楸树造林密度及其效应的研究

楸树造林密度７年试验总结。在７种造林密度中，树高最高（平均５．１３ｍ）的密度为２１ｍ×１ｍ、３ｍ宽窄行，最低（平均４．４０ｍ）的密度为２ｍ×２ｍ，相差１６．６％；最大胸径（平均７．４ｃｍ）和最大单株立木材积（平均０．００８６６ｍ￣３）的密度为３ｍ×４ｍ，最小胸径（平均５．７ｃｍ）和最小单株立木材积（平均０．００４７１ｍ￣３）的密度为２ｍ×２ｍ，胸径相差２９．８％，材积相差８４．９％；密度居中的２ｍ×１ｍ、６ｍ宽窄行及３ｍ×３ｍ，对光照的利用较佳，冠下平均光照强度０．８０—０．９５万勒克司，冠下、株间、行间光照平均透过率分别为１２．４—１４．４％、１６．０—２１．２％、５０．８—５９．１％；２ｍ×１ｍ、６ｍ宽窄行的光台强度较２ｍ×２ｍ增加２０．１％；密度愈小，郁闭愈晚，径阶偏向大径阶分布，密度愈大，郁闭愈早，径阶偏向小径阶分布，并需较早的间伐。     

樟子松苗移植密度试验

樟子松１年生苗采用２０×２０ｃｍ、２０×１０ｃｍ、２０×７５ｃｍ、２０×５０ｃｍ、２０×４０ｃｍ、２０×３３ｃｍ６种移植密度试验结果表明，苗木高生长差异不明显，地径差异达到了１％的显著水平。苗木径高比、单株生物量随着移植密度的减小而增大。一级苗百分率随密度的增大而减小，经济效益随密度的增大而上升，最大密度与最小密度的单位产值相差４倍以上。从综合质量指标和经济效益两方面考虑，以２０×４０ｃｍ和２０×５０ｃｍ两种移植密度最佳。     

雷林1号桉在贫瘠丘陵地造林密度的研究

雷林１号桉在贫瘠丘陵地４种造林密度的林分，经６年的试验结果表明：雷林１号桉林木的生长、产量与造林密度存在着密切相关，其中林木胸径、单株产量及保存率与造林密度呈负相关，单位面积生物量、蓄积量与密度呈正相关，４种密度中０．５ｍ×１．０ｍ密度的林分单位面积生物量最大（８８．３２ｔ／ｈｍ２绝干重，下同），为其他密度林分的２．４倍～５．７倍，适于经营短轮伐期薪材林；１．０ｍ×２．０ｍ的造林密度的小径木占３０％，中径木占６４％，适于经营短轮伐期薪、材两用林；１．５×３．０ｍ密度的中、大径木占８４．５％，适于用材林；２．０ｍ×４．０ｍ密度林木稀疏、产量低，作为经营短轮伐期不宜采用。     

雷林1号桉生长表现,产量与密度的关系

为研究雷林１号桉作为短轮伐期人工林经营的适宜密度，１９８４伐期人工林经营的适宜密度，１９８４年在海南省东部滨海丘陵台地区采用１．０ｍ×１．０ｍ、１．０ｍ×１．５ｍ、１．０ｍ×２．０ｍ和１．５ｍ×１．５ｍ等４种密度进行试验研究。经９年观测，结果表明：前两种密度经营适于短轮伐期薪材林，首采年龄为４－５年；若经营短轮伐期用材林，宜采用１．５ｍ×１．５ｍ或１．０ｍ×２．０ｍ的密度，植后８年左右采收。雷林１     

重瓣大岩桐快速繁殖试验

对重瓣大岩桐快速繁殖研究的结果表明：试管苗微繁基本培养基为含较高质量浓度矿质营养成分的ＭＳ；增殖所需植物生长调节剂组合为ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｍ（ＢＡ）：ｍ（ＮＡＡ）＝１０：１。高生长所需植物生长调节剂组合为ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｍ（ＢＡ）：ｍ（ＮＡＡ）＝５：１，添加果汁发现最佳增殖培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋草莓汁２０ｍＬ／Ｌ，     

