安溪县陆生野生动物资源状况及区系研究

1998、1999年福建省安溪县林业局开展了鸟类、兽类、两栖爬行类资源调查,基本摸清了安溪县范围内陆生野生动物资源状况。通过区系研究,表明安溪县的鸟类、兽类、两栖爬行动物在动物地理分布上的特征以东洋界的组成成分为主,在动物的二级区系组成上鸟兽类以华南区成分为主,两栖爬行类以华中、华南区成分为主。动物区系中华中、华南区成分的混杂现象也较明显,表现出在动物地理分布上的过渡性、渗透性。     

河北小五台国际狩猎场鸟兽资源调查与评价

为加强野生动物及其生境的基础保护工作,对狩猎资源动态进行有效的监管,2016年5月对拟建的河北小五台国际狩猎场野生动物资源进行首次本底调查。根据本次实地调查结果,共记录狩猎场鸟类和兽类物种104种,隶属16目43科。小五台国际狩猎场动物区系以古北界居相对优势,种类有65种,占该区域内鸟兽物种种数的62. 50%;广布种有26种;东洋界物种最少,仅有13种。留鸟和夏候鸟占绝大多数,分别为44. 71%和35. 29%。鸟类群落结构丰富,以鸣禽为主,非雀形目鸟类物种占29. 41%,雀形目鸟类占70. 59%。猎场境内森林植被茂密,生境复杂多样,狩猎资源充足,狩猎动物主要为西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、雉鸡(Phasianus colchicus)等。建议猎场在对野生动物有效保护的基础上,合理制定狩猎方案,与周边村落共同开发合作项目,积极推进当地狩猎业发展。     

中国南方草地现状与生产潜力

中国南方草地区为秦岭、淮河以南、青藏高原以东的广大地区 ,总面积约 2 70万 km2 ,分属淮河、长江、珠江 3大流域。南方草地多山 ,本文涉及的 12个南方省区中 ,山地与平原之比平均为 4 .85∶ 1,比全国平均比值高出 1倍。山地面积之大小与青藏高原距离的远近呈负相关。南方草地大体可以分为云贵高原区、华东区和华南区。笔者提出建立 3类系统耦合经济带 ,即西南岩溶山地系统耦合生态经济带、江淮平原丘陵系统耦合生态经济带和岭南沿海平原丘陵生态经济带。每一生态经济带内包含中心城市 ,农村生产基地和社会支持系统。据初步估算 ,这样的生态经济带蕴藏了巨大的经济潜力     

A geographic study of West Nile virus in humans,dead corvids and mosquitoes in Ontario using spatial scan statistics with a survival time application

Surveillance of West Nile virus (WNv) in Ontario has included passive reporting of human cases and testing of trapped mosquitoes and dead birds found by the public. The dead bird surveillance programme was limited to testing within a public health unit (PHU) until a small number of birds test positive. These dead corvid and mosquito surveillance programmes have not been compared for their ability to provide early warning in geographic areas where human cases occur each year. Spatial scan statistics were applied to time‐to‐event survival data based on first cases of WNv in found dead corvids, mosquitoes and humans. Clusters identified using raw data were compared to clusters based on model‐adjusted survival times to evaluate whether geographic and sociodemographic factors influenced their distribution. Statistically significant (p < .05) space–time clusters of PHUs with faster time to detection were found using each surveillance data stream. During 2002–2004, the corvid surveillance programme outperformed the mosquito programme in terms of time to WNv detection, while the clusters of first‐positive mosquito pools were more spatially similar to first human cases. In 2006, a cluster of first‐positive dead corvids was located in northern PHUs and preceded a cluster of early human cases that was identified after controlling for the influence of geographic region and sociodemographic profile.     

Least speciose among the most speciose: Natural history correlates of monospecific and bispecific genera of Rodentia and Soricomorpha

