果园采摘机械的现状及发展趋势

介绍了果实机械化采摘的意义和机械采摘的主要方式;阐述了国内外果园机械式采摘和机器人采摘的发展历程、研究现状;同时,描述了部分采摘机械及其工作原理,指出了制约我国果园采摘机械发展的因素,最后分析了果园采摘机械的发展趋势.     

果园采摘平台研究现状及发展趋势

我国是水果生产和消耗大国,随着农业现代化进程不断推进,传统老龄化果园正在向现代化矮砧密植果园转型,为果园现代化和机械化发展提供了重要的环境支持。本文首先对我国果园采摘发展现状进行了概述,分析我国果园采摘环节现状及面临的问题;通过对国内外采摘平台的采摘方式和行走类型进行分类,详细介绍国内外果园采摘平台的发展状况,并具体分析不同结构采摘平台的典型机型和基本特点。同时,剖析了当前采摘平台存在的问题及制约采摘机械化发展的主要因素;最后,提出了果园采摘平台的未来发展趋势及发展对策,为我国果园采摘环节机械化水平提高提供思路。果园机械化的推进将有助于提高果园生产效率和质量,为我国果园产业的可持续发展注入新的活力。     

果园采摘机械手研究现状综述

果园采摘机械化是实现解放劳动力,提高作业效率的有效手段。为此,阐明了水果采摘机械的意义,介绍了国内外机械手采摘的发展现状,总结分析了机械手的分类方法。同时,对比不同类型机械手优缺点,对果园采摘机械手的发展进行展望。     

重庆市果园采摘机械化发展现状及展望

为提高重庆市水果采摘机械化水平,本文对重庆市果园采摘机械现状进行了梳理研究,针对重庆市果园采摘机械发展的制约因素,提出合理的建议和策略。实践证明,大力发展果园采摘机械不仅能够提高重庆市水果采摘机械化水平,带动果园采摘机械及相关产业的发展,而且对于重庆市乡村振兴战略目标的全面实现也具有重要意义,同时对我国其他丘陵山区果园采摘机械的发展也有参考和借鉴意义。     

果园生草管理与机械化技术运用

在现代化果园管理技术中，果园生草技术具有防止水土流失、改善果园生态环境等功能。简要介绍果园生草技术国内外研究现状、优势和技术要点，分析果园生草机械化管理技术和主要设备，指出存在的问题，并提出发展建议。      

菠萝采摘机械手结构设计

利用机器人技术实现果实精准化、智能化收获是现代果业生产技术的发展方向之一。提出了一种由夹持机构、剪切机构和支撑机构组成的菠萝采摘机械手。介绍了各主要部件的结构特点和设计参数，利用SolidWorks软件建立了采摘机械手的虚拟样机，并进行了田间试验。项目研究成果可为中国现代果园全程机械化研究提供技术参考。      

丘陵山区果园机械化技术与装备研究进展

中国果园种植面积大，主要集中在丘陵山区，受地形条件和种植模式影响，丘陵果园机械化程度普遍偏低，随着产业结构的调整，果园机械化的发展程度将直接影响其经济效益。本文分析了中国果园分布情况与丘陵果园种植特点，概述了丘陵果园的机械化发展程度，并分析了制约其发展的原因，阐述了机械动力底盘、多功能作业平台、果树修剪机械、植保机械以及采摘收获机械等果园主要装备和技术的研究现状和进展，并对部分果园机械的生产与推广应用情况进行调研分析。在此基础上指出丘陵果园机械化发展面临的问题，认为缺乏对复杂环境的适应能力是制约丘陵果园机械化发展的关键，对果园改建和机械装备研究等提出了发展建议。     

果园管理机械发展现状与趋势分析

本文介绍了国内外果园管理机械的发展现状,阐述了果园管理机械化的优势与应用效益,分析了果园管理机械的发展趋势,最后指出我国对小型多功能果园管理机械的需求。     

浅谈采摘机器人在农业中的应用

采摘机器人技术处于农业机械化研究的前沿领域,一些发达国家已取得了较大的成果。文中对国外采摘机器人的研究现状进行了综述,列举了国内采摘机器人的研究进展,并分析了国内外采摘机器人的发展趋势。     

烟台市果园生产机械化发展分析

描述烟台市果园及其机械化发展现状,并查找现阶段果园机械化的不足,通过分析与对比国内外果园机械化发展状况,结合烟台市实际,探析烟台市果园机械化发展的方向与发展的对策。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.