青蒿散抗鸡球虫药效研究

为探讨青蒿散对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E.tenella）的防治效果,本试验选取90只健康黄羽肉鸡,分为6组,除空白对照组外,其余各组（感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组）试验鸡均经口感染6×10⁴个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,各试验组在接种前一天开始用药至试验结束。记录各组试验鸡的眼观病变、组织病理学检查、相对增重率、盲肠病变记分、血便记分、每克粪便中的卵囊数（OPG）、卵囊值及抗球虫指数（ACI）指标,评价青蒿散不同给药浓度的抗球虫效果。结果显示,空白对照组、感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组的抗球虫指数分别为200.00、72.23、157.19、82.89、125.32和137.06,与感染对照组相比,药物对照组和青蒿散各剂量组的眼观病变、组织病理学检查均有所缓解,青蒿散能减轻病鸡盲肠的肿胀和出血等症状,且病鸡精神状态较感染对照组好;与感染对照组相比,各给药组的平均增重均有所升高,盲肠病变、卵囊值及血便情况减少。综上所述,青蒿散能缓解柔嫩艾美耳球虫侵染鸡盲肠所致的病理症状和组织病变,减少粪便中卵囊的排出数量,有一定的抗球虫效果,且给药浓度越高抗球虫效果越好,具有剂量依赖性。     

绿源素与甜菜碱预防肉鸡球虫病的效果试验

为探讨绿源素与甜菜碱预防肉鸡球虫病的效果,试验选用4种常用的抗球虫药物及绿源素与甜菜碱组合进行对比试验。以抗球虫指数(ACI)、病变值、卵囊数及粪便记分为试验指标,进行综合评价。试验结果表明,绿源素单独使用平均抗球虫指数为149.06,盲肠病变值降低56.48%,盲肠卵囊数减少72.52%,平均粪便记分降低44.52%;绿源素与甜菜碱配合使用平均抗球虫指数为171.95,盲肠病变值降低76.85%,盲肠卵囊数减少75.26%,平均粪便记分降低74.93%。绿源素单独使用的抗球虫效果低于绿源素与甜菜碱配合使用的抗球虫效果,绿源素与甜菜碱配合使用的抗球虫效果达中等以上有效水平。     

三种鸡抗球虫药的效力比较试验

鸡球虫病是养禽业中常见的一种疾病,它对养鸡生产的危害十分严重,分布很广。在我国抗球虫药物的种类很多,但由于球虫耐药性的普遍存在,抗球虫应用效果不是很理想。试验通过挑选健康雏鸡随机分组,在人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫条件下,评估3种抗球虫药物(磺胺氯吡嗪钠、马杜拉霉素、盐酸氯丙嗪)的抗球虫效果,并对3种抗球虫药物进行比较,以抗球虫指数(ACI)作为药物治疗效果的综合评定指标,为规模化养鸡场提供试验依据,以适应生产实际需要。     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫裂殖子免疫原性的研究

本文评价了柔嫩艾美尔球虫第二代裂殖子的免疫原性。试验采用弗氏完全佐剂乳化的裂殖子抗原及从组织中分离得的活游离殖子，以不同剂量的不同时间接种健康小鸡，随后用同源球虫进行攻击。效果评价指标为：（１）比较各抗原组的鸡只死亡率及盲肠病变记分；（２）各抗原组鸡只的增重差异。结果表明，柔嫩艾美尔球虫第二代裂殖子抗原不能刺激鸡体产生保护性免疫力；具有活力的裂殖子接种于健康鸡盲肠能诱发部分免疫力，但较自然感染者为     

三种鸡抗球虫药的效力比较试验

鸡球虫病是养禽业中常见的一种疾病,它对养鸡生产的危害十分严重,分布很广。在我国虽然已使用抗球虫药物的种类很多,但由于球虫耐药性的普遍存在,抗球虫效果不是很理想。本试验通过挑选健康雏鸡随机分组,在人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫条件下,评估三种抗球虫药物（磺胺氯吡嗪钠、马杜拉霉素、盐酸氯丙嗪）的抗球虫效果,并对三种抗球虫药物进行比较,以抗球虫指数（ACI）作为药物治疗效果的综合评定指标,为规模化养鸡场提供实验依据,以适应生产实际需要。     

细胞培养技术在鸡球虫研究中的应用

球虫的细胞培养是球虫在体外合适的细胞体系中进行发育的过程,能让人们在"无控"和"透明"环境下研究抗球虫药物的作用机制和虫体发育机制等.目前,该技术已在球虫学研究中广泛应用,主要集中于细胞培养体系优化、抗球虫制剂的疗效、虫体入侵相关蛋白功能研究以及检测手段的优化等方面.论文从以上几个方面综述细胞培养技术在鸡球虫学研究中的...     

