连翘秋季覆盖实生播种育苗试验研究

采用秋季播种育苗方法,用地膜覆盖与稻草、麦秸覆盖对比试验.结果表明地膜覆盖连翘生育苗效果好,覆膜的比稻草、麦秸覆膜的提前出苗18d,出苗率高出16％,苗木高度、地径、根长分别高出16.2cm、0.18cm、9.2cm,覆膜苗质量明显高于稻草、麦秸覆盖苗,增产效果明显.     

银杏秋季覆盖实生播种育苗研究

银杏在秋季采用稻草、麦秸和地膜覆盖实生播种育苗,出苗齐和苗木质量,都好于不覆盖（CK）裸地播种育苗。其中：地膜覆盖的出苗期都比CK提早17 d,出苗率、苗木高度、苗木粗度和苗木根系长度,分别比CK平均提高38.0%、8.2cm、0.25cm、和18.9cm,大幅度提高了出苗率,降低了育苗成本,建议在生产中推广该项技术。     

花椒地膜覆盖播种育苗试验研究

采用秋季播种育苗方法，用地膜覆盖与麦秸、稻草覆盖对比试验。结果表明地膜覆盖的花椒生态效益明显，覆膜的比未覆膜的出苗率高出19％，苗木地径、高度、根长分别高出0．28、20．7、12．3cm，增产效应也明显。     

山茱萸地膜覆盖播种育苗试验

采用秋季播种育苗方法,以地膜覆盖与未覆盖进行对比试验。结果表明：地膜覆盖的山茱萸增产效应明显,效果好,覆膜的比未覆膜的提前出苗18d,出苗率高出19％,苗木高度、地径、根长分别高出20．7cm、0．28cm、12．3cm,覆膜苗质量明显高于未覆膜苗,增产效果明显。     

国外松覆地膜与覆草育苗对比试验

根据本地自然条件的特点,为保证苗木发芽期间及整个育苗过程中水分平衡,提早出苗,培育优质壮苗,我们在南京林业大学实习林场进行了国外松地膜和稻草覆盖育苗的试验,取得了较好的效果。     

不同地表覆盖物对南方红豆杉大田播种育苗效果的影响

采用完全随机区组设计,对3种覆盖条件（切碎稻草、新鲜苔藓和地膜）下,南方红豆杉大田播种育苗苗木的种子出苗率、苗木保存率、苗高生长及地径生长的情况进行了研究.结果表明：3种不同覆盖条件对种子出苗率、苗木保存率、苗高和地径的影响从优到劣的顺序均为苔藓覆盖＞地膜覆盖＞稻草覆盖.不同圃地覆盖物对苗木的苗高生长产生了极显著的影响.新鲜苔藓覆盖下苗高生长最大,达到26.1 cm;而切碎稻草覆盖下苗高生长最小,为18.4 cm.不同圃地覆盖物对苗木的地径生长产生了显著的影响.新鲜苔藓覆盖下地径生长最大,达0.55 cm;而切碎稻草覆盖下地径生长最小,仅达0.43 cm.综合分析可知,新鲜苔藓是南方红豆杉大田播种育苗的首选覆盖物.     

机械粉碎处理对稻麦秸秆界面特征的影响

对比两种原料稻草和麦秸分别经机械粉碎前后其界面特征因子,包括表面形貌、表面化学官能团、表面自由基及表面自由能等的变化.研究结果表明:稻草比麦秸更易机械破碎,扫描电镜(SEM)观察显示两种原料本身均存在完整的表面形貌,而经过球磨机机械粉碎后碎料均出现了很明显的断裂、撕裂及起毛现象,且内部细胞结构明显暴露.稻草外表面纤维素和木质素的特征峰均较弱,尤其是3200cm-1处的羟基峰几乎没有;电子自旋共振波谱(ESR)分析表明,碎料的自由基峰强度明显高于其相应的秸秆,在温度为100～200℃的范围内,随着温度的升高,各表面自由基峰强度明显增加;表面自由能的研究结果则表明, 麦秸表面自由能要高于稻草,碎料的表面自由能要高于各自的秸秆;使用6%异氰酸酯作为胶黏剂生产的两种秸秆碎料板性能均达到国家标准GB 4897.3-2003要求,且麦秸碎料板的性能更佳.     

不同覆盖措施对油茶产量和果实经济性状的影响

为提高油茶产量和果实的经济性状,促进油茶经济林的健康发展,以5年生油茶经济林为试验对象,研究了不同覆盖措施(稻草秸秆、黑色地膜、油茶壳覆盖)对油茶产量和果实经济性状的影响。结果表明:覆盖措施能够促进油茶树体的生长发育,提高油茶单果质量、单株果实数量和产量,以黑色地膜覆盖处理效果最佳。与对照相比,单株产量增加了45.41%,种仁出油率增加了7.33%,鲜果出油率增加了16.38%,并显著降低了鲜籽含水量,促进了油茶树体的生长,增加了叶面积。因此,黑色地膜覆盖可作为油茶提质增产的有效抚育措施进行推广应用。     

杉木地膜覆盖育苗试验

为提高杉木播种育苗质量,我们于1984年在本县北湖乡西中村苗圃进行杉木地膜覆盖育苗试验。试验区加盖地膜,对照区用稻草覆盖,其他措施与常规育苗相同。试验用种子为余杭县长乐林场初级种子园提供的良种。经浸种催芽后拌钙镁磷肥于1984年3月11日条播,上覆黄心土,苗床宽1.05米、播     

稻草覆盖对毛竹笋用林增产效益的影响

采用稻草覆盖毛竹林地的方法,对桃江县林科所的毛竹林试验地进行稻草蓄水和保温试验以达到毛竹竹笋产量的增加,结果表明:在毛竹林土壤水分动态变化试验期内,稻草覆盖处理土壤的20～30 cm剖面的含水量较相应对照平均提高2.056 g;稻草覆盖的地表温度日变化趋势缓和,日最高最低温度差为7.9℃,而对照高达10℃;相同地径大小的竹笋,稻草覆盖处理的笋体质量较对照提高1.575%～69.348%,同时,毛竹总笋质量和笋体质量较对照平均增产34.974%、27.090%。可见,稻草覆盖是改善毛竹笋用林增产的一项有效措施。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。