抓好野生动物疫源疫病的防控——维护公众身体健康

青格达湖自然保护区在加强日常野生动物疫源疫病监测的基础上,在野生动物疫源疫病防控方面积极联合各个相关部门,建立一套较完整的以鸟类禽流感为主的疫病监测办法,制定符合保护区实际具备针对性强、可操作性强、较为科学的防控机制。     

野生动物疫源疫病监测防控工作现状及对策

在全面推进生态文明建设的大环境下,野生动物疫源疫病监测防控工作面临着新的机遇和挑战.本文分析了当前监测防控工作所面临总体形势,探讨了野生动物疫源疫病监测防控工作的现状,阐述了提高野生动物疫源疫病监测防控工作的具体措施.     

做好野生动物疫源疫病监测 保障人民群众健康

继新冠肺炎之后,H5N1禽流感疫情的发生,使着更多的民众开始关注“野生动物的疫病监测”工作。近期,农业部、林草局、市场监管总局更是联合发文,禁止野生动物的贩运买卖,做好各地繁育野育动物的隔离监测。文章以“做好野生动物疫源疫病监测”为题,在介绍野生动物疫源疫病监测重要作用的基础上,就做好野生动物疫源疫病监测的措施和建议,自增强疫病监测防控意识,营造配合疫病监测的社会氛围;配置高效、智能化的监测设备,提升动物监测的工作质量;健全完善野生动物疫源疫病监测机制,进一步强化动物疫病监测的作用和质量;成立专门的疫病监测工作小组,组织好疫病疫源的联防联治等做要点阐述,以供同仁参考和借鉴。     

卧龙自然保护区野生动物疫源疫病监测机制探讨

生态环境的恶化可导致病原体变异加快,致病力增强。近年来埃博拉出血热、尼帕病等野生动物源性新发传染病不断出现,严重威胁着人类健康和国家公共卫生及生态安全。开展野生动物疫源疫病监测就是要将人兽共患病防控的关口前移至野生动物,建立起一道前哨屏障,阻断和控制疫情向人类传播蔓延。同时,野生动物疫源疫病监测工作也是《野生动物保护法》、《重大动物疫情应急条例》、《陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控管理办法》等法律法规赋予自然     

湖北首次开展野生鸟类疫源疫病检测试验

为加强野生动物疫源疫病的监测防控工作,变被动监测为主动检测,最近,湖北省野生动物疫源疫病监测中心与华中农业大学动物科技学院合作,首次开展了湖北野生鸟类携带病原微生物情况的采样检测试验。     

非洲猪瘟研究新进展

非洲猪瘟是一种严重的"世界经济"动物疫病,也是世界动物卫生组织(OIE)法定报告动物疫病。本文介绍了非洲猪瘟病毒的病原学分类、形态结构及特性,阐述了该病毒可通过直接接触、间接接触和媒介蜱进行传播,分析了非洲猪瘟的实验室诊断和区域化管理方法,并提出了搭建整体性防控体系、加强野生动物研究、加强疫苗研发等建议,以期为我国非洲猪瘟防控提供借鉴。     

欧盟蓝舌病区域化管理与实践

欧盟从2000年开始对蓝舌病实施区域化管理,通过采取不断加强法规建设、强化限制区内外蓝舌病的监控和监测、虫媒控制、动物及动物产品的移运限制、疫情通报和流行病学信息收集等防控策略和措施,较为有效地预防控制了欧盟境内蓝舌病疫情。本文通过解读欧盟蓝舌病防控策略和相关法规,介绍了欧盟对蓝舌病区域化建设的经验和做法,可为我国蓝舌病无规定动物疫病区建设提供借鉴。     

青海建立野生动物疫病疫源监测防控体系

近几年来,青海省持续加大对野生鸟类高致病性禽流感等野生动物疫病疫源的防控力度,建立健全野生动物疫病疫源监测、预警机制,以确保社会公共卫生安全,强化野生动物资源保护。目前,覆盖全省的野生动物重点聚集分布区域疫病疫源监测防控体系已经初步形成。     

青海建立野生动物疫病疫源监测防控体系

近几年来,青海省持续加大对野生鸟类高致病性禽流感等野生动物疫病疫源的防控力度,建立健全野生动物疫病疫源监测、预警机制,以确保社会公共卫生安全,强化野生动物资源保护。目前,覆盖全省的野生动物重点聚集分布区域疫病疫源监测防控体系已经初步形成。     

牛羊流行病防控引起国际重视

正为了加强牛羊病监测、诊断等技术性工作,提高牛羊病防控能力和水平,切实加深对牛羊疫病和人畜共患病防控工作重要性的认识,着力研究牛羊疫病和人畜共患病发生、流行和防治的基本规律,8月22日,中国牧工商(集团)总公司在北京发起并举办了"牛羊流行病防控技术国际研讨会"。     

