食(药)用菌抗糖尿病研究进展

食(药)用菌具有降血糖、抗癌等多种药理作用。随着糖尿病发病率的攀升,对于其降血糖活性的研究日益受到重视。综述了国内外对虫草、姬松茸、桦褐孔菌、灵芝、灰树花、黑木耳、猴头菌等一系列食(药)用菌的降血糖功效及机理作用研究,以期为食(药)用菌在抗糖尿病方面的研究及应用提供参考。     

粗毛黄褐孔菌多糖降血糖试验研究

通过研究粗毛黄褐孔菌多糖降血糖的作用,分别用不同剂量野生粗毛黄褐孔菌多糖,灌胃正常小鼠与四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠,结果显示,野生粗毛黄褐孔菌多糖对正常小鼠无明显影响,对糖尿病小鼠在给药21 d后,中剂量组和高剂量组与阴性对照组间差异极显著,与阳性对照组之间差异不显著;用野生粗毛黄褐孔菌与人工栽培、液体发酵菌丝体多糖相同剂量灌胃糖尿病小鼠21 d后,三者降血糖作用无显著差异,均能一定程度降低糖尿病小鼠血糖。     

灵芝粗多糖对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用

研究灵芝粗多糖对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用。灌胃5周后,剂量组与糖尿病模型对照组的血糖,有显著性差异（p〈O．01）,高剂量组与低剂量组的血糖水平,组间差异显著（p〈0．01）;剂量组小鼠的血清胰岛素值与糖尿病模型对照组比较,显著降低。灵芝粗多糖能显著降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖,并呈现一定的剂量依赖关系,但其降血糖机理不是刺激胰岛素的分泌。     

转化桑叶的毛头鬼伞子实体的降血糖作用

研究了转化桑叶的毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)子实体对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠体重、血糖、血清胰岛素、肝糖原、果糖胺、血脂代谢、体内氧化压力、肝脏中糖代谢酶活性等的影响.转化桑叶的鸡腿菇子实体提高了单一毛头鬼伞子实体或桑叶的降血糖作用,促进了胰岛素分泌,降低了体内氧化压力,提高了糖代谢的酶活性,但对血脂调节作用不显著.     

几种药用真菌粗多糖降血糖作用研究

以四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠为动物模型,对虫草属(Cordyceps)、针层孔菌属(Phellinus)和灵芝属(Ganoderma)的几种药用真菌粗多糖降血糖作用进行研究.试验结果表明,戴氏虫草(C.taii)与勿忘虫草(C.memorabilis)菌丝体粗多糖降血糖效果较好,其高低两个剂量组(1 g/kg和0.5 g/kg)的血糖和模型对照组比较都表现极显著差异;赤芝(G.lucidum)和蛹虫草(C.militaris)子实体粗多糖降血糖作用稍差,与模型对照组相比,其高剂量组降血糖作用表现极显著差异,低剂量组的降血糖作用表现显著差异;针层孔菌(P.sp)菌丝体粗多糖的降血糖作用较弱,使用低剂量时血糖和模型对照组比较无差异,高剂量时血糖和模型对照组比较有显著差异.     

杏鲍菇多糖对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用

通过对正常小鼠和糖尿病小鼠灌喂杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)多糖溶液,研究了杏鲍菇多糖的降血糖作用。结果表明,当浓度在200 mg·kg~(-1)以上时,杏鲍菇多糖能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖含量,抑制体重下降,缓解多饮、多食、多尿等糖尿病症状,具有作为良好的糖尿病治疗药物开发潜力。     

苦瓜降血糖活性成分提取与评价方法研究进展

苦瓜作为药食同源的植物,具有多种保健功能,其降血糖活性一直是人们关注的热点。苦瓜中起到降血糖作用的活性成分主要是皂苷、黄酮、多糖等物质。因此,本文针对这些活性成分的提取和评价方法加以综述,以利于降血糖机理及相关产品的开发。     

桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝体、菌核与野生菌核多糖的降血糖比较试验研究

目的是探讨桦褐孔苗人工培养菌丝体、菌核与野生菌核多糖的降血糖作用。方法：采用四氧嘧啶（200mg／kg体重）腹腔注射复制小鼠高血糖模型。分别给予小鼠应用桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝体、菌核与野生菌核多糖提取物按不同剂量灌胃，葡萄糖氧化酶法测定各组的血糖水平。结果：桦褐孔菌菌丝体多糖提取物不同剂量组对四氧嘧啶型高血糖模型小鼠的血糖均有抑制作用，对正常小鼠无明显降血糖作用。桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝体、菌核与野生菌核多糖三者的降血糖作用无显著性差异。结论：桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝体、菌核与野生菌核多糖提取物对四氧嘧啶型高血糖模型小鼠均有降血糖作用。对正常小鼠无明显降血糖作用。     

黑木耳多糖对糖尿病小鼠降血糖作用

目的：研究黑木耳多糖对正常小鼠及四氧嘧啶小鼠的降血糖作用。方法：黑木耳多糖灌胃30d，观察其对正常小鼠血糖的影响、对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。结果：黑木耳多糖对正常小鼠血糖有降低作用；糖尿病小鼠血糖显著降低。结论：黑木耳多糖具有显著降血糖作用。     

灵芝多糖降血糖作用的研究

目的：研究灵芝多糖对四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠、去甲肾上腺素致高血糖小鼠及正常小鼠血糖水平的影响。方法：制备四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠模型及去甲肾上腺素致高血糖小鼠模型，给药2周后取血测定血糖水平。结果：灵芝多糖能明显降低四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病小鼠及去甲肾上腺索所致高血糖小鼠的血糖水平，其中高剂量组与模型对照组相比均有显著意义（P〈0．05），而对正常小鼠血糖水平影响较小，低、中、高剂量组与正常对照组相比均无显著意义（P〉0．05）。结论：灵芝多糖对四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠及去甲肾上腺素致高血糖小鼠具有明显降血糖作用，而对正常小鼠血糖水平影响较小。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量