阿克苏地区棉铃虫生物学特性及其防治

近年来，棉铃虫在本地各植棉县（市）发生量及为害程度均呈上升趋势，已成为当地棉花生产的重要制约因素，也是生产中亟待解决的问题，经过３年多的调查研究，现在已基本摸清了棉铃虫在本区的发生规律和为害特点以及防治技术，现总结如下。１　棉铃虫的发生发展规律棉铃虫在本地区一年发生３～４代，一、二代世代间明显，三、四代各虫态并存，重叠现象十分严重。越冬代成虫发生期４月中旬至５月下旬，一代成虫期为６月中至７月上中旬，二代成虫发生期７月下旬至８月中旬，三代８月下旬至９月下旬。成虫羽化后２～３天即可产卵，卵期５～９天…     

影响吉林省亚洲玉米螟〔Ostrinia furnacalis （Guenee）〕一代发生区发生量长期预测的关键因子

玉米螟的发生程度与５～８月初的降雨和种群质量密切相关，降雨主要影响越冬种群的复苏、化蛹、羽化、成虫的活动及３令前幼虫的存活，５～６月份特别干旱不利于越冬种群的复苏、化蛹和羽化．对成虫的产卵量有影响；７月份的干旱或大暴雨严重影响成虫的活动、卵的孵化和３令前幼虫的存活。不同年度间一、二化种群在越冬种群中所占的比例影响越冬种群的质量，在以一化种群为主时，玉米螟繁殖力强、发生晚，危害重。     

豫西山区马铃薯瓢虫发生规律及防治技术研究

采用田间调查和研究的方法，研究了豫西山区马铃薯瓢虫发生的规律和防治措施。马铃薯瓢虫在豫西山区１年发生１～２代，主要以成虫越冬，根据确定的经济允许损失水平Ｌ＝２．６７％，求得防治指标为越冬代成虫３．６头／丛，１代的虫２．５头／丛．防治方法为：①消灭越冬虫源；②及时处理马铃薯残株，清除附近茄科杂草；③采用化学药剂５％来福灵乳油或２．５％敌杀死乳油防治。     

鱼藤酮和吡蚜酮防治茶绿盲蝽田间药效试验

茶绿盲蝽是日照春季茶树主要害虫，该虫在日照茶区一年发生1代，山区个别地方发生2代，一般以卵在茶树、苜蓿等作物上越冬，常年4月中下旬卵开始孵化，5月上中旬若虫盛发，5月中下旬成虫出现，5月底6月初成虫羽化。日照茶区长期施用辛硫磷、菊酯类农药防治该虫，但近年来防效下降。为更好地推荐防治茶绿盲蝽新型农药，开展了7．5％鱼藤酮EC和25％吡蚜酮sc田间药效试验。     

藏南茶区地蚕的发生与防治

地蚕是西藏南部地区危害最严重的一种茶树地下害虫，对幼年茶树的生长危害极大，是造成缺株断行的主要原因。此虫在西藏易贡茶场一年发生２代，以蛹在土中越冬，幼虫危害在６月中至７月中旬，９月中旬至１０月中旬。成虫产卵于土表层和杂草落叶上，幼虫危害虫口基数与温湿度，土壤、耕作制度密切相关，防治适期以蛹羽化前１０天为佳，以敌百虫，呋喃丹拌土撒施或喷施土表层防治效果为佳。     

茶毛虫的生活习性及其防治

茶毛虫是一种食害茶叶有群居性的毒毛虫，又名茶毒蛾，俗称“毛辣虫”，“摆头虫”。是导致茶叶大规模减产的主要害虫之一。人体肌肤触及幼虫毒毛时会红肿痒疼，常妨碍采茶和茶园管理。近年来各茶区都有发生。1茶毛虫的生活习性茶毛虫在我省一年发生代数，因各地气候而异，在渤海，澜沧地区一年均发生两代。第二代成虫在头年10月中旬产卵越冬，至次年2月下旬开始孵化成幼虫，危害茶叶，长达两个多月。至5月中旬下树化蛹，6月上中旬开始羽化产卵。第二代幼虫子七月上中旬孵化，在7月下旬至9月上旬危害茶叶。9月上中旬下树化蛹，至10月中旬羽…     

川中地区棉铃虫发生为害特点

1　发生规律川中地区棉铃虫 1年发生完整 4代 ,个别年份发生不完整 5代。棉铃虫以蛹在棉花、玉米、辣椒、番茄等寄主作物田以及田埂、路边杂草地的 3.3～9.9cm深的土中越冬。越冬蛹于 4月中下旬开始羽化为成虫 ,在小麦、葱子、番茄和麻类、豌豆上产卵为害 ,5月下旬入土化蛹 ,6月上旬羽化为成虫。一代不为害棉花 ,二代一般在 6月中下旬产卵 ,6月下旬至 7月上旬幼虫大量为害早发棉花的花蕾或嫩尖。三代一般在 7月下旬至 8月上中旬产卵 ,为害蕾、花和幼铃。四代一般在 8月下旬到 9月初产卵 ,为害蕾、花及幼铃 ,以迟发棉田发生为害较重。但各代…     

茶尺蠖的生活习性与防治措施

茶尺蠖EctropisObliquaWarren在国内分布浙江、安徽、江苏、福建、江西、湖北、湖南等省，除危害茶树外，还为害白柳、花生、刺槐、紫穗槐、紫薇、大豆、大白菜等。1988年首先在原日照市茶园发现茶尺蠖呈点片发生，且危害逐年加重；1991年6月6日，在原山东省临沂地区茶叶试验研究站试验茶园56号地发现有近半米的茶行叶片被食光，笔者自1991年始对该虫进行研究，现将其生活习性与防治措施报告于后。1生活史茶尺蠖在山东每年发生3－4代，以蛹在土中越冬，翌年四月中旬越冬蛹羽化。茶尺蠖各虫态的历期，成虫期3－8d，卵期5－11d，幼虫期15－3…     

洪雅县茶树黑刺粉虱的发生规律及防治措施

一、发生规律 1．茶树黑刺粉虱在洪雅县一年发生4代,以第4代老熟幼虫在茶树叶背越冬;翌年3月份化蛹,4月初成虫羽化,越冬代成虫盛发期在4月上旬;第1代幼虫于4月中旬开始发生。第1代到第4代幼虫盛发期分别在4月下旬至5月上旬、6月中下旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、9月上中旬。     

南疆不同类型棉田第一代棉铃虫为害规律及其防治

新疆南疆棉花播种面积占作物总面积的 60 %～ 80 %,近年来 ,南疆地区因棉铃虫为害造成减产达 1 0 %～ 30 %。据观察 ,第一代棉铃虫为害陆地棉与为害长绒棉有所不同 ,为此 ,近几年对南疆不同类型棉田第一代棉铃虫为害规律和防治指标及防治技术作了初步探讨。1南疆越冬代棉铃虫成虫羽化和产卵规律1 .1羽化。越冬代棉铃虫成虫羽化始期 -高峰期 -盛末期依次为 :4月 1 8- 2 2日 ,5月 1 9- 2 8日 ,6月上旬。1 .2产卵。越冬代棉铃虫成虫产卵盛期 5月 2 8日 -6月 3日。2南疆不同类型棉田第一代棉铃虫为害规律2 .1棉田第一代棉铃虫为害规律。第一代棉…     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.