植物-土壤反馈对外来植物节节麦入侵过程的影响

【目的】土壤及其与植物的相互作用可能在外来植物的入侵过程中起主要作用。探讨植物土壤反馈在节节麦入侵过程中的作用,以期为节节麦的入侵机理研究提供参考。【方法】以节节麦为研究对象,分析了节节麦入侵对土壤养分的影响,并通过种子萌发及盆栽控制试验,探讨了不同入侵程度土壤对节节麦及其主要伴生植物-小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的反馈作用。【结果】节节麦的入侵降低了入侵地土壤养分,其中,至重度入侵时,入侵土壤中全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮及有效磷含量较裸土下降达到显著水平（P <0.05）;入侵土壤对节节麦自身种子萌发影响较为明显,且整体呈正反馈作用,但对小麦种子萌发影响相对较小;入侵土壤的化感物质残留对小麦生长表现出负反馈作用,且占绝对优势;而土壤真菌对节节麦幼苗株高生长、叶和总生物量的积累则呈占主导地位的正反馈作用。【结论】节节麦的入侵降低了土壤养分,改变了土壤真菌及化感作用,创造了有利于其自身种子萌发及幼苗生长的土壤生境,一定程度上提高了其对小麦的竞争优势。因此,积极的植物土壤反馈促进了节节麦的入侵。     

乙烯生物合成途径中的两个关键酶基因的研究进展

本文对植物激素乙烯生物合成途径中的两个关键酶基因即ACC合成酶基因(ACS)和ACC氧化酶基因(ACO)的克隆研究现状、表达及反馈调节等方面进行了评述。     

褪黑素调控根系生长和根际互作的机制研究进展

【目的】根系生长和根际互作是影响植物对土壤养分吸收的关键因子。根系在土壤中穿插生长,不断改变其形态可塑性,进而改变根系构型,扩大与土壤的接触面积以获取所需养分。同时根系的生理可塑性协同根系形态可塑性显著影响根际互作效应,为植物经济高效获取养分资源提供可能。探究褪黑素等内源生长调节因子对根系形态和生理可塑性的调控机制,揭示通过最大化根际效应强化根际互作的有效途径,对集约化作物体系提高养分利用效率,促进绿色增产增效,具有重要的理论与实践意义。主要进展褪黑素作为新型植物生长调节信号分子,在盐害、干旱和低温等非生物胁迫中具有增强植物抗逆性、改善植物生长等重要调节作用。褪黑素显著改变根系生长,对植物主根生长主要表现为抑制作用,对侧根及不定根的发育和生长具有浓度依赖性调节,从而深刻影响植物根系构型。褪黑素调控根系生长的机制尚不清楚,总结已有进展表明:一方面褪黑素调节光周期,影响光合产物的运输和糖信号,从而调控地下部碳分配和根系生长;另一方面,褪黑素还能与生长素等植物激素互作,参与激素对植物生长调控的信号通路,从而对植物的生长发育和新陈代谢产生影响。这些进展对深入揭示褪黑素调控根系生长发育的机制提供了重要依据。问题与展望根系的生长发育以及根系构型的改变显著影响根际过程和根际互作,褪黑素作为调控因子在不同养分环境条件下显著影响根系的形态可塑性。然而,褪黑素在根际过程和根际互作中的作用机制并不清楚,有关研究亟待加强。深入探究褪黑素参与根际互作的机制,理解褪黑素调控根系生长和根际过程的作用途径,可为集约化农业体系下精准调控作物根系生长,强化根际互作,提高养分利用效率提供科学依据。     

MicroRNA调节豆科作物营养胁迫响应的研究进展

micorRNA (miRNA)是一类长度为20~24个核苷酸的非编码小RNA(small RNA,sRNA),在植物生长发育、 生物和非生物胁迫响应方面起十分重要作用。越来越多的证据表明,miRNA在植物适应养分胁迫方面起重要的调节作用。豆科植物是一类具有生物固氮能力的植物,为人类提供蛋白和食用油,显然土壤养分胁迫会抑制豆科作物生长发育而降低产量。过去数十年对于miRNA介导模式植物拟南芥和水稻养分胁迫响应的研究较多,但近年来有关豆科作物养分胁迫相关的miRNA报道在增加。近年研究结果表明,miRNA通过对靶基因的调节在豆科植物适应营养胁迫中起关键作用,如感受外界养分状态的改变及维持体内养分的动态平衡。本文综述了近年来miRNA介导豆科作物适应养分胁迫的研究进展,主要对磷、 氮、 硫、 铁、 铜、 钙等养分亏缺或毒害反应的调控,讨论了miRNA调节豆科作物适应养分胁迫的机理,并对今后豆科作物miRNA的研究做出了展望。     