种植密度对尾叶桉和刚果12号桉生长及产量的影响

对尾叶桉和刚果１２号按开展了四种不同密度的造林试验，５年观测结果表明：两树种不同密度林分林木生长和产量均有显著差异。密度越大，林分产量越高，但单株产量越低。研究结果证明：０．５ｍ×ｌ０ｍ株行距适用于超短轮伐期薪材林经营，轮伐期以２年为宜；１．０ｍ×２．０ｍ株行距适用于经营短轮伐期速生丰产薪树林，轮伐期为４年；１５ｍ×３．ｍ株行距可用于速生高产短轮伐期用材林的经营；２．０ｍ×４．０ｍ株行距适于林下间种作物之用。     

枣尺蠖核多角体病毒活性及林间防治试验

本文报道了枣尺蠖（ Ｃｈｉｈｕｏ ｚａｏ Ｙａｎｇ） 核多角体病毒（ＣｚＮＰＶ） 活性的生物测定结果及在山西太谷枣树林间防治枣尺蠖的试验效果。以不同浓度该病毒悬液浸渍鲜枣树叶,饲喂感染３ 龄初枣尺蠖幼虫,病毒浓度对数值与死亡机率的回归直线方程为＾ｙ ＝ ０ ．２３１ ＋ ０ ．８５９ ｘ ;ＬＣ５０ 及９５ ％ 的置信限分别为３－６５ ×１０５ 及４－０４ ×１０４ ～３－１３ ×１０６ＰＩＢｓ／ｍ Ｌ。以２－５ ×１０５ 、１－２５ ×１０６ 、２－５ ×１０６ 、１－２５ ×１０７ 和２－５ ×１０７ＰＩＢｓ／ｍ Ｌ５ 种浓度病毒感染３ 龄初幼虫,其ＬＴ５０ 值分别为１０－０１ 、９－５７、９－０８ 、７－９４ 和７－４９ ｄ 。同一浓度病毒（２－５ ×１０６ ＰＩＢｓ／ｍＬ） 对不同虫龄感染力不同。幼虫死亡率随虫龄增大而降低,从２ 龄的９６－７ ％ 降低到４ 龄的３０－０ ％ ;ＬＴ５０ 值随着虫龄增大而增大,从２ 龄的５－９７ ｄ 增加到４ 龄的１２－５７ ｄ 。在山西太谷枣林枣尺蠖幼虫２ 龄、３ 龄占８５ ％ 时喷洒浓度为２－５ ×１０７ＰＩＢｓ／ ｍＬ 的病毒悬液,虫口减退率高,成本较低,可在生产上推广应用     

莱芜红香椿栽培技术与栽培模式研究

通过试验观测,莱芜红香椿在秋末冬初,挖１ｍ ×０．８ｍ 宽深的栽植沟栽植,密度１ｍ ×１．５ｍ 或１ｍ ×（１＋ ２）ｍ 的株行距,栽时每株树施ＴＣ０．１ｋｇ,栽后埋土防寒,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ 和有机肥配合使用,并适当进行叶面追肥,各侧枝３０ｃｍ 摘心,并应用抽技宝点取芽体,在嫩芽长到１０ｃｍ ～２０ｃｍ 左右采收,可显著提高其产量和质量。在山区与黄花菜或金银花等矮杆作物进行立体种植,其经济效益显著。     

不同初植密度尾叶桉生长量及经济效益分析

在雷州半岛的唐家林场设立了尾叶桉５种初植密度：①１ｍ×３ｍ（３３３３株／ｈｍ２）;②１ｍ×４．５ｍ（２２２２株／ｈｍ２）;③２ｍ×３ｍ（１６６７株／ｈｍ２）;④１．５ｍ×４．５ｍ（１４８１株／ｈｍ２）;⑤３ｍ×３ｍ（１１１１株／ｈｍ２）的试验,分别于２年生、３年生和４年生时进行了调查和经济分析。结果表明：⑴尾叶桉初植密度在１１１１～３３３３株／ｈｍ２范围内,林龄４年内,单位面积产量基本上是随着密度的增大而增大,但平均胸径与树高均随着密度的增加而减小。⑵密度３３３３株／ｈｍ２由于株数多,产量最高,利润也最高。⑶从第３年开始,密度１６６７株／ｈｍ２的材积年生长量增幅最大。⑷５种密度的胸径生长的高峰值都出现在前２年;第３年的生长量几乎减少２／３,造林密度越大,减少量越多;至第４年各种密度的年生长量几乎相近。树高生长的高峰值也都出现在前２年,第３年的生长量减少２／３,第４年又减半,至各种密度的树高年生长量几乎相近。除３３３３株／ｈｍ２的材积生长高峰值出现在第２年之外,其它密度的材积峰值都出现在第３年,第４年开始明显减慢。     

