秸秆类生物质成型热黏塑性本构模型构建

针对生物质颗粒生产能耗高、效率低的现状,该文从生物质组成角度,特别是木质素特性出发探讨其成型机理。秸秆成型过程由于内摩擦力的作用产生大量热量,温度的上升会造成木质素的软化,木质素的这一变化为纤维颗粒的团聚提供了黏结力。温度和木质素特性对生物质塑性成型性能产生巨大影响,是热黏塑变形过程。为研究生物质内部特性对塑性成型过程的影响,运用内时理论,以玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆为研究对象,构建了秸秆类生物质压缩成型内时本构方程。借助黏土流动理论,推导定义生物质黏塑性强化函数和核函数,运用数值分析和试验得出本构方程的系数。与试验数据相比较,基于内时理论的热黏塑性本构模型较好的模拟了生物质塑性流变过程。结果显示,向秸秆中添加20%的木质素,可有效提高其塑性流动性能,降低其在相同应变下的应力以及生产能耗;当成型温度在100~115℃之间,应变率在1×102~1×103 s-1之间,对于木质素质量分数分别为29%的玉米秸秆、33.5%的小麦秸秆和34.3%的水稻秸秆的固化成型性能最好。     

Ⅱ型生物质成型燃料锅炉的研制

针对Ⅰ型生物质成型燃料锅炉中存在的炉膛温度高、排烟温度高、热损失大等问题，作者对其进行了改进设计，根据生物质成型燃料的燃烧特性，研制出了Ⅱ型生物质成型燃料锅炉。对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型生物质成型燃料锅炉进行热性能及环保性能试验，结果表明改进后的Ⅱ型生物质成型燃料锅炉热效率更高，较好的解决了Ⅰ型生物质成型燃料锅炉存在的主要问题。     

水稻秸秆热压成型工艺参数试验研究

水稻秸秆冷压成型试验得到的成型燃料能耗较高且质量不佳,为提高水稻秸秆成型燃料质量,本次试验利用水稻秸秆成型设备,在不同成型压力、原料粒径、温度以及含水率等工艺参数条件下对水稻秸秆进行热压成型试验。通过分析成型燃料的物理性能,确定各工艺参数最佳选取范围为：粒径0~2mm、温度70~100℃、成型压力8.89～40MPa、含水率12%～25%。为进一步提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料,并通过对比试验进行研究。结果表明,混合原料可以有效提高水稻秸秆成型燃料的综合质量。     

柱塞式平模生物质成型机设计与试验

针对传统生物质平模成型机能耗高、磨损严重的问题,该文提出了一种柱塞式平模生物质致密成型方法,并设计了成型机样机。该样机通过斜盘与弹簧配合,驱动柱塞往复运动,柱塞在运动过程中仅对模具内的原料进行挤压。成型模具部分采用组合式设计,主要由平模与成型套筒组成,可在成型套筒外部加热,同时可更换长径比不同的成型套筒以适应不同生物质原料。该文以不同颗粒度玉米秸秆和刺槐为原料,在原料含水率为15%,斜盘转速为50 r/min,原料温度为室温的条件下进行了试验,结果表明柱塞式平模生物质成型方法可行,颗粒成型率均高于98%,成型密度大于1.1 g/cm3,机械耐久性高于97%。该文提出的成型方法为生物质致密成型技术提供参考。     

稻壳、锯末成型燃料低温热解特性试验研究

该文分析了生物质低温热解的特性。分别以木块、锯末成型块和稻壳成型块为材料，研究了低温热解条件下加热温度和时间对产品热值、质量得率、能量得率的影响，并对产品的燃烧性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，与常规干馏热解法相比，生物质在280℃以下进行低温热解时，能量转化率较高，热值可达到中质煤标准，且燃烧性好，具有储存、携带和使用方便等优点，可以替代木柴、煤炭作生活、生产用能。同时热解过程中的馏出液和可燃气体等副产品较少，可减少液体和气体收集、净化设备的投资。     

