绣线菊蚜—广州地区柑桔蚜虫优势种

长期以来,桔蚜被认为是我国南方桔区柑桔蚜虫的优势种。本文通过比较分析,认为绣线菊蚜发生时期长,种群数量大,世代数多,对柑桔新梢的危害性大,是广州地区柑桔蚜虫的优势种,桔蚜的重要性次之。这一论点的明确对柑桔害虫的综合治理具有指导意义。     

5种药剂防治柑橘蚜虫田间药效试验

为害柑橘的蚜虫主要有橘蚜、橘二叉蚜、桃蚜等,以成虫和若虫群集在嫩叶背面和嫩梢上吮吸汁液,蚜虫也为害嫩芽和花蕾等。被害的新梢,嫩叶卷曲、皱缩,节间缩短,不能正常生长,严重时引起落果及大量新梢无法抽出,影响产量。通过5种药剂对柑橘蚜虫进行药剂试验,筛选出防治柑橘蚜虫较好的药剂,为柑橘生产服务。     

5%吡虫啉·丁硫克百威乳油对柑橘蚜虫的防治效果

<正>蚜虫是为害柑橘新梢的主要害虫,主要种类有橘蚜、橘二叉蚜、桃蚜和棉蚜等。成虫和若虫群集在柑橘的芽、嫩梢、嫩叶、花蕾和幼果上吸食汁液为害,造成叶片卷曲,新梢枯死,落花落果。为了控制柑橘蚜虫的为害,笔者引进了青岛海纳     

保山市越冬蚜虫的种群消长及蚜茧蜂越冬性评价

蚜茧蜂是蚜虫重要的寄生性天敌。为明确保山市越冬蚜虫的种群消长及蚜茧蜂的越冬情况,调查了该地2015年1—3月及12月越冬蚜虫的发生及蚜茧蜂寄生僵蚜的情况。结果表明,1—3月保山市越冬蚜虫指数呈增长趋势。其中,保山市隆阳区和施甸县的越冬蚜虫种群发生量较大,蚜情指数介于5%~30%之间。2015年12月中、下旬,隆阳蚕豆、龙陵青菜、腾冲油菜、施甸油菜和昌宁油菜上越冬蚜虫的无翅蚜虫口密度分别为317.39、268.80、84.80、79.98和9.10头/株,隆阳区显著高于其他县;龙陵县青菜上的有翅蚜种群数量显著多于其他4个区(县),其虫口密度为20.70头/株;施甸县油菜上的越冬蚜虫被蚜茧蜂寄生的虫口密度为8.68头/株,显著高于其他区(县),其次为龙陵县和隆阳区,其越冬蚜虫被蚜茧蜂寄生的僵蚜数量分别为2.60头/株和1.30头/株,二者差异显著。腾冲市和昌宁县的越冬蚜虫被蚜茧蜂寄生僵蚜数量最低,但该地有蚜茧蜂成蜂活动。说明保山市冬季适合蚜茧蜂生存,可用于防治蚜虫。     

柑桔秋梢潜叶蛾和蚜虫的防治

柑桔秋梢潜叶蛾和蚜虫的防治莫禹诗（广东省农科院植保所，５１０６４０）柑桔夏秋季新梢常被柑桔潜叶蛾和蚜虫严重为害，潜叶蛾为害造成的伤口易引起溃疡病的发生，蚜虫排出的蜜露会导致烟霉病，这对柑桔产量和质量影响极大。现将两大害虫防治方法述后。柑桔潜叶蛾在浙江...     

桃树蚜虫的危害及防治

危害桃树的蚜虫主要有桃蚜、桃粉蚜、桃瘤蚜３种 ,均属同翅目 ,蚜科。这３种蚜虫除主要危害桃树外 ,还危害杏、李、樱桃等多种核果类果树。桃蚜又是传播病毒的重要害虫。这３种蚜虫寄主广泛 ,夏秋寄主有大豆、烟草、瓜类、白菜等多种作物。冬季较温暖 ,若早春雨水适宜 ,将为蚜虫大发生提供了条件。一、危害症状桃树蚜虫一年发生多代 ,且主要危害幼嫩部位。集中在嫩梢和叶片上吮吸汁液 ,被害桃叶叶绿素含量低 ,苍白卷缩 ,不能展叶 ,光合作用下降 ,最后脱落 ,影响桃果产量及花芽形成 ,严重削弱树势。二、防治的最佳时期由于蚜虫危害造成卷叶 ,…     

