利用体外产气法评定不同比例氨化秸秆替代苜蓿的组合效应

试验旨在研究苜蓿（alfalfa meal,AM）和氨化秸秆（ammoniated corn straw,ACS）的最佳组合比例,以提高粗饲料的利用率并降低饲养成本。将AM与ACS分别以100：0、80：20、60：40、50：50、40：60、20：80和0：100比例进行混合,每种组合3个重复,利用体外产气法评定不同组合发酵3、6、12、24、48 h的累积产气量（GP）,及发酵48 h时发酵液pH、干物质降解率（DMD）、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、微生物蛋白（MCP）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度,进而计算不同组合的单项组合效应指数（SFAEI）和多项组合效应指数（MFAEI）。结果显示,发酵48 h时,AM20：ACS80组的累积产气量最高;而AM0：ACS100组的DMD显著低于其余各组（P<0.05）;AM20：ACS80组和AM0：ACS100组的NH₃-N浓度显著高于其他组（P<0.05）;AM20：ACS80组MCP浓度最高;AM20：ACS80组的乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度显著高于其他组（P<0.05）,各组乙酸/丙酸的比值均大于3,属于乙酸发酵型;发酵期间各组pH的变化范围为6.69~6.85。以MFAEI和SFAEI对各项指标进行评定时,仅有AM20：ACS80组出现正组合效应。由此可见,AM和ACS的比例为20：80时组合效应最佳。     

体外产气法评定全株玉米青贮与谷草的组合效应研究

试验采用体外发酵产气法对全株玉米青贮（WCS）与谷草（MS）的组合效应做出评价。WCS与MS分别以100：0、80：20、60：40、50：50、40：60、20：80、0：100的比例组合,每个比例设3个重复。利用体外产气法分析不同组合对体外发酵24、48、72 h的产气量（GP）、pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、微生物蛋白（MCP）及干物质消失率（DML）的影响,计算单项组合效应指数（SFAEI）及多项组合效应指数（MFAEI）。结果显示,不同比例的全株玉米青贮与谷草在发酵24、48、72 h时产气量差异显著（P<0.05）,两种饲料组合后WCS80组的产气量最优;DML随着MS含量的增加呈下降趋势,但是WCS80组的DML与WCS100组较接近,WCS100和WCS80组的MCP含量显著或极显著高于其他各组（P<0.05;P<0.01）;各组间挥发性脂肪酸浓度差异显著（P<0.05）;在WCS与MS的不同比例组合中,发酵24、48、72 h的MFAEI均以WCS80组最大,分别为0.5517、0.5094和0.9860。通过MFAEI评定,WCS与MS的最佳配比为80：20。     

苜蓿、燕麦草与全贮玉米、藜麦的组合效应评估

利用体外产气法探究苜蓿与燕麦草、全贮玉米、全贮藜麦间的组合效应( AE）。在以苜蓿与燕麦草为最优组合的基础上，再将其分别与全贮玉米、全贮藜麦进行组合试验，测定不同粗饲料组合物的体外产气量（GP）、干物质消失率（DMD）、pH、氨态氮浓度（NH3-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA），分析单项组合效应指数（SFAEI）和综合组合效应指数（MFAEI）。研究结果表明：（1）苜蓿∶燕麦草为80∶20时，GP24 h（34.84%）、DMD（24.44%）、TVFA （25.43%）的SFAEI最高，均极显著高于（P < 0.01)其他各比例组，MFAEI（92.08%）最大，为最优组合。按照此比例进一步与全贮玉米、全贮藜麦进行组合效益评价。（2）（苜蓿-燕麦草）：全贮玉米为50∶50时，GP24 h (37.81%)的SFAEI最高，并显著高于其他各比例组（P < 0.05），MFAEI（75.55%）最大，为最优组合。（苜蓿-燕麦草）∶全贮藜麦20∶80时。TVFA （8.63%）的SFAEI显著高于其他各比例组（P < 0.01），MFAEI（69.27%）最大，为最优组合。由此得出，苜蓿∶燕麦草为80∶20的基础上，（苜蓿-燕麦草）：全贮玉米50∶50时、（苜蓿-燕麦草）∶全贮藜麦20∶80时饲粮具有较优的组合效应。 [关键词] 苜蓿|燕麦草|全贮玉米|全贮藜麦|饲料组合效应     

