了不同整地方式、不同种植带水平宽度、造林地施用不同肥种、混交林营造和造林地间作等人工林营建技术的试验研究。试验结果表明,采用火烧清理 带垦的整地方式是营造西南桦人工林一项不可忽视的技术措施,可促进西南桦人工林早期的生长;西南桦造林种植带宽度的最佳处理为8 m(带间距为2m,下同),其次为4 m。造林地施用不同的肥料种类,对山桂花幼林的径、高、材积生长影响非常显著,其排序为:N>NP>NPK>NK>P>K>KP>CK(不施肥);由于试验时间短,西南桦与马占相思、西南桦与高阿丁枫、马占相思与山桂花、高阿丁枫与马占相思4种混交林的营造效果尚未充分显现,需作持续的观测研究;而林地间作经营可以显著提高山桂花幼林的生长量。     

华南3种典型生态恢复模式的生态水文效应

退化生态系统的恢复一直是广泛关注的热点问题,如何科学评价不同生态恢复模式的综合效益也是生态恢复研究的重点方向。对华南地区3种典型生态恢复模式,即自然恢复草坡、马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林、马占相思Acacia mangium人工林,进行了对比研究,以评价自然恢复与人工林恢复、针叶人工林与阔叶人工林、外来树种人工林与乡土树种人工林恢复模式的生态水文化效益。结果表明:人工林的保水、保湿效果好于自然恢复草坡;马尾松人工林的生态水文效益略好于马占相思人工林;马占相思人工林的土壤结构和保水潜力略好于马尾松人工林。在生态恢复过程中,利用人工林可加快生态恢复的速度,改善生境条件,恢复生态功能,从而为后续物种的定居和繁殖提供条件,但同时也必须通过各种措施,加快人工林向天然林的转变,提高生物多样性。     

侧柏人工林下层木本植物的组成及多样性

为明确徐州山地现有侧柏人工林下层木本植物的自然更新状况,依据40个20m×20m样地群落的调查数据,分析了林下自然更新的木本植物的组成及其相似性。结果表明,侧柏人工林下层自然更新的木本植物中单科种、单属种优势明显,林下木本植物区系组成复杂,出现的12种区系地理成分中,温带成分占主体,热带成分占较大比例。侧柏人工林下层出现的木本植物种类较多,但不同生境下群落的物种丰富度和多样性不高、组成树种的相似性极高,尤其是乔木树种的相似性明显高于灌木树种。林下木本植物的种类组成受立地条件和种子传播方式的显著影响,建议改善立地条件以提高林下木本植物的丰富度和多样性,同时控制外来树种的侵入以促进人工林的地带性演替。     

