基于标准化降水指数的河南省近45年干旱时空特征分析

依据河南省45个气象站近45年逐月降水资料,以标准化降水指数作为干旱指标,详细分析河南省范围内干旱强度、影响范围、发生频率的时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)在过去45 a中河南省干旱具有明显的周期性且近年来有增强的趋势;从干旱发生站次比上来看,年尺度干旱站次比呈阶段性先增后减的变化趋势,且在全省范围内多发全域性、局域性干旱,分别为11、12 a;春季、夏季、秋季三季干旱站次比呈现上升趋势,上升率分别为1%·10a~(-1)、5.5%·10a~(-1)、9.6%·10a~(-1),其中,夏旱多为区域性干旱,春、秋两季多为全域性干旱,分别为13、12 a。(2)全省平均干旱频率为9.83%,秋季干旱频率高于其他三个季节,为17.53%;河南省东部商丘地区、西部三门峡地区是年、季尺度干旱高发地区,年尺度干旱强度与干旱站次比在时间上变化规律一致,都存在2～6 a的周期性。(3)年尺度干旱强度呈现增强趋势,20世纪90年代干旱强度最高,不同季节中干旱强度都表现为增强的趋势,为此河南省未来发生全域性干旱的风险依然很高。     

近55年来河西地区干旱时空演变特征及其与ENSO事件的关系

根据河西地区14个气象站点1961-2015年的逐月气象观测资料，基于SPEI指数采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、反距离加权插值(IDW)等方法分析了近55年来河西地区年代际、四季干旱及空间变化特征，并探讨了ENSO 事件与该区干旱的关系。结果表明：在年代际变化上，自20世纪90年代以来河西地区干旱次数增多、干旱程度加重。季节时间变化上，河西地区春、夏、秋季均呈干旱化趋势，春季干旱化趋势最为突出，夏季次之，冬季略呈变湿趋势。空间变化上，整个河西地区春季均呈干旱化趋势，而且大部分地区的春旱趋势极为显著，其中春旱趋势最显著的地方是金塔；冬季整个研究区趋于湿润化。各季节干旱高频区分别集中在：春季在金塔、民勤地区，夏季在河西西北部，秋季在河西中东部及西部的安西—玉门一线，冬季在101°E以西的河西地区。河西地区秋季SPEI与SSTA指数的相关性最为显著，春季次之，夏季最弱。ENSO事件发生强度与河西地区SPEI影响因子的多项式拟合关系表明，ENSO事件强度对温度的影响高于降水；其中在ENSO暖事件(厄尔尼诺事件)发生年份，气温有明显的上升趋势；在ENSO冷事件(拉尼娜事件)发生年份，少数年份降水有所增加，对气温的影响较弱。     

石羊河流域干旱变化特征及对牧草生产的影响

利用1951-2010年的降水和温度,通过降水温度均一化指数变化趋势、干旱站次比和连旱频次,分析了干旱的时间变化特征和空间变化特征,结合牧草产量资料,分析了干旱对牧草生产的影响。结果表明:石羊河流域整体上趋于干旱化,干旱区域有扩大趋势。近30年下游干旱化明显高于中、上游地区。石羊河流域干旱导致牧草减产,降水温度均一化指数每减少一个点,牧草产量每公顷减产149.24kg。不同月份的干旱对牧草产量的影响程度各不相同,4月份的干旱对牧草生长抑制作用最大。     

吉林省四平地区近50年区域旱涝变化特征

应用国家气候中心下发的吉林省四平市5站的逐日降水资料对四平市进行旱涝等级划分,主要应用线性趋势法和小波分析法对其特征进行分析,根据旱涝指标Z指数对旱涝指数W指数进行运算。结果分析得出:W指数存在较弱的下降趋势,并且阶段性特征变化明显,W指数计算得出严重旱年与降水距平百分率有很好的对应关系;54年四季旱涝年数差异较大,各季存在旱涝交替、连旱或连涝的特征;年W指数以3.68·10a~(-1)的速度递减,春季和冬季W旱涝指数以3.89·10a~(-1)和10.183·10a~(-1)的速率增加,均通过0.05水平的显著性检验,呈现增加趋势,夏季和秋季W旱涝指数呈现递减趋势。从小波分析结果得出各季节震荡周期不同并且特征显著。     