长距离控制渠系结冰期的水力响应分析

为了确保长距离控制输水渠系冬季安全输水,需要对其进行冬季输水模拟及实时运行操作控制研究。该文考虑了控制渠系与天然河道输冰的不同,以平封冰盖形成为前提,初步建立了长距离控制渠系在结冰期的渠系响应模型,包括水位、流量、闸门操作、水温过程和冰盖变化过程的模拟仿真。利用南水北调中线工程京石段资料在较简单工况下,对控制渠系在下游常水位的反馈比例积分（PID）控制器作用下进行模拟并分析模拟效果,指出冰盖糙率、控制器参数和控制策略对渠系水力响应的影响很大。研究表明该模型可用于长距离控制渠系结冰期的运行模拟及分析冬季结冰期运行规律,在此基础上可以研究得到更精确更贴近实际的模型。     

土壤–根系–微生物系统中影响氮磷利用的一些关键协同机制的研究进展

根际是养分进入作物系统的门户,也是土壤-根系-微生物相互作用的微域。根际界面过程决定了氮磷养分的供应强度和有效性,最终影响了氮磷养分的利用效率和作物生产力。近年来,国内外在揭示农田土壤-根系-微生物系统中不同界面的养分转化、吸收和运输机制方面取得了一些新进展。在不同时空尺度上分析了影响土壤氮磷转化微生物组成的影响因子;研究了丛枝菌根系统形成的信号机制及其对氮磷吸收的基因调控机制;从信号网络、根系质子分泌和根构型的角度系统揭示了作物根系应对根际环境氮磷养分供应的形态和生理响应机制。未来针对根际氮磷高效利用问题,需要深入研究土壤-根系-微生物不同界面的协同机制和调控原理,在根际微域和土壤团聚体尺度开展微生物食物网及其关键功能微生物分布格局和演替规律的研究;揭示根构型对根系–微生物协同结构和功能的影响,研究养分缺乏条件下根内质子分泌和关键转运蛋白对根系生长和养分吸收的调控机制;针对粮食作物,研究根系-微生物对话中已知信号物质(如独脚金内酯和N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯)和新的信号物质(小RNA)的网络作用机制及其对多养分协同代谢的影响;最后,针对不同气候、土壤、作物类型区,提出提高氮磷利用效率的根际生物调控途径和措施。     

植物营养分子遗传研究进展

过去10年间,在植物矿质养分吸收利用与养分胁迫诱导调节机理分于生物学方面的研究进展使我们对植物营养分子遗传背景有了新的了解。本文对有关养分转运子基因克隆,养分胁迫诱导调节机理,应用分子标记技术研究养分吸收利用遗传背景等方而的研究进展及方法作一介绍。     

硝态氮供应下植物侧根生长发育的响应机制

旱地土壤上硝态氮是作物吸收和利用的主要无机氮形态。硝态氮不仅是植物营养的主要氮源,而且还可以作为信号物质调节植物根系生长发育。为适应土壤中硝态氮非均衡供应,植物侧根发育往往呈现出可塑性反应。本文综述了植物侧根生长发育对硝态氮供应的响应机制。在拟南芥、玉米、大麦等植物上研究表明,硝态氮对植物侧根发育具有双向调节途径,即:1)局部供应硝态氮,硝态氮自身作为信号物质通过信号传导通路发生作用,对侧根具有伸长的刺激效应,硝态氮转运蛋白AtNRT1.1作用于转录因子ANR1的上游,ANR1的转录调节侧根发育;2)植物组织中高浓度的硝态氮对侧根分裂组织活动具有抑制效应,植物激素如生长素和脱落酸可能参与其中的信号传导过程。近些年来研究发现小RNA也参与调控硝态氮供应下植物侧根发育。     