Yersinia pestis: examining wildlife plague surveillance in China and the USA

Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis Lehmann and Neumann, 1896. Although it is essentially a disease of rodents, plague can also be transmitted to people. Historically, plague has caused massive morbidity and mortality events in human populations, and has recently been classified as a reemerging disease in many parts of the world. This public health threat has led many countries to set up wild and domestic animal surveillance programs in an attempt to monitor plague activity that could potentially spill over into human populations. Both China and the USA have plague surveillance programs in place, but the disease dynamics differ in each country. We present data on plague seroprevalence in wildlife and review different approaches for plague surveillance in the 2 countries. The need to better comprehend plague dynamics, combined with the fact that there are still several thousand human plague cases per year, make well-designed wildlife surveillance programs a critical part of both understanding plague risks to humans and preventing disease outbreaks in the future.     

The Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre and surveillance of wild animal diseases in Canada.

The Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre (CCWHC) was established in 1992 as an organization among Canada's 4 veterinary colleges, with a mandate to apply veterinary medicine to wildlife management and conservation in Canada. A major function of the CCWHC is nation-wide surveillance of wild animal diseases. Disease surveillance is conceived as consisting of 4 different activities: detection, diagnosis, information management, and use of information. In the CCWHC surveillance program, detection of disease is carried out by a wide range of professional and avocational field personnel, and much effort is expended to stimulate and support this activity. Diagnosis is done by personnel of provincial and federal veterinary laboratories and the CCWHC. Information management is achieved through a national database of wildlife disease incidents developed and maintained by the CCWHC. Use of information is enabled through established channels for distribution of information derived from the surveillance program to persons responsible for wildlife programs and policies, and to the public. There has been a high demand for the services of the CCWHC since its establishment. The CCWHC responds to approximately 2000 requests for information annually, distributes its newsletter to over 1700 recipients, examines approximately 1200 wild animal submissions each year, and has accumulated records of over 5000 disease incidents in its database. Technical information from the CCWHC has benefited federal, provincial/territorial, and nongovernment wildlife agencies; endangered species recovery programs; federal and provincial veterinary services; and federal and provincial public health programs.     

陆生野生动物栖息地分类体系研究

在分析研究国际野生动物栖息地分类体系,归纳总结我国野生动物栖息地分类方法基础上,结合我国实际情况及适应野生动物栖息地保护管理及科学研究需求,提出了陆生野生动物栖息地分类体系。该系统分为三级,包括一级12个栖息地类,二级66个栖息地型,三级218个基本类型。构建野生动物栖息地分类体系,能够更好地从多层次、空间立体格局上实施野生动物及栖息地保护、恢复和改善野生动物生存环境,维系野生动物种群健康发展。该体系建立与实施对国家生态安全维护,实现全国野生动物保护多层次化和多元化具有重要意义。     

Zoological medicine and public health

Public-health issues regarding zoological collections and free-ranging wildlife have historically been linked to the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases and accidents relating to bites or injection of venom or toxins by venomous animals. It is only recently that major consideration has been given worldwide to the role of the veterinary profession in contributing to investigating zoonotic diseases in free-ranging wildlife and integrating the concept of public health into the management activities of game preserves and wildlife parks. At the veterinary undergraduate level, courses in basic epidemiology, which should include outbreak investigation and disease surveillance, but also in population medicine, in infectious and parasitic diseases (especially new and emerging or re-emerging zoonoses), and in ecology should be part of the core curriculum. Foreign diseases, especially dealing with zoonotic diseases that are major threats because of possible agro-terrorism or spread of zoonoses, need to be taught in veterinary college curricula. Furthermore, knowledge of the principles of ecology and ecosystems should be acquired either during pre-veterinary studies or, at least, at the beginning of the veterinary curriculum. At the post-graduate level, master's degrees in preventive veterinary medicine, ecology and environmental health, or public health with an emphasis on infectious diseases should be offered to veterinarians seeking job opportunities in public health and wildlife management.     

市级动物疫病防控信息化管理系统功能设计

我国动物疫病流行日趋复杂,而传统防控工作方式效率亟待提高。信息化能有效提高动物疫病防控管理工作效率,有利于对动物疫情的快速预警、反应、控制和溯源。本文介绍市级动物疫病防控信息化管理系统的功能设计,重点分析基础信息数据库、物资管理系统、动物疫病监测、疫情预警、疫情调查处置等功能模块,形成市级动物疫病防控大数据和网络化管理平台,实现动物防疫场点、人员、疫苗、物资和工作抽查等网络化管理,为动物疫病防控行政决策提供技术支持,切实提高基层防疫工作效率。     