奶牛常用3种粗饲料间组合效应的研究

通过短期人工瘤胃技术研究了奶牛常用3种粗饲料混合料的组合效应,旨在提高粗饲料的营养价值。将苜蓿干草、青贮玉米秸和羊草基于干物质分别按100:0、80:20、60:40、40:60、20:80和0:100比例两两组合,根据发酵结束后的产气量(GP)、微生物蛋白产量(MCP)和代谢能(ME)分别计算单项组合效应指数和多项组合效应指数(MFAEI),结果表明:用单项组合效应指数评价组合效应的结果不完全一致,采用MFAEI进行综合评价时,青贮玉米秸-苜蓿配合比例为60:40时产生最大正组合效应,MFAEI为0.12;青贮玉米秸-羊草配合比例为40:60时产生最大正组合效应,MFAEI为0.83;苜蓿-羊草配合比例为80:20时产生最大正组合效应,MFAEI为0.09。     

玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆、桑叶青贮三种饲料体外发酵组合效应研究

为了研究玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆与桑叶青贮在体外的组合效应,试验将玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆与桑叶青贮3种饲料以不同比例(分别为100∶0∶0、80∶10∶10、70∶10∶20、70∶20∶10、60∶10∶30、60∶20∶20、60∶30∶10、50∶10∶40、50∶20∶30、50∶30∶20、50∶40∶10、0∶100∶0、0∶0∶100)组合进行发酵(每个组合3次重复),检测不同组合的体外产气量、干物质降解率、氨态氮浓度、pH值和挥发性脂肪酸浓度并分析不同饲料组合的组合效应。结果表明：随着发酵时间的延长,各组合的产气量呈逐渐上升趋势,发酵第2,4小时,组合12(玉米秸秆比例为100%)产气量最高;发酵第8～72小时,组合13(桑叶青贮比例为100%)产气量最高。发酵第72小时,各组合产气量随着桑叶青贮比例的提高而增加,其中组合8(桑叶青贮比例为40%)产气量显著高于其他组合(除组合13外,P<0.05);不同饲料组合对干物质降解率和氨态氮浓度有明显影响,但对pH值影响不明显。当玉米秸秆青贮比例固定时,对应组合干物质降解率随着桑叶青贮比例的增加而增加,组合13的干物质消化...     

不同粗饲料组合对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的研究

旨在研究全株玉米青贮（WCS）、小麦秸秆（WS）和苜蓿青贮（AS）不同组合比例对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响,筛选不同饲料组合应用的最适比例。将全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆、苜蓿青贮以不同比例组合（80∶10∶10, 70∶10∶20, 70∶20∶10, 60∶10∶30, 60∶20∶10, 60∶30∶10, 50∶10∶40, 50∶20∶30, 50∶30∶20, 50∶40∶10, 0∶100∶0, 100∶0∶0, 0∶0∶100）进行体外发酵试验,测定分析不同饲料组合对体外产气量（GP）、干物质降解率（IVDMD）、pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响,计算各组合的单项组合效应值（SFAEI）和综合组合效应值（MFAEI）。结果表明,全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆和苜蓿青贮的组合比例对GP的影响极显著（P<0.01）。随着全株玉米青贮比例增加,GP逐渐增加。各组体外发酵液pH保持为6.68~6.89（P<0.01）。NH₃-N的变化范围为14.31~26.01 mg·100 mL^-1（P<0.01）。全株玉米青贮比例一定时,IVDMD随着苜蓿青贮比例增加而增加。不同比例组合的全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆和苜蓿青贮体外发酵液中VFA浓度差异极显著（P<0.01）。60∶30∶10组乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,其丙酸浓度也为最高（13.99 mmol·L^-1）。各比例组合乙酸/丙酸在2.76~3.20,组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。不同组合的综合组合效应值均为正组合效应,70∶20∶10综合组合效应值（0.9343）最高。由此可见,全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆和苜蓿青贮比例为70∶20∶10时,组合效应最佳。     