0.36%苦参碱AS防治菜蚜初步试验

菜蚜是为害蔬菜蚜虫的统称.而为害十字花科蔬菜的蚜虫有多种,在我国主要有3种:萝卜蚜(菜缢管蚜)、甘蓝蚜和桃蚜.3种蚜虫均属同翅目,蚜科.寄主包括十字花科多种蔬菜,如白菜、油菜、萝卜、芥菜、甘蓝等,其中萝卜蚜偏嗜白菜、萝卜等叶上有毛的种类,还可为害莴苣、生菜等.该虫主要在蔬菜叶背或留种菜的嫩梢、嫩叶上为害,造成蔬菜节间变短、弯曲,植株矮小,幼叶畸形向下卷缩,影响包心或结球,产量损失较大.     

有机桃园天敌与蚜虫的互作关系及生态调控措施

蚜虫是有机桃园早期的主要害虫类群,为研究蚜虫与天敌的互作关系及生态调控措施,在基地内设计了地表种植大蒜+覆盖地膜、种植100%紫花苜蓿和70%紫花苜蓿+30%夏至草3种生态调控模式,调查昆虫群落的变化,分析蚜虫的主要天敌及生态调控措施的效果。结果表明,桃蚜、桃粉蚜和桃瘤蚜的主要天敌分别为龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽和七星瓢虫。蚜虫数量与益害比呈显著负相关关系。与对照处理相比,种植100%紫花苜蓿处理小区和种植70%紫花苜蓿+30%夏至草处理小区,益害比和天敌群落均匀度指数均显著升高,蚜虫总体数量显著降低。果园种植100%紫花苜蓿可以有效降低桃蚜数量;种植70%紫花苜蓿+30%夏至草可以有效降低桃蚜、桃粉蚜、桃瘤蚜3种蚜虫的种群数量。     

杭州郊区菜蚜寄生蜂初步调查

1985～1986年,在杭州东郊系统调查了13块地5种十字花科蔬菜上蚜虫的寄生性天敌和被寄生率。共发现原寄生蜂两种,即菜小脉蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂,前者寄生于桃蚜和萝卜蚜,后者仅寄生于桃蚜,寄生率大多在0～3％,很少超过10％,在蚜虫数量上升阶段寄生率一般呈下降趋势,只有在蚜虫数量迅速下降阶段才明显上升,故蚜虫数量变化受寄生蜂影响不大。共发现重寄生蜂5种,重寄生率平均约为50％,高时接近100％。表明重寄生蜂在一定程度上影响了蚜茧蜂对蚜虫的控制效能。     

蚕豆蚜日龄、翅型和寄生对其共生菌胞变化的影响

初生内共生菌与宿主蚜虫的营养代谢密切相关.本文观察了蚕豆蚜Aphis fabae不同翅型的共生菌胞随宿主蚜虫生长发育的变化规律,以及饥饿和混合柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus confusus寄生对共生菌胞的影响.菌胞数量和体积随发育进程和翅型的变化而呈现有规律的变化:随若蚜发育而逐渐增大,然后随胎生蚜产生而逐渐减少;无翅蚜的菌胞数量和体积均显著大于有翅蚜.随饥饿时间的延长,菌胞数量和体积迅速直线下降,而重新取食后又可迅速恢复.蚕豆蚜被混合柄瘤蚜茧蜂寄生后的第3d,菌胞数量显著多于未寄生蚜虫,此后则明显少于未寄生蚜虫,从第4d的119个·头-1降至第6d的46个·头-1.研究结果说明,蚜虫共生菌胞的变化与宿主蚜虫翅型、发育、外源营养以及蚜茧蜂寄生等密切关联.     

基于EPG分析无翅型和有翅型柑橘蚜虫的取食行为

为明确无翅型、有翅型柑橘蚜虫取食行为的差异,采用EPG技术对褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy)和棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover的有翅型、无翅型成蚜在柑橘苗上的取食行为进行测定。结果表明,褐色橘蚜无翅型和有翅型的EPG均记录到7种取食波形,依次为非刺探波np、路径波A、B和C、电位下降波pd、韧皮部取食波E1和E2;棉蚜无翅型和有翅型的EPG记录到9种取食波形,除上述7种外,还包括木质部主动吸食波G和口针阻碍波F。褐色橘蚜有翅型和无翅型的np波持续时间为25.73 min和8.39 min,二者间差异显著;棉蚜有翅型的np波持续时间、刺探次数、C波次数分别为27.34 min、19.16次、20.21次,显著高于无翅型,而刺探总持续时间为332.66 min,显著低于无翅型。棉蚜的C波次数及总持续时间、刺探次数、pd波次数及总持续时间均显著高于褐色橘蚜,而E2波总持续时间及平均持续时间均显著小于褐色橘蚜。表明棉蚜无翅型比有翅型在柑橘上更容易取食,影响有翅型蚜虫取食的抗性因子可能位于柑橘表面;褐色橘蚜比棉蚜对柑橘的适应性更强。     