简便垫料法在生态鸡球虫病防治中的应用试验

为在成都平原探究简便有效的生态鸡球虫病防治中垫料管理的方法,就地取材采用饲料编织袋作为简便垫料,对疫苗免疫后的免疫效果进行了评价,同时用球虫疫苗替代抗球虫药对生态鸡养殖效果进行了对比试验。试验结果表明:简便垫料法能使球虫疫苗免疫成功,免疫效果好;球虫疫苗替代抗球虫药防治生态鸡球虫病成效非常明显,并且球虫疫苗免疫无药物残留,保障了食品安全和人体健康,社会效益极显著,建议在成都乃至四川盆地大力推广。     

兔肠道球虫病三重PCR方法的建立与应用

为建立一种能同时检测兔穿孔艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫的三重PCR方法，试验首先根据GenBank中的兔穿孔艾美耳球虫Eper基因、黄艾美耳球虫Efla基因、大型艾美耳球虫Eman基因序列设计3对特异性引物，通过优化PCR反应的退火温度和引物浓度，建立一种用于检测兔肠道球虫病的三重PCR方法，然后对该方法的特异性、敏感性及重复性进行评价，最后分别采用该方法及单一PCR方法对82份临床样本进行检测，计算两种方法的符合率。结果表明：所建立的三重PCR方法的最佳退火温度为59.7℃,最佳引物(F/R)浓度为0.15/0.15,0.20/0.20,0.20/0.20μmol/L(Eper、Efla、Eman基因);该方法能特异性扩增出兔穿孔艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫三种兔球虫卵囊靶基因，而斯氏艾美耳球虫、大肠杆菌及沙门氏菌的检测结果为阴性；能够检测出穿孔艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫三种兔球虫卵囊基因组DNA的最低限值分别为6.0,6.4,8.0 pg,两种模板浓度组合(60,64,80 ng/μL和6.0,6.4,8.0 ng/μL)批内重复性试验和批间重...     

复方抗球虫药对鸡盲肠球虫病的治疗效果比较

应用96只罗曼雏鸡,检测了3种浓度禽球清、2种浓度杀球灵药物对盲肠球虫的抗球虫效力。试验分8组,设6个药物组,1个感染不用药组,1个不感染不用药组,每组12只鸡。除第8组,每只鸡感染7×104万已孢子化柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊。根据相对增重率、存活率、病变值和卵囊值四个参数计算抗球虫指数(ACI)。8组试验结果的ACI分别为122、132、132、144、182、132、129、200。依据抗球虫效力进行判定,只有杀球灵正常量的组效果为优,其余的组药物效果均为差。     

加福（CYGRO）防治肉鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病试验

用“加福”对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的艾维茵鸡进行了药物效力试验，通过测定鸡增重效果和鸡粪中每日卵囊数这两项主要指标，并以症状和病变作为参考指标，验证了加福是一种新型高效的抗球虫药。     

常山散效力试验用虫株的敏感性

为进一步验证常山散的抗球虫效果以及效力试验用虫株的敏感性,在百球清为对照的基础上,对效力试验用虫株再次以三字球虫粉为对照进行试验。试验分为常山散组、三字球虫粉组、攻虫不给药组和不攻虫不给药组,分别从攻虫后24 h(球虫入侵)和72 h(裂殖发育)开始给药,攻虫后168 h停止给药,观察药物对鸡临床症状、血便排出、盲肠病变的影响,计算抗球虫指数。结果显示,常山散和三字球虫粉给药后鸡精神状态和饮食欲基本恢复正常,血便排出和盲肠病变明显减轻或消失。攻虫后24,72 h给药常山散的抗球虫指数分别为163.04和161.67,三字球虫粉的抗球虫指数分别为174.26和170.71,均明显高于攻虫不给药组(84.78和81.13);2种药物攻虫后24 h给药抗球虫指数高于攻虫后72 h给药。结果表明,常山散具有较好的抗球虫效果,早期给药治疗效果更好,试验所用的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(广东株)药物敏感性较好。     

球虫抗药性检测方法评述

抗药性是药物预防鸡球虫病的主要障碍,鸡球虫抗药性的检测方法主要包括笼饲试验法(鸡体测定法)、鸡胚试验法、细胞培养法、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法、同工酶测定法、PCR测定法等,本文对上述各种检测方法及其判定标准进行了综述.     

