梭梭与白梭梭气体交换特征对比分析

梭梭[WTBX](Haloxylon ammodendron)与白梭梭(H.persicum)[WTBZ]是古尔班通古特沙漠植物群落2个最主要的建群种。通过对梭梭与白梭梭光合特性及相关环境因子的同期观测,探讨其光合响应特征及其与环境因子关系的异同。结果表明：梭梭对弱光的利用能力大于白梭梭,而白梭梭利用强光的能力大于梭梭。梭梭和白梭梭净光合速率[WTBX](Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化特征均为“单峰”型,但Pn、Gs峰值出现时间略有差异,Tr的峰值出现时间为16:00。根据梭梭和白梭梭Pn、胞间[WTBZ]CO2浓度[WTBX](Ci)及气孔限制值(Ls)的变化方向,推测梭梭光合“午休”主要由气孔因素引起。白梭梭日平均Pn、Tr和WUE（水分利用效率）均高于梭梭,说明白梭梭是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用效率的物种。相关分析表明,对梭梭、白梭梭的Pn影响最显著的环境因子是光量子通量密度(PPFD)。     

保水剂对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发及幼苗根系的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究保水剂对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发和幼苗根系形态的影响。结果表明：0.05%浓度的保水剂对梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发有明显的促进作用,发芽率较对照分别提高了18.7%和24.0%;0.05%浓度的保水剂能够抑制梭梭幼苗根系的垂直生长,有效促进侧根数量的增加和根系生物量的积累;0.1%浓度保水剂处理下,白梭梭的主根长度、侧根数量、根系生物量均达到最大;保水剂浓度达到0.2%时,梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发和幼苗根系的生长均受到抑制,表明梭梭幼苗生长最适宜的保水剂浓度为0.05%,白梭梭的浓度以0.05%～0.1%为宜。     

两种梭梭出苗对生境土壤基质互换与沙埋深度的响应

以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）两种植物为研究对象,采用生境土壤基质互换种植和盆栽控制沙埋深度方法,对其萌发出苗和幼苗建成进行对比研究。结果表明：丘间低地土壤pH、电导率和养分含量均显著高于沙丘顶部,其中电导率（可溶盐含量）相差达5倍;土壤含水量差别不...     

白梭梭幼苗生长和生物量分配对不同盐分类型和浓度的响应

采用盆栽实验,设置3种盐分类型（NaCl,Na₂SO₄以及两者等摩尔比例混合盐）和6个浓度梯度〔0（CK）,50,100,200,300,500 mmol/L）〕,探讨了白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. et Buhse）幼苗生长以及不同生长期地上地下生物量分配,对不同盐分类型及浓度的响应。结果发现：① 不同盐分类型和浓度处理下,白梭梭幼苗同化枝直径和分叉数具有明显差异,幼苗株高、基径和同化枝枝长随盐分浓度增大而减小,适度盐分浓度（300 mmol/L）促进主根生长,高盐分浓度（500 mmol/L）则具有显著抑制作用。② 随处理时间和盐分浓度的增加,白梭梭幼苗生物量积累受到的抑制不断增大,与对照相比,处理后期（第75 d）500 mmol/L浓度的NaCl,Na₂SO₄和混合盐处理下,白梭梭幼苗总生物量分别降低77%,87%和78%,地上生物量分别降低78%,87%和74%,地下生物量分别降低75%,81%和76%。③ 随时间的延长,白梭梭幼苗根冠比在各盐分处理下均呈增大趋势,但随盐浓度增加,根冠比变化趋势随盐分类型和处理时间的不同而有所区别。④ 白梭梭幼苗地上-地下生物量存在明显异速生长关系,且盐分处理未显著改变异速生长指数,均表现为地下生物量累积速率大于地上生物量。研究结果表明,在盐分胁迫下,白梭梭幼苗地上地下生物量分配对Na₂SO₄作出的响应要先于NaCl和混合盐,随处理时间的延长,对3种盐分类型作出的响应趋于一致,即将更多的生物量分配给地下根系,以缓解盐分过多造成的水分短缺等影响,维持植物的存活,符合最优分配理论。     