合果芋试管微繁殖技术的研究

对合果芋试管微繁殖技术研究结果表明：合果芋试管微繁殖需较高质量浓度的矿质营养。对试管芽苗增殖和生长最有效的植物生长调节剂为ＢＡ和ＮＡＡ〈增殖最佳配方为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＡ；ＮＡＡ为７．５：１；高生长最佳配方为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ）．１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＡ：ＮＡＡ为５．１；培养最知温度为２８℃左右，光照度１５００ｌｘ，每日光照１５ｈ；在１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍ     

不同栽植密度下欧美杨叶片耐荫性与生物累积量的关系

为阐明不同栽植密度下欧美杨无性系树冠叶片耐荫性与生物累积量的关系,选择高密度(2 m×3 m)和低密度(2 m×5 m)栽植的不同亲本的5个欧美杨无性系为研究对象,测量了生物量、树冠结构、叶面积指数及光合参数。结果表明:(1)不同无性系对栽植密度有不同的反应;(2)具有较高生物量的欧美杨无性系树冠叶片在高、低栽植密度下均表现出较强的耐荫性特征;(3)树冠耐荫性在不同密度中表现出差异性,在低密度栽植中,树冠上层耐荫性与生物量和叶面积指数关系密切;在高密度栽植中,树冠上、下层叶片耐荫性与生物量和叶面积指数关系密切;(4)树冠耐荫性特征受亲本和环境的共同影响,由低密度到高密度,具有较高生物量的03-04-97、03-04-111、03-04-171树冠中下层叶片光补偿点和暗呼吸速率大幅度降低。该研究结果可为选择适合高密度栽植的欧美杨无性系提供数据和理论支持。     

Effects of thinning on plant species diversity and composition of understory herbs in a larch plantation

The effects of thinning on plant species diversity and composition of understory herbs in a larch plantation were investigated. The relationships between plant species diversity and composition of understory herbs and light conditions were established. Twenty-five 1 m × 1 m plots and fifteen 13 m × 1 m transects were set up in unthinned and thinned stands, respectively. All the transects in the thinned stands were set across the thinned rows and unthinned rows, and each of them was divided into nine 1 m × 1 m sub-plots. The herb diversity and light conditions were observed in each plot and sub-plot. The results show that there was a significant difference in herb diversity between the thinned and unthinned stands. All biodiversity indices except for evenness index in the thinned stand were higher than those of the unthinned stand, i.e., the herb diversity increased after thinning. According to the changes in herb densities and whether one species could be found in a stand or not before and after thinning, all herb species were classed into three types: positive, neutral and negative species, which referred to a species newly appeared and having an obviously increased density after thinning, with no obvious changes in its appearance and density after thinning, and disappeared and having an obviously decreased density after thinning, respectively. Many new species were found in the thinned stand like Corydalis pallida, Prenanthes tatarinowii, Vicia unijuga and Sonchus brachyotus etc. However, most species found in both the thinned and unthinned stands were negative species. In all nine subplots, only 11 and 10 species were found in spring and in autumn respectively, accounting for 17.74% and 15.15% of all the species in the thinned stand, respectively. All biodiversity indices were the highest in the center sub-plots and most of them tended to reduce from middle to side sub-plots. There was a close correlation between most of the three types of species and light conditions which was similar to each other in the thinned and unthinned stands. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2006, 25(10): 1201–1207 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