甘肃省季节性干旱综合指数的特征

利用甘肃省71个气象站1971-2013年月降水量资料,借助Z指数构建了基于干旱频率、干旱强度的干旱综合指数评价指标,从季节性干旱以及季节性连旱着手分析了不同时间尺度的干旱特征。结果表明:研究区季节性趋旱程度(MK0)和趋旱范围(DR,%)差异显著,其中春季陇东高原为-0.154(100%),重旱为灵台(-0.238*)、宁县(-0.180)、镇原(-0.178);夏季河西走廊为-0.081(73.7%),重旱为马鬃山(-0.271*)、安西(-0.255*)、敦煌(-0.171);秋季陇中高原为-0.017(50.9%),重旱在会宁(-0.186)。季节性干旱综合指数重旱时段显示,春季为1995年(陇东0.481),夏季为1997年(陇南0.405),秋季为1972年(甘南0.366),冬季为1998年(陇东0.586)和2009年(甘南0.449)。两季连旱高值区在白银、会宁、古浪、玛曲、灵台、永登、华池、静宁等地(0.030),其中秋冬连旱最为严重(0.0274);三季连旱高值区为会宁、古浪、静宁、白银、永登等地(0.020),其中夏秋冬连旱最为显著(0.017 5);四季连旱高值区为会宁、古浪、西峰、灵台、泾川等地(0.015),即除了冬春夏秋连旱外,其余季节性连旱程度均比较显著(0.009)。     

海河流域气象干旱时空特征分析

海河流域干旱频发,素有"十年九旱"的说法。文中基于海河流域537个格点1961-2010年的逐日降水数据,采用标准化降水指数作为气象干旱指标,计算干旱频率、变化趋势率和干旱影响站次比。结果表明:50a来海河流域干旱呈加剧的趋势,其中春旱和冬旱减轻,而夏旱和秋旱加重;干旱影响范围呈波动扩大趋势;干旱发生频率较高的地区主要分布在中部、南部以及西部。     

基于降水量距平百分率的内蒙古地区干旱特征

利用1971—2015年内蒙古地区52个气象站逐月降水量观测数据，采用降水量距平百分率(Pa)，从干旱频率和干旱变化趋势率分析了研究区近45 a来干旱时空分布特征。结果表明：从时间变化来看，年降水量呈微弱的下降趋势，并于1998年和2012年发生突变；春季、秋季和冬季降水量变化呈上升趋势，夏季降水量变化呈下降趋势；年尺度干旱主要发生在1999—2011年；季节尺度干旱发生频率为冬旱>春旱>秋旱>夏旱。从空间变化来看，多年平均降水量由东向西呈逐级递减趋势，降水分布地域特征明显，大兴安岭以东地区和巴彦淖尔市西部地区降水变化趋势率较高，呼伦贝尔市西北部、通辽市中南部、赤峰市中部、阿拉善盟西部地区降水变化趋势率较低；发生不同等级干旱的几率为轻旱>特旱>中旱>重旱，各级干旱易发生地区集中在呼伦贝尔市西部、赤峰市中北部、通辽市北部、锡林郭勒盟中西部以及阿拉善盟西部地区。Pa变化趋势率表现为，呼伦贝尔市中东部、巴彦淖尔市西部和阿拉善盟东部呈上升趋势，即干旱程度减轻；兴安盟南部至鄂尔多斯市、阿拉善盟中西部呈下降趋势，即干旱程度加重。     