梭梭保护酶活性与土壤微生物量的关系

以准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为研究对象,研究其 CAT,POD 和 SOD 活性变化,分析梭梭生境土壤含水量及土壤微生物多样性变化.结果表明:土壤含水量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐减少;在天然样地、交错带样地、人工样地中,交错带样地细菌和放线菌含量最高,说明该区域内土壤微生物活跃.从人工梭梭到交错带梭梭再到天然梭梭,POD 活性没有显著变化,CAT 和 SOD 活性逐渐降低,说明人工种植的梭梭需要经过一段时间适应该区域干旱环境,并逐渐转化为天然梭梭.通过研究发现,人工种植梭梭对梭梭群落恢复和发展有着积极作用.     

大兴安岭南段白桦林降雨再分配特征研究

利用2013年度赛罕乌拉地区白桦林64场有效降雨及林内再分配的野外观测数据,探讨了该地区白桦林降雨再分配特征。结果表明:白桦林的穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期林外降雨量的76.0%,2.3%,21.7%。穿透降雨量及树干茎流量与林外降雨量均呈明显的线性相关(R2=0.8800),而林冠截留量与林外降雨量呈指数函数关系(R2=0.8303)。实验证明当林外降雨量大于0.3mm时,可发生穿透降雨;林外降雨量大于0.51mm时,可发生树干茎流。林冠层叶面积指数(LAI值)及独特的立地条件、生长特征对降雨再分配起着重要的影响。     

准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭树干液流规律比较

采用SF-300热脉冲树干液流仪,分析比较了准噶尔盆地南缘人工种植和原生条件下,梭梭树干液流及其土壤水分的变化,建立了人工种植梭梭树干液流速率与气象因子的最优回归方程。结果表明：人工种植梭梭日累积液流量过程线呈近似 “S”型,与土壤含水率具有极显著的相关性;液流速率日变化多呈双峰型,昼夜变化明显,对气温的时滞约1 h;原生梭梭耗水特征相对稳定,日累积液流量过程线近似直线型,与土壤含水率无相关性,液流速率日变化多呈多峰型,无明显日过程。观测期人工梭梭单位面积液流通量平均为0.240 L/(cm².d),是原生梭梭的1.5倍;降雨后人工和原生梭梭液流速率峰值分别比降雨前提前3 h和30 min。     

太空诱变梭梭光合特性的研究

为了探讨太空诱变对梭梭光合特性的影响,采用Li-6400便携式光合仪对太空诱变梭梭与对照梭梭的光响应曲线、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理特性进行测定和对比分析。结果表明:太空诱变梭梭与对照相比,光饱和点提高93.75μmol/(m2.s),在光饱和点的光合速率增加了3.11μmol CO2/(m2.s);太空诱变梭梭的蒸腾速率高,这可能与空间诱变梭梭具有较高的光合速率和较大的气孔导度有关;太空诱变提高了梭梭的水分利用率。     

阜康北部梭梭荒漠早春物种多样性研究

通过对梭梭荒漠2种植物群落早春的物种组成、垂直结构及物种多样性的对比研究发现:梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落和白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)群落具有结构简单、群落优势度高、均匀度和物种多样性较低、旱生性植物占绝对优势及短生植物成为群落重要组成部分等特征。同时,二者存在以下差异:①物种多样性差异, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数梭梭群落(0.74,0.08和0.81)均高于白梭梭群落(0.61, 0.06和0.77);②主要伴生种不同,前者以草本植物为主要伴生种,后者以灌木为主要伴生种;③短生物种丰富度差异分别占前者的64.7%(11种)及后者的60%(15种)。2种梭梭群落的特点与差异可能与古尔班通古特沙漠南缘早春适宜的水热配置、群落生境的沙土含水量、沙面稳定程度及物种本身的生物学特性等因素有关。     