地上植食性昆虫对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

地上地下生态系统之间存在着密切的联系,二者相互作用,共同影响陆地生态系统过程。越来越多的研究表明,地上地下之间的相互联系还受到植食性动物取食作用的调节。地上植食性昆虫不仅可以改变地上植物或动物群落,还可以间接地影响土壤生态系统中的生物群落和相关的土壤过程,进而对地上生态系统形成反馈。本文综述了地上植食性昆虫对土壤食物网中不同营养级的生物群落,以及相关土壤过程的影响;在已有研究报道的基础上,分析并归纳了地上植食性昆虫影响土壤生态系统的途径和调控因素等,旨在较为全面地总结地上植食性昆虫对土壤生态系统的间接影响以及相关的影响机制,并对今后的研究方向作了初步展望。     

植物SPX-PHR模块在营养信号途径中的作用研究进展

  【目的】  近几十年来,PHR和SPX蛋白作为磷信号途径中的核心调控蛋白已经得到了广泛的研究。并且随着研究的不断深入,人们发现它们在其它养分信号途径中也起着重要作用。为此,本文综述PHR与SPX蛋白在植物根系发育,养分吸收、转运与再分配中的研究进展,从而更加全面地理解SPX-PHR模块在其中的作用。  主要进展  植物PHR转录因子可以通过结合靶基因启动子的P1BS元件从而调控下游基因的转录,进而参与植物根系发育,养分吸收、转运、分配以及免疫应答。植物PHR转录因子自身在转录水平受到多种信号的调控,如生长素信号途径ARF7/19、乙烯信号途径EIN3、光信号途径FHY3、FAR1能够在转录水平上诱导PHR表达;而光信号途径中的HY5以及光敏色素因子PIF4/5则抑制PHR或其同源基因PHL的表达。进一步研究发现,SPX蛋白能够与PHR互作并抑制其转录激活能力。而SPX在转录水平和蛋白水平也受到氮、磷信号的调控。氮信号途径中NRT1.1(B)-NBIP1和磷信号途径中SDELs均能介导26S蛋白酶复合体途径降解SPX蛋白,进而释放NLP/PHR进入细胞核,激活硝酸盐和磷酸盐应答基因的表达。同时NLP/PHR进入细胞核后,还可转录激活NIGT1的表达,进一步调控硝酸盐和磷酸盐应答基因的表达。  研究展望  未来我们需要对PHR转录因子的上游调控信号进行更全面的鉴定以及展开对SPX互作蛋白的鉴定与功能研究,以期更全面的理解SPX-PHR模块在植物养分吸收中的作用机制。     

Effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus availability to flooded and nonflooded rice in a P‐deficient tropical soil: a greenhouse study

Addition of organic matter (OM) to flooded soils stimulates reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals, thereby mobilizing associated phosphate (P). Hence, OM management has the potential to overcome P deficiency. This study assessed if OM applications increases soil or mineral fertilizer P availability to rice under anaerobic (flooded) condition and if that effect is different relative to that in aerobic (nonflooded) soils. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 26 mg P/kg), OM (0, ~9 g OM/kg as rice straw + cattle manure) and water treatments (flooded vs nonflooded) in a factorial pot experiment. The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; blanket N and K was added in all treatments. Fresh addition of OM promoted reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals in flooded soils, whereas no such effect was found when OM had been incubated for 6 months before flooding. Yield and shoot P uptake largely increased with mineral P addition in all soils, whereas OM addition increased yield and P uptake only in flooded soils following fresh OM addition. The combination of mineral P and OM gave the largest yield and P uptake. Addition of OM just prior to soil flooding increased P uptake but was insufficient to overcome P deficiency in the absence of mineral P. Larger applications of OM are unlikely to be more successful in flooded soils due to side effects, such as Fe toxicity.     

Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils

 The existence of soluble organic forms of N in rain and drainage waters has been known for many years, but these have not been generally regarded as significant pools of N in agricultural soils. We review the size and function of both soluble organic N extracted from soils (SON) and dissolved organic N present in soil solution and drainage waters (DON) in arable agricultural soils. SON is of the same order of magnitude as mineral N and of equal size in many cases; 20–30 kg SON-N ha^–1 is present in a wide range of arable agricultural soils from England. Its dynamics are affected by mineralisation, immobilisation, leaching and plant uptake in the same way as those of mineral N, but its pool size is more constant than that of mineral N. DON can be sampled from soil solution using suction cups and collected in drainage waters. Significant amounts of DON are leached, but this comprises only about one-tenth of the SON extracted from the same soil. Leached DON may take with it nutrients, chelated or complexed metals and pesticides. SON/DON is clearly an important pool in N transformations and plant uptake, but there are still many gaps in our understanding. Received: 10 June 1999     