江西柑桔竞争力及扩大出口对策的分析

江西是我国柑桔的重要主产区,其气候土壤适宜各类柑桔的生长。江西柑桔在国内外具备较强的竞争力,主要表现在其种植历史悠久,品质优良,生产成本相对偏低。本文重点分析了江西柑桔出口现状及存在的突出问题,指出必须强化出口柑桔质量安全管理,逐步实施有害生物区域化管理,建立和完善技术性贸易壁垒预警机制,实施绿色品牌战略,以此来提高江西柑桔的市场竞争力,实现江西柑桔扩大出口。     

Citrus fruit flies of Sichuan Province (China)

The fruit fly pests on Sichuan citrus include Tetradacus citri and T. tsuneonis (Diptera: Trypetidae), regarded as distinct species in China. Special attention has been paid to the former, which is a quarantine pest in China. It is distributed in 18 counties of Sichuan Province and has caused serious losses in citrus orchards. Its hosts are all the citrus fruits, especially orange and pomelo. T. tsuneonis is distributed in only two counties and attacks only tangerine, but it is a potential hazard to all citrus crops in the province. Both species have only one generation per year. The pupae overwinter in soil. Emergence of T. citri begins at the end of April. Before oviposition the adults need supplementary nutrients. Twenty days after emergence, copulation begins and 15 days later the adult begins ovipositing (peak period mid-June to early July). The peak period for hatching is in early September. After three instars, the larva becomes mature in mid-October. The peak period of pupation is from the end of October to mid-November. Emergence of T. tsuneonis is about 15 days later than T. citri. The larvae bore the flesh of citrus fruits, causing great loss to citrus growers every year. Surveys are regularly conducted to check the distribution of the pests in Sichuan Province. Quarantine regulations enacted in 1982 and 1984 regulate the movements of articles that could spread the pests, with specified safeguards. Before female oviposition, spraying with trichlorfon in sugar solution gives satisfactory results in controlling citrus flies in orchards.     

温州蜜柑萎缩病的分布鉴定

1985-1991年,从9个省(自治区、市)采集84个由日本引进的特早、早、中和晚熟的温州蜜柑品系、杂柑以及脐橙类品种样品,采用草本指示植物白芝麻、黑眼豇豆和美丽菜豆以及用ELISA法对各样品感染温州蜜柑萎缩病毒(SDV)情况进行鉴定。结果表明80年代初四川奉节和浙江黄岩分别从日本引进的特早熟宫本温州蜜柑感染该病,而其余样品均不带SDV。不少特早熟温州蜜柑品系感染有柑桔碎叶病毒(CTLV),尤以从浙江黄岩采集的为甚。1991年秋梢嫩梢期从国家果树种质重庆柑桔圃采集除温州蜜柑以外的各地主栽品种25个进行ELISA法测定,结果表明均未带SDV。     

Molecular characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoma tracheiphila</Emphasis>, causal agent of Mal secco disease of citrus,in Israel

Mal secco disease of citrus caused by Phoma tracheiphila is a devastating disease in the Mediterranean basin. Susceptible citrus species include lemon, citron, lime and others. Trees attacked by the fungus show characteristic symptoms; the smallest twigs die first, followed by the larger branches. Eventually, the whole tree is killed. The symptoms are clear in the orchards but by the time they are visible the disease is already well established. The need for a sensitive, reliable and rapid diagnostic method for the early identification of the fungus in trees and fruit exists. We have developed a PCR-based method for the identification of P. tracheiphila from plant tissues including fruit. Any such method must take into account the genetic variability in the pathogen population. Molecular methods were used to compare different isolates of P. tracheiphila. This study found no significant differences between different isolates from different citrus species from different parts of Israel.     