用体外产气法评价不同粗饲料与相同精料间的组合效应

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为供体动物,应用体外批次培养法,利用多项指标综合指数(MFAEI),通过测定pH值、72h的累积产气量、有机物质降解率、微生物蛋白(MCP)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量,研究了粗-精料间的组合效应。试验结果表明,在不同粗料混合以后与同一精料(55:45)搭配产生了明显的正组合效应。当羊草、玉米青贮、草木樨分别以50%的比例替代玉米秸秆时,相对于100%的玉米秸秆来说,以玉米秸+草木樨+精料(27.5:27.5:45)组(MFAEI:1.199)和玉米秸+羊草+精料(27.5:27.5:45)组(MFAEI:1.032)这两组组合效应值较大,而玉米秸+玉米青贮+精料(27.5:27.5:45)组组合效应值(MFAEI:0.997)较小。以玉米秸+草木樨+精料组混合日粮多项组合效应值最高,组合效应最好。说明粗饲料组合后通过营养素间的互补,提高了日粮的整体发酵水平。     

反刍动物稻草基础日粮补饲苜蓿组合效应的综合评定研究

本研究旨在探讨利用压力传感器产气技术（RPT），用改进的组合效应多项指标综合指数（MFAEI）对反刍动物稻草基础日粮添补不同比例苜蓿的组合效应进行动态的、综合的整体评定。稻草（RS）与苜蓿（AH）分别以100：0（AH0）、80：20（AH20）、60：40（AH40）、40：60（AH60）、20：80（AH80）与0：100（AH100）的比例混合进行体外批．次培养，将12h、24h与48h的产气量（GP）、总挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）与微生物氮（MN）用经改进的MFAEI进行多时间点、多指标的整体评定。结果表明，（1）采用RPT、应用经改进的MFAEI，能较好地量化反刍动物饲料间的组合效应，直接进行组合效应的大小评定：（2）反刍动物稻草基础日粮以添补40％～60％的苜蓿效果较好。     

稻草添补不同比例苜蓿组合效应的综合评定研究

本研究旨在探讨利用压力传感器产气技术(RPT),用改进的组合效应多项指标综合指数(MFAEI)对反刍动物稻草基础日粮添补不同比例苜蓿的组合效应进行动态的、综合的整体评定.稻草(RS)与苜蓿(AH)分别以0%(AH0)、20%(AH20)、40%(AH40)、60%(AH60)、80%(AH80)与100%(AH100)的比例混合进行体外批次培养,将12 h、24h与48h的产气量(GP)、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)与微生物氮(MN)用经改进的MFAEI进行了多时间点、多指标的整体评定.结果表明:采用RPT,应用经改进的MFAEI能较好地量化反刍动物饲料之间的组合效应,直接进行组合效应的大小评定;反刍动物稻草基础日粮以添补40%～60%的苜蓿效果较好.     

体外产气法评价油菜秆与玉米、豆粕的组合效应

本研究旨在探讨不同比例的油菜秆与玉米、豆粕组合对体外瘤胃发酵及其组合效应的影响。采用体外发酵法研究油菜秆与玉米(0%, 15%, 30%)、豆粕(0%, 15%, 30%)组合的体外发酵参数及其组合效应值的变化,探索优化组合效果。结果表明,随着玉米比例的增加,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和挥发性脂肪酸生成量相应增加,乙丙比下降。当油菜秆∶玉米∶豆粕为40∶30∶30时,培养液pH,氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度和乙丙比均极显著下降(P<0.01);48 h产气量、潜在产气量、产气速率、乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和有机物消化率(OMD)均极显著提高(P<0.01)。以48 h产气量、NH₃-N、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和OMD的组合效应值以及综合组合效应值(AEs)为衡量指标,油菜秆∶玉米∶豆粕为55∶30∶15组合的正组合效应最大(P<0.01)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,油菜秆∶玉米∶豆粕为55∶30∶15组合的能氮比例较为合理,瘤胃发酵效率最高,为最优组合,可提高油菜杆的利用效率。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.