NaCl对囊果碱蓬、梭梭和白梭梭种子及初期幼苗的影响

种子萌发和幼苗阶段是干旱区植物群落建成的关键。试验表明,在700 mmoL/L NaCl处理时,与盐生植物梭梭和囊果碱蓬相比,旱生植物白梭梭种子胚中的K~+含量比对照显著降低。700 mmol/LNaCl处理5 d后,白梭梭、梭梭和囊果碱蓬胚中K~+/Na~+分别是对照的33%,27%和74%。高盐处理显著降低3种植物尤其是白梭梭初期幼苗体内K~+含量以及K~+/Na~+。低盐处理下,囊果碱蓬初期幼苗的生长速率明显高于白梭梭和梭梭;高盐处理对3种植物初期幼苗的生长都具有明显的抑制作用。     

Characteristics of Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides stemflow and their significance in soil moisture enhancement in Loess Plateau, China

Stemflow of xerophytic shrubs represents a significant component of water replenishment to the soil-root system and influences water utilization of plant roots at the stand scale,especially in water-scarce semi-arid ecosystems.The stemflow of two semi-arid shrubs(Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides)and its effect on soil moisture enhancement were evaluated during the growing season of 2011 in the semi-arid loess region of China.The results indicated that stemflow averaged 12.3%and 8.4%of the bulk precipitation for C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides,respectively.Individual stemflow increased in a linear function with increasing rainfall depth.The relationship between funneling ratios and rainfall suggested that there existed a rainfall depth threshold of 11 mm for both C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides.Averaged funneling ratios were 156.6±57.1 and49.5±30.8 for C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides,respectively,indicating that the canopy architecture of the two shrubs was an effective funnel to channel stemflow to the root area,and C.korshinskii showed a greater potential to use stemflow water in the semi-arid conditions.For individual rainfall events,the wetting front depths were approximately 2 times deeper in the rooting zone around the stems than in the bare area outside canopy for both C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides.Correspondingly,soil water content was also significantly higher in the root area around the shrub stem than in the area outside the shrub canopy.This confirms that shrub stemflow conserved in the deep soil layers may be an available moisture source for plant growth under semi-arid conditions.     

Canopy interception loss in a Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest of Northeast China

Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the main species to be afforested in deserts of China. But little work has been carried out on the canopy interception loss of this plant species. For researching the canopy interception loss of a natural P. sylvestris forest, we observed the gross precipitation, gross snowfall, throughfall and stemflow in a sample plot at the Forest Ecosystem Research Station of Mohe in the Great Khingan Mountains of Northeast China from July 2012 to September 2013. Considering the spatial variability of the throughfall, we increased the area rather than the number of collector and randomly relocated them once a week. The results demonstrated that the throughfall, stemflow, and derived estimates of rainfall and snowfall interception loss during the main rainy and snowy seasons were 77.12%±5.70%, 0.80%, 22.08%±5.51% and 21.39%±1.21% of the incident rainfall or snowfall, respectively. The stemflow didn't occur unless the accumulated rainfall reached up to 4.8 mm. And when the gross precipitation became rich enough, the stemflow increased with increasing tree diameters. Our analysis revealed that throughfall was not observed when rainfall was no more than 0.99 mm, indicating that the canopy storage capacity at saturation was 0.99 mm for P. sylvestris forest.     

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices(i.e., mulching mode treatments: flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments: low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm~2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm~2) on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield(as well as it components) and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density(67,500 plants/hm~2) under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.     