Genetic variation in nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of oil palm

Observations of the vegetative and reproductive biomass produced annually and the mineral element contents have been conducted on diverse oil palm plant materials tested in a genetic test in Indonesia. The results show that the nutrient uptake (for trunk growth, leaf renewal and bunch export) greatly varies (CV = 10% for N uptake and 17% for K uptake) with the origins of the planting materials considered. For equivalent production, the uptake in nutrients of certain plant material may differ very significantly; for the same level of uptake in nutrients, production can vary significantly. This study supports the hypothesis that the optimal nutrient thresholds are intrinsically linked to the plant material. It assumes that some planting materials have different needs and that a fertilizer regime could be adapted to their specific needs without losses in performance. To confirm these assumptions, the need of implementing specific experimental devices with differentiated fertilization regimes is discussed.     

间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展

【目的】合理的间套作能够改善作物的矿质营养。近年来国内外对间套作提高作物生产力、 改善作物矿质营养的机理研究越来越深入。本文分析了国内外不同间套作中作物根际养分动态及作物营养吸收变化,阐述了间套作改善作物矿质营养的可能机理。【主要进展】 1)根系分泌物中的铵态氮和氨基酸态氮作为作物的氮源; 根系分泌物能够诱导豆科作物固氮作用的增强,增加间套作系统中的氮营养; 2)根系分泌物中的有机酸类物质能够活化根际土壤中的磷、 铁、 钾等营养,将其转变为植物可以利用的营养; 3)根系分泌物或地上部的种间互作能诱导作物的根系构型和矿质营养吸收相关基因的表达发生变化,形成空间上的营养生态位互补,增强根系吸收矿质营养的能力,充分利用土壤营养资源; 4)丛枝菌根真菌与作物间形成的网络便于营养在作物之间的转移和吸收; 5)间套作能够改变土壤生物多样性(土壤动物和微生物),而土壤的生物多样性能够促进作物矿质养分的吸收。间套作中,由于微生物代谢功能的多样性,作物对微生物的选择和富集使得根际土壤功能微生物的种类和数量增多,提高了土壤中矿质营养的生物有效性; 6)间套作提高了土壤的酶(如脲酶,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性,促进了有机氮、 磷向无机氮、 磷的转化,提高了土壤无机氮、 磷的浓度。总之,根系分泌物、 根系构型变化、 土壤生物多样性、 土壤酶在作物的营养有效利用中发挥重要作用,其中根系分泌物是它们之间的纽带,介导了作物-作物、 作物-土壤、 作物-微生物之间的相互作用。【建议与展望】由于技术手段的限制及地下根际过程的复杂性,人们对于地下生物学过程的认识还远远不够。根系分泌物的原位定性与定量、 间套作中种间的识别和响应、 间套作对土壤生物多样性的影响及土壤生物多样性对作物生长的反馈、 间套作中功能微生物的筛选、 分离、 鉴定及应用都将成为研究的重点。     

Influence of continuous application of inorganic nutrients to a Maize–Wheat rotation on soil enzyme activity and grain quality in a rainfed Indian soil

To explore long-term impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil health and grain quality, we monitored the enzyme activities and chemical properties of soil; and chemical composition of grain from eight treatments at an experimental field site established in 1996. There were eight treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons: a control; four inorganic fertilizers, that is, nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), nitrogen and potassium (NK), phosphorous and potassium (PK) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); farm yard manure alone (FYM) and addition of FYM at two different doses (100 and 50% of recommendation) to NPK that is, NPK + FYM and ½ NPK + FYM. After 11 years of the experiment the NPK + FYM and ½ NPK + FYM treatments had the highest yields, about 5 Mg maize ha⁻¹ and 2 Mg wheat ha⁻¹ with about 2 and 0.5 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively more than the NPK treatments. The dehydrogeanse activity of soils increased significantly in FYM and ½ NPK + FYM. Except urease all other enzymatic activities were increased in those treatments, which received manure. Urease activity was higher in mineral-N applied plots. Grain protein content of both maize and wheat was highest in mineral fertilized plots. Test weight also increased significantly on application of mineral fertilizer. Plots treated with half dose of recommended mineral fertilizer along with FYM were higher in urease, phosphomono and diesterase activities than that of NPK + FYM treated plots. Long-term application of inorganic nutrients along with FYM improved grain mineral composition and yield. Inhibition of few enzymatic activities were also observed upon application of inorganic nutrients either alone or in combination.     