抗球虫药在鸡胚球虫感染中活性峰期测定方法的研究

用鸡胚感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫子孢子作为抗球虫药活性峰期测定的模型。每一鸡胚在接种５０００个子孢子后，分别于感染的当天、第２天、第３天和第４天注入测试药物，以不同注药时间对鸡胚卵囊所产生的抑制率的差异，判定药物的活性峰期。结果表明，氯甲吡啶酚和丁氧喹啉的活性峰期是球虫生活史的第１天，卵囊抑制率分别为１００％和９８％；莫能菌素、盐霉素、球Ｒ和加福的作用峰期是第２天，卵囊抑制率均为１００％；氨丙啉的峰期是第３天，卵囊抑制率为１００％；尼卡巴嗪的峰期是第４天，卵囊抑制率为１００％；速丹则在球虫生活史的整个无性阶段均呈现活性作用。加福＋氨丙体＋乙氧乙胺苯甲酯、球Ｒ＋氨丙啉＋乙氧乙胺苯甲酯、加福＋速丹、加福＋尼卡巴嗪及加福＋乙氧乙胺苯甲酯等合剂亦在球虫生活史的整个无性阶段发挥高峰作用，其印囊的抑制率均为１００％；尼卡巴嗪＋氨丙啉合剂则在球虫生活史的第２～４天发挥最大作用，卵囊抑制率为１００％。作者认为，本方法具有操作简单，结果可信及成本低廉的特点，可作为抗球虫药的筛选方法。     

Studies on the mode of action of anticoccidial drugs in the chicken and chicken embryo

Delayed treatment has been used to investigate the activity of anticoccidials against the Houghton strain and an embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella. The results show that in chicken embryos the effect of the quinolones and clopidol depends upon the concentration of drug employed. The earlier stages in the life cycle appear to be intrinsically more vulnerable to the action of these drugs. In the chicken, the activity of amprolium was restricted to early stages in the life cycle, but in the chicken embryo, where development is restricted to the thin chorioallantoic membrane, all stages present up to 72 h after inoculation were equally affected. Absorption and distribution may, therefore, limit the action of amprolium in the chicken. Robenidine and sulphaquinoxaline were equally active up to 72 h post inoculation in chickens and chicken embryos, suggesting that absorption and distribution do not limit the activity of these drugs.     

Identification of anti-babesial activity for four ethnoveterinary plants in vitro

A commonly available Babesia caballi culture system was utilized for anti-babesial screening of four commonly used ethnoveterinary plants, Rhoiscissus tridentata, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Aloe marlothii and Urginea sanguinea, in vitro. Well-established B. caballi cultures were initially incubated with either imidocarb diproprionate and diminazene aceturate to validate the model, where after the studies were performed on the four plants. Effectivity was established as the degree of inhibition using a colour change method as well as by evaluating percentage parasitized cells on thin culture smears and calculating the degree of residual infectivity. The model was effective in demonstrating the in vitro efficacy of the well known anti-babesial drugs imidocarb and diminazene indicating an EC50 value of 0.08 and 0.3 microg/ml, respectively. Only the E. elephantina rhizomes acetone extracts were effective at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. It was also shown that the colour change method of evaluation was not very sensitive for determining activity of crude plant extracts.     

Evaluation of in vitro chemosensitivity of vaccine-associated feline sarcoma cell lines to vincristine and paclitaxel

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vitro sensitivity of 4 vaccine-associated feline sarcoma (VAFS) cell lines to the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine and paclitaxel. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cell lines derived from 4 VAFS specimens. PROCEDURES: Cell lines were cultured in vitro and individually exposed to various concentrations of vincristine and paclitaxel. Survival was estimated after 24 and 72 hours of exposure to each drug, and the drug concentrations that resulted in 50 and 90% reduction in number of viable cells (IC50 and IC90, respectively) were calculated. RESULTS: Both vincristine and paclitaxel had significant dose-dependent effects on the viability of the VAFS cell lines. After 72 hours of drug exposure, the IC50 and IC90 of vincristine for the 4 cell lines were between 0.005 to 0.039 microg/ml and 0.045 to 1.027 microg/ml, respectively. The IC50 and IC90 values for paclitaxel were between 0.037 to 0.092 microg/ml and 2.450 to 15.413 microg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results of pharmacokinetic studies on vincristine and paclitaxel in other species suggest that concentrations greater than the IC50 values may be possible for both drugs in feline patients as well. The drug concentrations at which viable cell numbers were reduced by 90% may also be attained in vivo for some cases, but detailed information is needed regarding the distribution, concentration, duration of availability, and toxicity of various drugs in cats. Carefully chosen combinations of antineoplastic agents need to be screened to identify treatment protocols that may be further evaluated clinically for the treatment of VAFS.     