Changes in rainfall partitioning caused by the replacement of native dry forests of Lithraea molleoides by exotic plantations of Pinus elliottii in the dry Chaco mountain forests,central Argentina

The replacement of native dry forests by commercial (exotic) tree plantations could generate changes in rainfall partitioning, which further affects the water cycle. In this study, we determined (i) the rainfall partitioning into interception, throughfall and stemflow, (ii) the role of rainfall event size on rainfall partitioning, (iii) the pH of water channelized as throughfall and stemflow, and (iv) the runoff in Lithraea molleoides (a native species) and Pinus elliottii (an exotic species) stands in the dry Chaco mountain forests, central Argentina. On average, interception, throughfall and stemflow accounted for 19.3%, 79.5% and 1.2% of the gross rainfall in L. molleoides stand, and 32.6%, 66.7% and 0.7% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand, respectively. Amounts of interception, throughfall and stemflow presented positive linear relationships with the increment of rainfall event size for both tree species (P<0.01 in all cases). Percentages of interception, throughfall and stemflow were all related to the increment of rainfall event size, showing different patterns. With increasing rainfall event size, interception exponentially decreased, throughfall asymptotically increased and stemflow linearly increased. Both P. elliottii and L. molleoides stands presented significant differences in the pH values of water channelized as throughfall (6.3 vs. 6.7, respectively; P<0.01) and stemflow (4.5 vs. 5.8, respectively; P<0.01). Runoff occupied only 0.3% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand and was zero in L. molleoides stand. Our results showed that the native species L. molleoides presented 13.6% more water reaching the topsoil (i.e., net rainfall; net rainfall=gross rainfall-interception-runoff) than the exotic species P. elliottii. This study improves our understanding of the effects of native vegetation replacement on the local water balance in the dry forest ecosystems.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部梭梭鼠害特征及防治生态阈值研究

鼠类的"有害"或"无害"与其生境密切相关,文中以位于古尔班通古特沙漠南部的梭梭鼠害防治示范区和非示范区为调查样地,对比分析了两种生境中梭梭林的鼠害特征,进而探讨了沙漠区梭梭鼠害防治的生态阈值。研究发现:(1)古尔班通古特沙漠南部梭梭鼠害整体较轻。由鼠类引起的梭梭死亡率,非示范区平均为4.29%,示范区平均为2.12%。(2)梭梭的生长状况是吸引鼠类前来取食的因素。梭梭的基径、高度、冠幅与其冠下有效鼠洞数和鼠洞总数都成极显著的线性正相关关系,其生长状况的差异性决定了鼠类危害的程度。(3)鼠类对梭梭基部的取食较轻,而对梭梭各级侧枝的取食不仅具有选择性,还受生境和自身种群数量的影响。梭梭基部的轻度危害比率大于中度危害和重度危害比率,而梭梭侧枝、一级侧枝、二级侧枝的危害程度与鼠洞总数呈显著相关关系,有效鼠洞数只与梭梭二级侧枝的危害程度呈显著相关关系。(4)单株梭梭整株危害程度与其冠下鼠洞总数呈指数函数关系,当鼠洞总数>5个/株时,梭梭整株危害程度开始加剧,故该研究认为梭梭鼠害防治的生态阈值为鼠洞总数为5个/株。     

Effects of the growing-maize canopy and irrigation characteristics on the ability to funnel sprinkler water

Stemflow is vital for supplying water, fertilizer, and other crop essentials during sprinkler irrigation. Exploring the spatial and temporal variations of crop stemflow and its influencing factors will be essential to preventing soil water and nutrient ion's migration to deeper layers, developing, and optimizing effective sprinkler irrigation schedules. Based on the two-year experimental data, we analyzed the variation patterns (stemflow amount, depth, rate, and funneling ratio) of maize stemflow during the growing season, and clarified its vertical distribution pattern. Meanwhile, effects of sprinkler irrigation and maize morphological parameters on stemflow were investigated. The results showed that stemflow increased gradually as maize plant grew. Specifically, stemflow was small at the pre-jointing stage and reached the maximum at the late filling stage. The upper canopy generated more stemflow than the lower canopy until the flare opening stage. After the tasseling stage, the middle canopy generated more stemflow than the other positions. Variation in canopy closure at different positions was the main factor contributing to the above difference. As sprinkler intensity increased, stemflow also increased. However, the effect of droplet size on stemflow was inconsistent. Specifically, when sprinkler intensity was less than or equal to 10 mm/h, stemflow was generated with increasing droplet size. In contrast, if sprinkler intensity was greater than or equal to 20 mm/h, stemflow tended to decreased with increasing droplet size. Compared with other morphological parameters, canopy closure significantly affected the generation of stemflow. Funneling ratio was not significantly affected by plant morphology. Based on the results of different sprinkler intensities, we developed stemflow depth versus canopy closure and stemflow rate versus canopy closure power function regression models with a high predictive accuracy. The research findings will contribute to the understanding of the processes of stemflow involving the hydro-geochemical cycle of agro-ecosystems and the implementation of cropland management practices.     