由巨桉人工林转型的13年生青冈栎天然林特征

【目的】分析由巨桉人工林转型的13年生青冈栎天然林特征,为探究中亚热带人工林成功转型为天然阔叶林的基本条件、人工林的植被控制、天然阔叶林的保护和乡土阔叶树的发展提供科学依据。【方法】在福建省永安市由巨桉人工林转型的青冈栎天然林内设置3块20 m×20 m样地,每块样地分割成4个10 m×10 m样方,对样方乔木层林木进行每木调查,并在每块样地内选择1个有代表性的样方进行灌木层调查,同时在每块样地中心各设置1个4 m×4 m的小样方进行草本植物调查。选用物种重要值、常用生物多样性指标和主要测树因子分析乔木层、灌木层的树种组成和多样性以及林分结构和生长状况等林分特征。【结果】由巨桉人工林转型的13年生青冈栎天然林的平均胸径、平均树高、密度和蓄积量分别为6.2 cm、9.5 m、6 308株·hm~(-2)和94.43 m~3·hm~(-2),林木高径比为41～380,平均高径比为155;直径和树高结构均表现出异龄林特征;林分内36.99%的林木为萌生林木,萌生林木中青冈栎最多,分别占萌生林木总株数和青冈栎总株数的57.86%和66.12%;巨桉以枯立木或枯倒木形式存在,枯立木密度为966株·hm~(-2);乔木层有45个树种,Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度和生态优势度分别为3.74、0.68和0.14;乔木层内乔木和灌木树种分别有34和11种,重要值分别为88.65%和11.35%;常绿和落叶树种分别有30和15种,重要值分别为67.38%和32.62%;常绿阔叶乔木的株数、树种数和重要值均明显高于落叶阔叶乔木,常绿阔叶乔木是乔木层的主体;青冈栎是乔木层的优势种,其相对多度(32.36%)、相对频度(7.69%)、相对优势度(16.75%)和重要值(18.94%)均为层内最高;灌木层有27个树种,Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度和生态优势度分别为3.69、0.78和0.13;乔木和灌木树种分别有15和12种,但灌木树种的株数占比(69.85%)和重要值(60.87%)均明显高于乔木树种(株数占比和重要值分别为30.15%和39.13%);常绿树种的株数、树种数和重要值均远高于落叶树种,灌木层的主体是常绿阔叶灌木,茶是灌木层的优势种;13年生青冈栎天然林特征与相近年龄的青冈栎天然林无本质区别,属典型的幼林阶段中亚热带天然阔叶林;林分乔木层和灌木层内均有不少珍贵或高价值用材树种。【结论】巨桉人工林已经成功转型为郁闭度高、株数密度大、林木高径比高、树种多样性丰富、异龄林特征明显的13年生青冈栎天然林,该林分与相近年龄的青冈栎天然林特征无本质区别,属典型的幼林阶段中亚热带天然阔叶林,是中亚热带人工林成功转型天然阔叶林的典型案例。     

深圳梧桐山风景区人工林群落调查分析

在全面路线踏查的基础上进行典型人工群落样地调查,结果表明：梧桐山人工群落主要有台湾相思群系、大叶相思群系、马占相思群系、木荷＋油茶群系等;物种组成共有135种54科109属,并以双子叶植物为主,乔木、灌木性植物种类相对草本和藤本状植物较丰富;各群系物种多样性均表现为灌木层〉乔木层,且乔、灌木层的物种多样性总体上以木荷油茶群系为最高,其次为台湾相思群系,而马占相思群系和大叶相思群系为较低。建议遵循地带性群落演替规律并结合景观生态学、森林生态美学等进行阶段性的人工补植主要乡土树种,起到改善小气候环境并促进生态功能强、观赏价值高和发展稳定的城市森林群落形成。     

3种相思在肇庆造林生长对比

对厚荚相思(Acacia crassicarpa)、马占相思(A.mangium)、肯氏相思(A.cuninghamia)进行引种造林试验.结果表明,在粤西造林后1~4 a,厚荚相思树高生长最快,肯氏相思次之,马占相思最慢,分别为5.57、4.92、4.08 m;但马占相思造林后第4年至第5年生长明显加快,造林后5 a,马占相思树高、胸径生长最快、生物量最大,分别为7.01 m、7.69 cm、32.1 kg,厚荚相思次之,分别为6.80 m、5.77 cm、16.72 kg,肯氏相思最差,分别为5.32 m、4.21 cm、13.48 kg.马占相思和厚荚相思适宜在肇庆市及粤西南地区推广.     

杉木人工林近自然化改造对林分结构及物种多样性的影响

对近自然改造8a的杉木人工林的林分结构和物种多样性进行了研究,分析探讨了杉木人工林近自然改造的初步效果。结果表明：近自然改造后,试验林分的直径结构呈现出由同龄林的正态分布逐渐向异龄林的倒“J”型过渡的趋势,树高级结构呈单峰型,主要分布在2m～8m。同时,主林层林木数量大幅降低,林下更新的乔木和灌木表现出逐步进入主林层的趋势。试验林分乔木层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou的均匀度指数与对照林分无显著差异,表明伐除杉木对乔木层物种多样性无显著影响。试验林分灌木层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均显著高于对照林分。因此,近自然改造促进了杉木人工林下乡土树种的更新和生长,使林下乡土树种生长更新加快,物种多样性增加。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。