在“同一个健康”框架下,加强兽医与人医合作,有效监测和应对人畜共患病和新发传染病

新发传染病主要是人畜共患病,是世界经济和公共健康的沉重负担。这就要求加强检测、鉴别和监视传染病的能力方面投入。高致病禽流感H5N1、新甲型流感("猪流感")H1N1、非典型性肺炎、西尼罗河病毒、地方流行性狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病以及发展中国家暴发的其它人畜共患病及近期猪抗甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,是人类、动物及其环境相互作用的典型范例。面临中国动物和人类常见的新发传染病坚持"同一个健康"战略,这就要求业已存在的兽医和人医及公共卫生机构的通力合作。人的疾病控制系统与动物疾病控制系统虽然都已经建立,但人畜共患病的暴发表明兽医机构和人医机构密切合作的重要性。在保证环境健康的同时,通过动物疾病和人类疾病监测系统的密切合作,中国就一定能够控制人畜共患病。以这种方式进行疾病预防、监测与应对,各层面及各动物生产部门间有效的兽医推广是加强和保持健康生态环境中人和动物健康的有效办法。中国还需大量努力才能达到从制度上保证预防和消灭疾病。透明而准确的人与动物疾病监督通常会产生经济且可持续的预防疾病方法。加拿大在兽医、公共健康、食品安全和人畜共患病预防方面所发挥的作用就是与中国农业部合作,促进必要的、可持续的兽医监督网络的建设。     

Evanescent-wave biosensor for field serodiagnosis of tortoise mycoplasmosis

Disease has become an increasingly important issue for wildlife management over the past two decades. Adequate surveillance is fundamental for disease prevention and control, thus there is an increasing need for diagnostic assays for wildlife management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a field-portable biosensor adapted for rapid detection of specific antibodies in tortoise plasma that reflect a history of exposure to Mycoplasma agassizii, which is an agent of tortoise upper respiratory tract disease. Banked plasma samples were tested in two blinded trials, and the parameters that define the reliability of a diagnostic test were estimated based on externally validated tortoise plasma controls. The mean sensitivity of the biosensor (ability to identify exposed tortoises in the group of all exposed individuals) was 78%; the mean specificity (unexposed individuals with negative test result, out of all unexposed individuals tested) was 73%; the mean positive predictive value (exposed individuals with positive test, out of all individuals with positive test) was 82%; the mean negative predictive value (unexposed individuals with negative test, out of all individuals with negative test) was 68%. In a 15-min field-portable format, the biosensor was able to discriminate between true seropositive (n=34) and true seronegative (n=23) tortoise plasma with overall accuracy of 84%. The goals established for the tortoise population can help managers decide whether potential diagnostic errors should impact management decision-making, and whether the benefits of the field-portable format of the biosensor assay outweigh any potential disadvantages.     

宁夏奶业发展面临的挑战及发展趋势

宁夏是全国十大牧区之一,具有发展农区畜牧业和草原畜牧业的双重优势。奶业发展前景广阔,但也存在着优质奶源不足等制约优势奶产业升级的因素。本文阐述通过切实加强对奶产业的领导;采取有力措施,加快奶源基地建设;抓好良种繁育、饲草料供应、技术服务、奶业管理和鲜奶质量检测、疫病防治五大体系建设;优化企业布局,调整产品结构,提高技术水平,培植壮大龙头企业;加强乳品行业宏观调控;加快乳制品产品的结构调整,走技术创新之路;加快现有乳品企业的整合;建立宁夏奶业信息中心等行之有效的措施,推进宁夏优势特色奶业战略性飞跃发展。     

Opportunities and obstacles to collecting wildlife disease data for public health purposes: results of a pilot study on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Existing sources of wildlife morbidity and mortality data were evaluated and 3 pilot active surveillance projects were undertaken to compare and contrast methods for collecting wildlife disease data on Vancouver Island for public health purposes. Few organizations could collect samples for diagnostic evaluation, fewer still maintained records, and none regularly characterized or reported wildlife disease for public health purposes. Wildlife rehabilitation centers encountered the greatest variety of wildlife from the largest geographic area and frequently received submissions from other organizations. Obstacles to participation included the following: permit restrictions; financial disincentives; staff safety; no mandate to collect relevant data; and lack of contact between wildlife and public health agencies. Despite these obstacles, modest investments in personnel allowed novel pathogens of public health concern to be tracked. Targeted surveillance for known pathogens in specific host species, rather than general surveys for unspecified pathogens, was judged to be a more effective and efficient way to provide useful public health data.     

犬恶丝虫病的诊断和防治研究进展

犬恶丝虫病作为一种重要的人兽共患病,对伴侣动物、野生动物危害严重。作者综述了近年来在犬恶丝虫病的诊断和防治上取得的系列成果;并指出了该病今后诊断的发展方向和防治重点。