柑桔根线虫病研究

 本文报道柑桔根线虫病(Tylenchulus semipenptrans Cobb.)在四川发生情况、发生规律、品种抗病性、药剂防治等方面研究结果。明确该病在四川柑桔产区发生普遍,发病率达94.7%,其中重病园约占15%;柑桔根线虫幼虫在须根中的数量以盛夏最少,冬、春最多,而雌成虫对须根的寄生量,周年基本均匀;据对7个柑桔品种抗病性测定,明确枳(Poncirus trifoliata)最抗病,枳橙(P.trifoliata×Cilrus sinensis)次之,其余均为感病;药剂防治试验证明,铁灭克(Temik)、克线丹(Rugby)、克线磷(Nemacur)、益舒宝(Mocap)等杀线剂对该病均有良好的防治效果。     

三种果园中实蝇粘虫板对橘小实蝇及天敌的诱杀作用

为减少实蝇粘虫板对天敌的诱杀作用,完善实蝇粘虫板在果园的使用方法,于2018年和2019年分别在湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所橘园、桃园、梨园悬挂实蝇粘虫板,调查其诱杀的橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌数量。结果表明,橘园、梨园和桃园共诱杀到15个种、4个科和9个类群,包括靶标害虫橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌。3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的昆虫种、科或类群数量有差异,其中梨园中诱杀的昆虫总数最多,为13 653头,其次是桃园,橘园中诱杀的昆虫总数最少。在橘园、梨园和桃园中,橘小实蝇的相对丰富度分别为5.90%、23.45%和21.73%,最早出现时间均为6月;在橘园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期在8月下旬至10月上旬,下半年天敌诱杀量高峰期略滞后于橘小实蝇的诱杀量高峰期,在梨园和桃园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期主要集中在7月中下旬至10月中旬,橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期与天敌诱杀量高峰期无明显相关性;3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的主要天敌有瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、寄生蜂,桃园和梨园中诱杀的草蛉较多,橘园中诱杀的瓢虫和寄生蜂较多。应用实蝇粘虫板防控橘小实蝇时,梨园和桃园应从6月上旬开始悬挂,橘园应从8月上旬开始悬挂,先少量悬挂,根据诱杀橘小实蝇数量,再逐渐增加粘虫板。     

Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in mediterranean countries

Six mealybug species have been reported as citrus pests in the Mediterranean Basin: the citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri (Risso), the citriculus mealybugPseudococcus cryptus Hempel, the longtailed mealybugPseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti), the citrophilus mealybugPseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), the obscure mealybugPseudococcus viburni (Signoret) and the spherical mealybugNipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). Some of these species,e.g. N. viridis, have recently been introduced into the region and are still spreading. Mealybugs are usually occasional or minor pests of citrus, but some species can reach key pest status. Mealybug management strategies in citrus have been based mostly on classical biological control and, to a lesser extent, on augmentative releases. However, chemical control is widely used, mainly because of the poor adaptation of the principal natural enemies to the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean. The application of pheromones is still restricted to monitoring the citrus mealybug, whose sex pheromone is commercially available. Mass trapping and mating disruption should be considered for possible use in IPM programs as an alternative method to supplementary chemical treatments. Enhancement of biological control through management of ant populations is another promising tactic for control of mealybugs. Strategies for managing mealybug pests of citrus, and possible levels of integration of different tactics according to the pest status, are discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 3, 2004.     

保护地桃蚜种群时空动态与防治对策

连续两年调查北京地区保护地蟠桃和油桃桃蚜［Myzus persicae (Sulzer)］春季种群动态,结果表明：（1）保护地桃蚜源于上一年保护地内的越冬种群;（2）种群时间动态可分为发展、剧增、大发生和衰退4个阶段;（3）种群空间动态呈现出由保护地南侧向北侧、从树冠上层往中下层逐渐转移的发生趋势;（4）桃蚜发生量在保护地南侧多于北侧,树冠上层多于下层;（5）有翅蚜在种群剧增和衰退阶段大量出现。据此建议：（1）夏、冬季节不宜套种十字花科蔬菜等寄主植物;（2）冬季剪枝、清园,降低越冬蚜虫数量,在向阳处设置草垛诱集和保护越冬天敌,提高保护地内越冬天敌数量;（3）3月重点防治保护地南侧和树冠上层等温度回升快的方位;（4）5月下旬有翅蚜大量出现后,种群将迅速衰退,无需化学防治;（5）研究有翅蚜在防治中的指示作用。