Effect of leaching events on the fate of polyhalite nutrient minerals used for crop fertilization

Abstract

Polyhalite is a natural mineral containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and is proposed as a fertilizer source for these essential nutrients. Application of polyhalite is expected to be most relevant in soils where the availability of these nutrients is low: in sandy soils, in highly leached soils, or in areas where crops are irrigated by water with low content of these nutrients or are rain-fed. A controlled lysimeter experiment investigated the efficacy of surface applied polyhalite as a fertilizer supplying K, Ca, Mg and S compared to soluble sulfate salts in two soils (sandy and loamy) with or without simulated rain leaching events through two cycles of cropping. In the first cycle, carrot response and nutrient uptake, transport, and loss through leaching were studied, while in the second cycle the residual effect of the fertilizer was considered on maize without additional fertilizer application or leaching. Polyhalite plus rain led to increased carrot yield due to augmented Ca uptake in sandy soil. In both soils, polyhalite behaved as a prolonged availability fertilizer with more nutrients retained in the top soil layer and not leached below the root zone. The treatments did not affect maize growth or nutrient uptake except for lower K and S uptake in soils where rain had been simulated for the previous crop. We conclude that polyhalite shows potential as a commercial fertilizer to supply K, Ca, Mg, and S nutrients under conditions of dryland agriculture where occasionally leaching by rainfall occurs.     

Sustainable Management of Nutrients in Forage-Based Pasture Soils: Effect of Animal Congregation Sites (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Grazing animals have a dominant effect on the movement and utilization of nutrients through the soil and plant system, and thus on the fertility of pasture soils. Grazing can accelerate and alter the timing of nutrient transfers, and increase the amount of nutrients cycled from plant to soil. Long periods, position of shade, and water resources for grazing cattle can influence the spatial distribution of soil biochemical properties including soil organic carbon (C), total extractable inorganic nitrogen (TEIN), and Melich 1 extractable total phosphorus (TP). The objective of this study is to test whether cattle congregation sites typical on most Florida ranches, such as mineral feeders, water troughs, and shade areas are more nutrient-rich and may contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply than in other pasture locations under Florida conditions. Materials and Methods: Baseline soil samples around and beneath three congregations sites in established (>10 yr) grazed beef cattle pastures at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Subtropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS), Brooksville, FL, were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Results: The levels of soil TEIN and TP were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by the interaction of congregation sites and distance away from the center of the sites. Mineral feeders had the highest concentration of TP followed by shades and water troughs. The concentrations of soil TP decreased almost linearly with distance (x = meter) away from the center of the mineral feeders (-5.24x + 55.10; R2 = 0.92; p ≤ 0.001) and the shades (-6.25x + 57.21; R2 = 0.85; p ≤ 0.001). However, the level of TP around the water troughs (-0.25x + 16.91; R2 = 0.09) does not appear to change significantly with distance, staying close to about 13-18 mg kg-1. The levels of TEIN decreased linearly with distance away from the mineral feeders from the center of the shades. A linear model can describe the relationship between TEIN and distance away from the center of shades: -11.3x + 78.2; R2 = 0.95; p ≤ 0.001. The shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water troughs (10.06 ± 0.8 mg kg-1) sites. Discussion: The higher soil TP near and around the mineral feeders can be attributed to the presence of phosphorus in the supplemental feeds. The average level of soil TP in the mineral feeders of 34.05 ± 0.44 mg kg-1 was not high enough to be of environmental concern. Losses of soil phosphorus by overland flow are becoming a big concern when the concentrations for soil phosphorus exceeded 150 mg kg-1 in the upper 20 cm of soils. With TN, the shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had either higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water trough (10.06 ± 0.80 mg kg-1) sites. Higher TEIN content at the shade sites may have been more likely due to frequent urination of animals and lack of vegetation immediately adjacent to shades. The lack of vegetation within and/or near the shades then had no uptake mechanism for removal of inorganic nitrogen, unlike the heavy demand for inorganic nitrogen by bahiagrass in other areas of the pasture. An accumulation of TEIN immediately adjacent to shades could lead to a potential point source that would be susceptible to leaching or gaseous losses to the environment. Conclusions: Early results of the study are suggesting that cattle congregation sites in beef cattle operations in Florida are not nutrient-rich, therefore may not contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply under Florida conditions. Recommendations and Perspectives: Since there is no apparent vertical build up or horizontal movement of TEIN and TP in the landscape, we can then surmise that cattle congregation sites may be considered not a potential source of nutrients at the watershed level, at least on the sand ridge soils in Florida. Further research is continuing, including sampling at cattle congregation sites at other locations in north and south Florida, which started in July 2004.     