南小河沟流域干旱特征

黄土高原地区生态环境脆弱,干旱的发生严重影响该地区农业生产和经济发展。选用1970—2012年南小河沟流域的降雨资料,使用标准化降雨指数(SPI)对干旱进行描述。对该流域内年及季节尺度SPI序列进行Mann-Kendall检验,并对所建立的不同时间尺度的季节性交乘趋势模型进行验证。结果表明:流域内出现干旱的频率为48.84%,年际SPI变化剧烈,整体向干旱化方向发展。春季干旱有明显的分阶段特征;夏季干旱变化趋势不显著;除1975年以外,秋季干旱变化趋势也不显著;冬季的干旱程度变化比较稳定,主要集中在无旱和轻旱等级之间。季节性交乘趋势模型在年干旱以及秋、冬季干旱评估中效果良好,干旱等级预测合格率均达到71.43%,模型在对干旱等级的分析出现错估时,有向中旱水平辐射的强烈趋势。     

近63 a安康地区降水与太阳黑子活动的相关性分析

依据安康气象局安康站1953—2015年逐日降水量和太阳黑子逐年相对数,利用Mann-Kendall突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,对安康地区近63 a降水变化特征及其与太阳黑子相对数关系进行了分析。结果显示:近63 a安康地区年降水量以及夏季降水整体呈增加趋势,增加量分别为0.99 mm·a~(-1)、1.65 mm·a~(-1),春季、秋季和冬季降水整体呈下降趋势,减少量分别为0.26 mm·a~(-1)、0.35 mm·a~(-1)、0.06 mm·a~(-1),降水集中分布在夏季和秋季。年降水距平极值与太阳黑子相对数峰谷值主要存在0~3 a滞后;近63 a安康地区年降水有显著3 a和28 a的变化周期,与太阳黑子相对数的9 a变化周期存在一定差异。     

1981—2009年新疆小麦和玉米物候期与气候条件变化研究

选取新疆地区1981—2009年17个农业气象观测站的作物(包括春小麦、冬小麦、春玉米和夏玉米)物候资料,利用统计方法分析了作物物候和各生长阶段气候条件的变化趋势。结果表明,春小麦播种、抽穗和成熟期分别提前2.0、3.2和3.3 d·10a~(-1);冬小麦播种期平均推迟1.2 d·10a~(-1),而抽穗和成熟期分别提前4.7 d·10a~(-1)和2.8 d·10a~(-1);春玉米和夏玉米物候期主要呈提前趋势,其中夏玉米播种期平均提前达11.0 d·10a~(-1)。物候的提前或推迟一定程度上导致作物各生长阶段历时发生改变。分析发现新疆地区春小麦营养生长阶段(播种—抽穗)平均缩短1.2 d·10a~(-1),而生殖生长阶段(抽穗—成熟)平均仅缩短0.1 d·10a~(-1)。冬小麦营养生长阶段与生殖生长阶段呈相反的变化趋势,营养生长阶段平均缩短达5.9 d·10a~(-1),而生殖生长阶段却平均延长了1.9 d·10a~(-1),导致整个生育期平均缩短4.0 d·10a~(-1)。春玉米和夏玉米各生长阶段主要呈延长趋势,春玉米营养生长阶段、生殖生长阶段和整个生长阶段分别平均延长0.8 d·10a~(-1)、1.5 d·10a~(-1)和2.3 d·10a~(-1);夏玉米3个生长阶段分别平均延长7.2d·10a~(-1)、1.2 d·10a~(-1)和8.3 d·10a~(-1)。分析研究区1981—2009年不同作物类型各生长阶段气候因子的变化趋势结果表明,大部分研究站点,作物各生长阶段最高温度和最低温度均呈增加趋势,同时其生殖生长阶段的日温差主要呈降低趋势。分析降水变化趋势表明,除春小麦和春玉米生殖生长阶段降水呈增加趋势外,大部分研究站点降水变化趋势不明显。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.