4种有机溶剂对Vero细胞活力和弓形虫增殖的影响

本研究旨在筛选低细胞毒性和低弓形虫毒性的有机溶剂。Vero细胞在96孔板培养12 h后，将培养基更换为200μL分别含0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、1%、3%、5%、10%（V/V）的二甲基亚砜（DMSO）、二甲基甲酰胺、乙醇和甲醇的完全培养基，同时设立空白对照孔，继续培养12和24 h后，采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法评价4种有机溶剂对Vero细胞增殖活力的影响，筛选出对宿主细胞毒性最小的有机溶剂并确定其安全浓度；弓形虫接种Vero细胞12 h后，弃上清后分别加入含有0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、1%、3%（V/V）的DMSO、二甲基甲酰胺、乙醇和甲醇的完全培养基120μL，接种36 h后判定各组溶剂对弓形虫增殖的影响，计数感染细胞数并计算相对感染率，筛选出对弓形虫增殖影响最小的有机溶剂及其安全浓度。结果显示，对于Vero细胞，DMSO、二甲基甲酰胺、甲醇和乙醇分别在其体积分数低于1%、0.1%、3%和1%时无明显毒性；对于弓形虫，DMSO、二甲基甲酰胺、甲醇和乙醇对弓形虫增殖的安全添加浓度分别为1%、0.1%、1%和0.1%。本研究表明，DMSO、甲醇对Vero细胞、弓形虫的毒性较小，可作为水溶性较差药物进行抗弓形虫筛选时优先选择的有机溶剂。     

Development of a microculture system for stimulation of chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes with concanavalin A.

A microculture system in conjunction with a semiautomatic multiple sample harvester (SAMSH) was used to study the in vitro properties of chicken peripheral lymphocytes. This new procedure enabled doing rapid multiple tests, using relatively few cells, and was highly reproducible. Data were presented to show many variables that are involved in studying the concanavalin A (Con A) response of chicken lymphocytes in a microculture system. Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal Con A stimulation as measured by incorporation of 3H-TdR include: (a) use of 2 x 10(6) cells per culture in RPMI 1640 culture medium in the absence of any serum, (b) use of 0.4 mug of Con A per culture, (c) incubation at 37 degrees C for 72 hours, and (d) addition of 1 muCi of 3H-TdR to each culture 12 to 24 hours prior to termination. This technique could be used to monitor immunocompetence of the chicken.     

Anticoccidial evaluation of halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin and salinomycin

The activities of five anticoccidials were compared against Eimeria species in/of chickens, in controlled in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies. Two more recent and potent market entries (maduramicin and halofuginone) were compared with three older polyether antibiotic anticoccidials (monensin, lasalocid and salinomycin). Halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin and salinomycin were evaluated at 3, 125, 5, 120 and 66 ppm, respectively, of active drug in the diets. At these levels, all five drugs demonstrated significant activity against Eimeria tenella, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. acervulina (in vivo). Monensin was least effective against E. tenella, and one of the lesser efficacious drugs against E. necatrix, maduramicin, was least effective against E. maxima. In studies of single Eimeria species infections, comparable weight gains were noted for the drugs. In the mixed Eimeria species infections, however, birds treated with maduramicin had significantly higher weight gains than did birds medicated with monensin. Unlike in vivo potencies, titration in vitro indicated that monensin was most potent (active at 10(-6) mcg ml-1), and maduramicin and lasalocid least potent (inactive at less than or equal to 10(-3) mcg ml-1).     

A micromethod for evaluating turkey lymphocyte response to phytomitogens.

A microculture system used in conjunction with a semiautomatic sample harvester is described to determine the in vitro properties of turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes. By this new procedure, multiple tests were done rapidly, relatively few cells were used, and results were highly reproducible. Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal concanavalin A (con A) stimulation, as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) included (a) 2 times 10(6) cells per culture in RPMI 1640 medium in the absence of any serum; (b) 0.4 mug of con A per culture, incubated in flat-bottom microtitration wells for 72 hours at 37 C; and (c) 1 muCi of 3H-TdR per culture added 12 to 24 hours before termination. Conditions for optimal stimulation with pokeweed mitogen were similar to those used for con A. The exceptions were that 1 times 10(6) cells per culture were incubated in round-bottom microtitration wells. The pokeweed mitogen gave the highest degree of stimulation when used at a concentration of 80 mug per culture.