生物碳对土壤磷素和棉花养分吸收的影响

通过两年温室盆栽试验,研究了不同磷肥用量下生物碳对土壤磷素含量、 棉花生长和养分吸收的影响。试验以棉花秸秆为原料制备生物碳,制成三种热解温度（450℃、 600℃和750℃）的生物碳,分别以BC450、 BC600和BC750表示,同时以空白土壤为对照（CK）; 磷肥（P2O5）用量设3个水平0、 0.25、 0.5 g/kg（分别以P0、 P1、 P2表示）。研究结果表明,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量及其有效性,随着生物碳热解温度的升高,土壤水溶性磷、 速效磷及全磷含量均显著增加,且对三种磷素含量的影响表现为水溶性磷 全磷 速效磷。施用生物碳处理两年棉花的干物质重均显著高于对照,但不同热解生物碳处理对两年棉花干物质重的影响各异。施用生物碳可显著增加棉花养分吸收量,总体表现为750℃ 600℃ 450℃。因此,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量,促进棉花生长和养分吸收; 热解温度是影响生物碳质量的重要因素,生物碳的热解温度越高（450~750℃）,其促进作用越好。     

Nitrogen use efficiency of microalgae application in wheat compared to mineral fertilizer

Background

Wastewater from sewage treatment plants contains high levels of nutrients, which can be used for plant nutrition. Classical wastewater treatment plants use complex microbial consortia of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms for biological wastewater treatment. Certain autotrophic microalgae (e.g., species of the genera Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Pediastrum) accumulate nutrients from wastewater very effectively.

Aims

We investigated the potential of microalgae biomass obtained from a prototype wastewater treatment plant as a source of nutrients for crops, focusing on nitrogen.

Methods

We provided wheat plants with different levels of algae biomass equivalent to 60, 120, and 180 kg N per hectare or with mineral fertilizer (N, P, and K) equivalent to the amounts contained in the algal biomass. Physiological and phenotypic traits were measured during growth, including vegetation indices, photosynthetic performance, growth, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In addition, the adundances of Bacteria, Archaea and fungi and genes of ammonium oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea were determined in the rhizosphere of differently fertilized plants.

Results

Microalgal application at fertilizer levels of 120 and 180 kg N ha^–1 showed significantly improved physiological performance, growth, yield and nutrient uptake compared to the unfertilized control. Nevertheless, their yields and NUE were lower than with the application of equal amounts of mineral fertilization, while the adundance of rhizosphere microbes and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms were not significantly affected.

Conclusions

Microalgae from wastewater treatments form a suitable source of organic fertilizer for wheat plants with only moderate reductions in N use efficiency compared to mineral fertilizer.     

氮硫互作对大葱氮、 磷、 钾、 硫吸收分配特性的影响

为探讨氮硫互作对大葱植株矿质营养状况的影响,本文采用裂区试验设计,研究了营养液不同氮（N）、 硫（S）水平对盆栽沙培大葱生长量及氮（N）、 磷（P）、 钾（K）、 硫（S）吸收分配特性的影响。结果表明,营养液N、 S水平显著影响大葱根、 假茎及叶片N、 P、 K、 S含量,植株干物质及N、 P、 K、 S 的吸收积累量均随营养液N、 S水平升高而显著增加,当硫水平超过6.69 mmol/L（S4）时,植株干物质量开始降低,对N、 P、 K、 S的吸收积累量也相应下降,虽然S4较S0（0.01 mmol/L）处理仍增加显著,但较S1（1.68 mmol/L）干物质重量降低了7.97%,对N、 P、 K、 S的吸收积累量也分别降低了16.37%、 10.24%、 9.06%、 5.77%。营养液N、 S水平及其交互效应（NS）对大葱N、 P、 K、 S 在不同器官的分配多有显著影响,但硫的影响远不及氮明显。综合分析表明,以营养液氮水平16.00 mmol/L、 硫水平为1.68~3.35 mmol/L时最有利于改善大葱的矿质营养水平,并促进其干物质的积累。