Comparison of diameter-distribution-prediction,stand-table-projection,and individual-tree-growth modeling approaches for young red alder plantations

A red alder planting spacing study was used to compare three modeling approaches that have been successfully used for other tree species. These three approaches predict stand structure and dynamics in plantations that are 7 to 16 years old, with planting densities of 976 to 13 899 trees/ha. The diameter-distribution-prediction approach tended to over-predict the diameter at breast height (dbh) for larger trees in stands planted at low density and to under-predict dbh for smaller trees in stands planted at high density. This approach may be useful for comparing planting densities when a tree list is not available. The stand-table-projection approach tended to under-predict dbh for smaller trees in young stands planted at low density and to over-predict dbh for smaller trees in young stands planted at high density. This approach, however, provided consistency between stand- and tree-level growth projections, and should be useful for comparing planting densities when a tree list is available. The individual-tree-growth approach provided the best representations of observed diameter distributions at all planting densities, stand ages, and growth intervals. This approach may be best suited for stands that have been thinned, stands with mixtures of species, and stands with heterogeneous size classes.     

广西凭祥西南桦中幼林林木生长过程与造林密度的关系

造林密度决定着林分后期密度大小,是影响人工林生长的重要因素之一,与林木生长过程密切相关,决定着林分的健康状况及生产力,是林分合理结构的数量基础[1].造林密度过高将过早加剧林分内部竞争,增加林木死亡率,减少生长量[2-5],因此,确定合理的造林密度是人工林营造的关键技术环节,揭示造林密度与林木生长过程的关系,将有助于制定合理的人工林经营制度.     

Impact of the bambooPhyllostachys bambusoides on the light environment and plant communities on riverbanks

The bambooPhyllostachys bambusoides has been widely planted on riverbanks in Japan to protect against erosion. Recently, unmanagedP. bambusoides stands with high culm density are spreading along the banks of rivers. In order to study the impact of the bamboo stands on riparian ecosystems, the relations between bamboo stand structure, light conditions and plant communities under the canopy were examined. The study sites were set in bamboo stands with various culm densities in the middle of the Yahagi River in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture. There was a close relationship between canopy coverage and relative photon flux density (RPFD) in the bamboo stands. RPFD showed a highly negative relationship with total culm density, whereas no significant relation was observed between the basal area of bamboo and RPFD. The total number of plant species in the bamboo stands increased with decreasing culm density. Only a small number of tree saplings were observed in the stands with the highest culm densities, while several species of forest floor herbs were found in the stands with lower culm densities. A number of invasive and annual plants colonized the thinned stand. We suggest that moderate thinning and clearing of dead culms are needed to maintain biological diversity in the bamboo stands on riverbanks.     

造林密度对米老排人工林初期生长的影响

[目的]探讨不同造林密度对米老排人工林生长的影响规律,为米老排人工林定向培育过程中的密度控制提供参考。[方法]以广东省云浮市造林后6年生米老排人工林为研究对象,对不同造林密度(625、833、1 111、1 667、2 500株·hm~(-2))林分平均树高、优势木高、胸径、保留率和枝下高等生长指标进行连续4年调查。[结果]表明:随着造林密度的增大,米老排林分平均胸径、胸径连年生长量、保留率、单株材积和材积连年生长量均显著减小,而枝下高、林分蓄积量和蓄积连年生长量显著增加。在一定密度范围内,造林密度对林分高生长的影响比较小。造林后第6年,密度1 667株·hm~(-2)林分的平均树高最大(11.4 m),优势木高以密度1 111株·hm~(-2)林分的最大(13.3m),树高连年生长量以密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的最大(1.5 m·a~(-1));密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的平均胸径、胸径连年生长量、单株材积和材积连年生长量均最大,分别为14.3 cm、2.5 cm·a~(-1)、0.097 3 m~3和0.038 2 m~3·a~(-1),比密度2 500株·hm~(-2)林分的分别增加27.7%、81.0%、49.0%和82.4%;密度2 500株·hm~(-2)林分的枝下高、蓄积量和蓄积连年生长量均最大,分别为6.0 m、149.4 m~3·hm~(-2)和44.8 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),分别是密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的2.61、2.52、1.95倍。[结论]分析了造林密度对米老排初期生长的影响,对米老排人工林的培育具有理论指导意义。     