矿物纤维增强酚醛树脂基摩擦材料热压工艺

为优化矿物纤维增强酚醛树脂基摩擦材料的热压工艺,该文采用均匀试验设计方法对干法共混热压成型工艺对摩擦材料性能(摩擦磨损性能、冲击强度、硬度等)的影响规律进行了研究。得出摩擦材料的热压成型工艺,即热压压力40MPa、热压时间10min、热压温度200℃。用SAS软件对数据进行优化分析,得出了成型压力、保温时间和热压温度对摩擦材料的摩擦因数、冲击强度的回归关系,建立了摩擦因数、冲击强度与热压工艺参数的二次响应曲面回归模型。利用MATLAB软件,分析了热压压力和热压温度的交互作用。结果表明:当温度固定,摩擦因数随压力的升高而下降;当压力固定,摩擦因数随温度的升高而上升。在热压压力50MPa、热压时间40min时,冲击强度达到最大值。该研究可为研制高性能的摩擦材料制品提供技术参考。     

生物质成型燃料燃烧设备结渣特性试验研究

本文采用生物质成型燃料双层炉排燃烧设备,分别进行了炉膛温度、燃料层厚度、燃料粒径和过量空气系数等对结渣率影响的试验,得出了生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的结渣特性。根据试验与观察,分析了生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的结渣过程及结渣影响因素,并总结了生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的结渣成因。     

水热及水热氧化预处理对木屑成型颗粒理化性质的影响

生物质成型处理可以提高生物质的能量密度而降低其运输与储存成本,有利于生物质资源的综合利用。该研究以杉木屑为研究对象,经170～260 ℃水热及水热氧化预处理后制备成型颗粒,并使用范式法、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪等测试手段分析了水热及水热氧化预处理过程对木屑及其成型颗粒理化性能的影响。结果表明：与原料相比,水热及水热氧化预处理后木屑成型颗粒的机械性能从原料的16.2 MPa分别增至38.9 和41.1 MPa,水热氧化预处理对木屑的机械性能提升更有效。在水热及水热氧化预处理过程中,随着预处理温度上升,木屑样品的结晶度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,分别在230和200 ℃时达到最高值,且成型颗粒的机械性能与木屑中纤维素含量及其结晶度呈正相关趋势,结晶纤维素是影响其成型过程的关键组分。与原料相比,水热及水热氧化预处理明显改善了木屑成型颗粒的燃料品质及其燃烧性能,成型燃料的热值、综合燃烧指数和稳燃指标均得到明显提升,其中水热氧化处理更有利于木屑炭化程度的提升。     

适宜炭化温度及时间改善生物质成型炭品质

为制备品质特性较佳的成型炭块,对螺杆挤出的生物质高密度成型燃料进行炭化,试验研究了炭化温度(400、450、500、550和600℃)、升温速率(2、6和10℃/min)和保持时间(60、120和180 min)对成型炭块的工业分析成分、热值和力学强度等品质指标的影响。随着炭化温度的提高,成型炭块的炭得率、挥发分含量降低,固定碳含量提高,热值增大;炭化温度550℃时热值达到最大值,为31.04 MJ/kg,抗压强度和抗跌碎强度均较好。升温速率对成型炭块的力学性能影响较大,升温速率越小,抗压强度越大;升温速率为2℃/min时,成型炭块表面裂纹少,抗压强度达最大值,为439.8 k Pa;相应地,抗跌碎强度亦较佳,为95.5%。保持时间为120 min时成型炭块具有较高的热值29.63 MJ/kg,较大的抗压强度192.1 k Pa和较好的抗跌碎强度96.7%,过长或过短的保持时间都不利于成型炭块品质的提升。     

含水率对草坪草常温开模成型的影响

为研究含水率对草坪草常温成型的影响规律,对草坪草修剪剩余物进行了不同含水率不同锥度模具的成型试验。结果在同一锥度模具下,随着含水率的增加,成型块密度都是由小变大再变小;含水率不变的情况下,随模具锥度增大长度减小成型块密度降低;在原料含水率11%、模具锥度25°时,成型块密度达到最大值1.10 g/cm3;原料含水率在20%及以上时,挤出的压块密度都在0.9 g/cm3以下,成型效果差或不成型。研究表明：随着生物质原料含水率增加,常温成型块密度和压缩力的变化趋势一致,都是由小变大再变小。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.