Effects of exotic and endogenous shrubs on understory vegetation and soil nutrients in the south of Tunisia

This study was conducted in southern Tunisia in the growing seasons of 2013 and 2014, and aimed to compare the effects of exotic and endogenous shrub species(Haloxylon persicum and Retama raetam, respectively) on understory vegetation and soil nutrients. For each shrub species, the canopied sub-habitat(under the shrub crown) and un-canopied sub-habitat(in open grassland area) were distinguished. The concentrations of soil nutrients(organic matter, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus) were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05) under R. raetam canopy than under H. persicum canopy and in open area. The result also showed that the presence of shrubs improved all the values of understory vegetation parameters(floristic composition, density, total plant cover and dry matter) and all these values were significantly higher under endogenous species canopy than under exotic species canopy. These results highlighted the positive effect of endogenous shrubs on understory vegetation and soil nutrients compared to the exotic ones in the Saharan areas of Tunisia.     

Snow resisting capacity of Caragana microphylla and Achnatherum splendens in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China

Snow resisting capacity of vegetation is important for secondary distribution of water resources in seasonal snow areas of grassland because it affects the regeneration,growth and nutrient circulation of vegetation in grassland.This study investigated vegetation characteristics(canopy height,canopy length and crown width)of Caragana microphylla Lam.(shrub)and Achnatherum splendens(Trin.)Nevski.(herb),and snow morphologies(snow depth,snow width and snow braid length)in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China in 2017.And the influence of vegetation characteristic on snow resisting capacity(the indices of bottom area of snow and snow volume reflect snow resisting capacity)was analyzed.The results showed that snow morphology depends on vegetation characteristics of shrub and herb.The canopy height was found to have the greatest influence on snow depth and the crown width had the greatest influence on snow width.The canopy length was found to have little influence on morphological parameters of snow.When the windward areas of C.microphylla and A.splendens were within the ranges of 0.0-0.5 m2 and 0.0-8.0 m2,respectively,the variation of snow cover was large;however,beyond these areas,the variation of snow cover became gradually stable.The potential area of snow retardation for a single plant was 1.5-2.5 m2 and the amount of snow resistance was 0.15-0.20 m3.The bottom area of snow and snow volume(i.e.,snow resisting capacity)of clumped C.microphylla and A.splendens was found to be 4 and 25 times that of individual plant,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis both for the estimation of snow cover and the establishment of a plant-based technical system for the control of windblown snow in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia.     

基于i-Tree Eco模型的城市林冠雨水截留和径流削减效益研究——以北京建筑大学西城校区为例

乔木冠层雨水截留作用对降雨产流和径流削减有显著影响,而国内相关的模型研究较少。在现有城市截留效益模型比较和植被实地调查的基础上,利用i-Tree Eco模型评估2014~2018年北京建筑大学西城校区内21种乔木冠层的雨水截留和径流削减效益,推导计算径流削减量的校准方法,并结合相关性分析和回归分析探究城市林冠截留影响因素的作用规律。结果表明:近5年校区内乔木的年均截留体积1365.38m³,平均年截留率10.6%,年均径流削减量266.83m³,校准后较原结果平均增加14.5%;叶面积与年截留体积呈显著线性正相关关系;降雨因素在月尺度下对截留作用及其径流削减能力的影响更显著,月截留量与月降雨天数呈线性正相关关系;径流削减量在降雨较小时对林下不透水面占比更敏感。研究可为国内相关模型评估和城市提升绿地雨水消纳能力等提供参考。