广东郁南尾巨桉人工林密度效应

采用随机区组试验设计在广东省郁南县西江林场设置了4种株行距(1.7 m×4 m,2.0 m×4 m,2.5 m×4 m,3.0 m×4 m)试验,分析不同造林密度(1470、1250、1000、833株 ·hm-2)对0.8~7.8 a生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)人工林保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和林分蓄积量的影响.结果表明:不同造林密度对林分的保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和蓄积量均有显著的影响;除0.8 a生的林分保存率外,其它年龄的林分保存率均随着造林密度的增加而降低,1470株 ·hm-2与其它3种密度间的林分保存率存在显著差异;造林密度对林分平均高有一定的影响,但差异较小;随着造林密度的增加,林分平均胸径和单株材积逐步递减,1470、1250株 ·hm-2与其它两种密度间的平均胸径和单株材积在2.8~7.8 a生时均存在显著差异;在7.8 a生时,以1250株 ·hm-2为造林密度的林分蓄积量最大,达195.0 m3·hm-2,分别比造林密度为1470、1000、833株 ·hm-2的林分高16.28%、5.86%和14.37%.以获得较高的林分蓄积量为目标,初步推荐1000~1250株 ·hm-2的造林密度.     

林分密度对桉树幼龄能源林的影响

对0.5年生3种不同密度配置的幼龄尾巨桉优良无性系DH32-29各器官生物量、热值以及灰分进行了调查和测定,结果表明:所选3种密度间树高差异显著,基径差异达到极显著水平,随着密度的增加,树枝、叶片、树干的生物量分别呈现减少趋势,密度与树枝和树干生物量的相关性达到了0.01极显著水平;单株生物量随密度的增大而减小,林分生物量则相反;单株热值无显著差异,仅单株平均灰分含量高密度与中密度存在显著差异。综合分析,高密度0.25 m×2 m林分生物量最大,其灰分含量比低密度的林分低,适合作为能源林培育密度。     

A stand dynamic model for red pine plantations with different initial densities

A stand dynamic model was developed to predict the growth response in even-aged forest plantations of different initial planting densities. The model is based on the integration of three subcomponents: height growth, self-thinning, and diameter increment. The integrated model uses the height of dominant trees to simulate stand response to site quality and internal growth potential. An extended self-thinning submodel is used to simulate mortality in stands due to crowding and inter-tree competition. A diameter increment submodel is used to link the height growth and self-thinning submodels. The height growth submodel is based on an application of the “Pipe Model” theory. The three-parameter self-thinning submodel is developed from an extended self-thinning law that captures self-thinning in stands before they attain full stocking. The diameter increment model is based on the assumption that diameter increment is related to height growth and available growing space described by stand density. The integrated model is applied to data collected from a 45-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation subsectioned with different initial planting densities. For the data used, only two parameters were required to capture 99% of measured variation in height growth. Additional data from sites with different planting intensities are required to formulate a more generalized height growth model. The slope of the linear self-thinning limit for red pine is approximately −1.5. Model predictions are consistent with field measurements.     

Self-thinning in prince Rupprecht's larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) stands

Prince Rupprecht's larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) stands growing at three different densities were investigated to determine characteristics of self-thinning. Tree density decreased with increasing stand age, and the higher density stand had higher mortality than the lower one. Mean stem volume increased with increasing stand age, and the higher density stand had higher relative growth rate of mean stem volume than the lower one. Mean stem volume (ν) increased with decreasing tree density (ρ), resulting in self-thinning line being expressed as ln ν=lnK-α ln ρ, whereK and α are coefficients. The slope of self-thinning line, —α, over the whole study period for all sites was similar with a mean value of —2.13. The ν-ρ trajectories before reaching the self-thinning slope of—3/2 could be described by Tadaki's model. The phase self-thinning line tended to decrease toward a slope of—3/2 with increasing stand age, which trends agreed with those of the published data of aPinus strobus stand andP. densiflora stands.