中国蕨叶蜂亚科两新属新种(膜翅目:叶蜂亚目:蕨叶蜂科)

报道了中国蕨叶蜂科蕨叶蜂亚科两新属新种：吴氏狭眶叶蜂Linorbita wuae gen.et sp.nov.和黑跗痕缝叶蜂Parapeptamena nigritarsis gen.et sp.nov.     

广西十万大山蕨叶蜂四新种(膜翅目:蕨叶蜂科)

记述采自广西壮族自治区十万大山的4个蕨叶蜂科新种结铗平缝叶蜂Nesoselandria nodalisa Wei sp. nov.和黄肩侧齿叶蜂Neostromboceros xantholimus Wei sp. nov.,隶属于蕨叶蜂亚科(Selandriinae);大窝七节叶蜂 Heptamelus foveatus Wei sp. nov.,隶属于七节叶蜂亚科(Heptamelinae);黑角异齿叶蜂Niasnoca nigroflagella Wei sp. nov.,隶属于长背叶蜂亚科(Strongylogasterinae).模式标本保存于中南林学院昆虫模式标本室.     

钩瓣叶蜂3新种(膜翅目:叶蜂科)

记述了采自四川的钩瓣叶蜂属3新种:九寨钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya jiuzhaina Chen et Wei, sp. nov.,乐怡钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya leyii Chen et Wei, sp. nov.,细瓣钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya parviserrula Chen et Wei, sp. nov..模式标本保存于中南林学院昆虫模式标本室.     

中国蜷叶蜂属一新种（膜翅目：叶蜂科）

记述危害柳树的中国叶蜂科1新种;柳蜷叶蜂Amauronematus saliciphagus Wu sp.nov.编制了蜷叶蜂属中国种类分种检索表.新种模式标本分别保存于天水市秦州区森林病虫害防治检疫站昆虫标本室以及中南林业科技大学昆虫标本室.     

中国西北地区绅元叶蜂属二新种(膜翅目:叶蜂科)

记述中国西北地区叶蜂科绅元叶蜂属2新种:糙眶绅元叶蜂Taxoblenus temporalis Wei et Nie sp. nov.和王氏绅元叶蜂 T. wangi Nie et Wei sp. nov.;首次报道和描述红足绅元叶蜂T. rufipes Wei et Nie的雄虫.修订了绅元叶蜂属分种检索表.模式标本保存于中南林学院昆虫标本室.糙眶绅元叶蜂与T. rufipes Wei et Nie 近似,但后头和后眶刻点十分致密,无光泽,雌虫触角等长于胸腹部之和,雄虫触角约等长于虫体,爪内齿微小,抱器中部不宽于基部,阳茎瓣头叶十分狭窄,顶端无钩;王氏绅元叶蜂与T. temporalis Wei et Nie sp. nov. 近似,但体较大,爪具基片,单眼后区无中脊;雌虫触角明显侧扁,第3节2倍长于复眼短径;雌虫锯刃单叶状突出,翅痣大部黑褐色;雄虫抱器中部明显宽于基部,抱器端部的细毛很短,阳茎瓣具顶侧突.     

童锤角叶蜂属一新种(膜翅目:锤角叶蜂科)

记述了采自甘肃天水市膜翅目Hymenoptera锤角叶蜂科Cimbicidae童锤角叶蜂属Agenocimbex RohWer的一个新种－榆童锤角叶蜂A.elmina sp.nov.。     

甘肃叶蜂种类调查及分类研究 Ⅴ.松叶蜂科松叶蜂亚科和叶蜂科蕨叶蜂亚科、短叶蜂亚科、长背叶蜂亚科属种名录

整理采自甘肃膜翅目松叶蜂科松叶蜂亚科和叶蜂科蕨叶蜂亚科、短叶蜂亚科、长背叶蜂亚科标本总计102号,经鉴定分为13属20种。其中,新松叶蜂属1种、吉松叶蜂属2种、松叶蜂属1种、平缝叶蜂属5种、脊额叶蜂属1种、柄臀叶蜂属1种、凹颚叶蜂属2种、异颚叶蜂属1种、侧齿叶蜂属1种、长室叶蜂属1种、窗胸叶蜂属1种、长背叶蜂属2种、短唇叶蜂属1种。包括1甘肃新记录属:短唇叶蜂属,5科学新种:武氏吉松叶蜂、甘肃平缝叶蜂、黑胫平缝叶蜂、中华柄臀叶蜂、黑肩长背叶蜂,1科学新组合:白唇窗胸叶蜂和11甘肃新记录种和4已知种。     

甘肃叶蜂种类调查及分类研究 Ⅹ.叶蜂科蔺叶蜂亚科属种名录

整理采自甘肃膜翅目叶蜂科蔺叶蜂亚科标本总计102号,经鉴定分为22属32种。其中:敛片叶蜂属1种、真片叶蜂属2种、开片叶蜂属1种、直脉叶蜂属1种、半片叶蜂属1种、巨片叶蜂属1种、儒雅叶蜂属1种、狭唇叶蜂属1种、卜氏叶蜂属1种、多齿叶蜂属2种、宽距叶蜂属6种、窝眶叶蜂属1种、栉齿叶蜂属1种、李叶蜂属1种、小爪叶蜂属2种、线叶蜂属1种、旖蔺叶蜂属1种、纹眶叶蜂属1种、蔺叶蜂属2种、钩鞘叶蜂属2种、剑鞘叶蜂属1种、短角叶蜂属1种。包括1新属:敛片叶蜂属;17科学新种:长柄敛片叶蜂、马氏真片叶蜂、杨氏直脉叶蜂、小黑半片叶蜂、粗角巨片叶蜂、细足狭唇叶蜂、短角卜氏叶蜂、黑足宽距叶蜂、黑鳞李叶蜂、甘肃小爪叶蜂、黑肩旖蔺叶蜂、短脉纹眶叶蜂、皱额蔺叶蜂、显颊蔺叶蜂、黑盾钩鞘叶蜂、辛氏钩鞘叶蜂、白肩剑鞘叶蜂;6甘肃新记录种和9已知种。     

甘肃叶蜂种类调查及分类研究 Ⅷ.叶蜂科麦叶蜂亚科、残青叶蜂亚科及基叶蜂亚科属种名录

整理采自甘肃膜翅目叶蜂科麦叶蜂亚科、残青叶蜂亚科及基叶蜂亚科标本总计98号,经鉴定分为5属23种。其中,麦叶蜂亚科2属12种:麦叶蜂属11种、凹眼叶蜂属1种;残青叶蜂亚科1属6种:残青叶蜂属6种;基叶蜂亚科2属5种:基叶蜂属3种、异基叶蜂属2种。包括9新种:武氏麦叶蜂、麦积麦叶蜂、长脊麦叶蜂、任氏麦叶蜂、短附麦叶蜂、纹背麦叶蜂、黑唇基叶蜂、黄氏大基叶蜂、白转异基叶蜂;1新亚种:日本残青叶蜂黑胫亚种;6甘肃新记录种和7已知种。     

广西十万大山叶蜂名录附记一中国新纪录种(膜翅目:叶蜂总科)

记述广西壮族自治区十万大山地区的叶蜂总科24种,其中单环分臀叶蜂Colochelyna fulva Turner是中国新纪录种,给出了形态描述.建立了2个种级新异名：Tanyphatnidea sinensis（Kirby,1882）=Tanyphatnidea erythraea（Gussakovskij,1935）syn.nov.=Pampsilota nualsriae nigritula Muche,1986,syn.nov..     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。