Monospecific and bispecific genera are of special concern as they represent unique phylogenetic/evolutionary trajectories within larger clades. In addition, as phylogenetically older taxa are supposed to be exposed to higher rarity and extinction risk, monospecific and bispecific genera may be intrinsically more prone to extinction risks than multispecies genera, although extinction risks also depend on the ecological and biological strategy of the species. Here, the distribution across biogeographical zones and the levels of threat to 2 speciose orders of mammals (monospecific and bispecific genera of Rodentia and Soricomorpha) are investigated in order to highlight major patterns at the worldwide scale. In Rodentia, 39.7% of the genera (n = 490) were monospecific and 17.9% were bispecific. In Soricomorpha, 44.4% of the total genera (n = 45) were monospecific and 15% were bispecific. There was a positive correlation between the number of monospecific genera and the total number of genera per family. Peaks of monospecific and bispecific genera richness were observed in Neotropical, Oriental and Afrotropical regions in rodents and in the Palearctic region in soricomorphs. Range size was significantly uneven across biogeographic region in rodents (with larger ranges in Nearctic and Oriental regions and smaller ranges in the Australian region), but there was no difference across biogeographic regions in terms of range size in soricomorphs. Most of the monospecific and bispecific genera occurred in forest habitat in both taxa. The frequency distribution of the monospecific and bispecific genera across IUCN categories did not differ significantly from the expected pattern using the total rodent genera and the multispecies genera.     

Sequence Analysis of Bluetongue Virus 1 M6 Gene in Yunnan Province

The object of this study was to investigate the evolution and variation of NS1 encoding gene (M6) of Bluetongue virus 1 (BTV-1) from Yunnan province and the evolutionary relationship of strains which from Yunnan province and other countries.RNA were extracted from four strains (Y863,SZ120169,6-12 and 7-12),and M6 gene were amplified by using specific primer and sequenced,which were analyzed by using bioinformatics software for nucleotides homology and phylogenetic relationships.The results showed that four strains M6 gene were 1 763 bp;The homology of nucleotides among four strains M6 gene were 95.2% to 99.9%,the amino acids among four strains M6 gene were 97.6% to 99.8%,the homology of nucleotides between Y863 (1979) and 3 strains (SZ120169,6-12 and 7-12) were 95.5%,95.2% and 95.2%,the amino acids between Y863 (1979) and 3 strains were 97.6%,98.4% and 98.2%,the homology of nucleotides and amino acids were high (96.9% to 99.9% and 99.1% to 99.8%,respectively) among four Yunnan strains.BTV was divided into two clusters (Western and Eastern) and four strains (BTV-1) from Yunan province belong to Eastern cluster.The homology of nucleotides and amino acids among four Yunnan strains was 95.2% to 99.9% and 97.6% to 99.8% respectively;The genetic distance were close among four Yunnan strains and strains from Greece and Australia,the homology of nucleotides and amino acids between them were 90.4% to 95.6% and 95.1% to 99.1%;The genetic distance were distinct among four Yunnan strains and strains from Mediterranean countries (Italy,Fance,Algeria,Morocco and Tunisia) and South Africa;The homology of nucleotides and amino acids between them were below 83.8% and 95.7%,so we found that gene clusters distribution was related to the geographical distribution for BTV.In a conclusion,four Yunnan strains belong to Eastern cluster and the speed of genetic variation of M6 from Yunnan province was slow,so M6 gene could be used in study of gene group of distribution and origin of geographical area.     

云南蓝舌病病毒1型毒株M6基因序列分析

为了解云南蓝舌病病毒(Bluetongue virus,BTV) 1型M6基因流行株的遗传变异及其与国内外流行病毒的遗传进化关系,试验从细胞培养物中分别提取4株云南分离株BTV-1 (Y863、SZ120169、6-12和7-12) RNA,用M6基因特异引物进行RT-PCR扩增和测序,采用生物信息学软件对获得的M6基因编码区序列进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比对及遗传进化分析.结果表明,分别获得4株云南分离株BTV-1 M6基因1 763 bp序列;4株云南分离株BTV-1核苷酸同源性在95.2%~99.9%之间,氨基酸同源性在97.6%~99.8%之间,1979年师宗分离的Y863病毒毒株与2012年师宗(SZ120169)、2013年江城(6-12、7-12)分离的3株病毒毒株核苷酸同源性分别为95.5%、95.2%和95.2%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.6%、98.4%和98.2%,而近两年(2012、2013)分离病毒核苷酸和氨基酸同源性较高,分别在96.9%~99.9%和99.1%~99.8%之间;遗传进化分析发现,4株云南分离株BTV-1为Eastern基因群病毒,它们之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%~99.9%和97.6%~99.8%;进一步分析发现4株云南分离株BTV-1与希腊及澳大利亚 BTV-1型毒株亲缘关系较近,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为90.4%~95.6%和95.1%~99.1%,而与地中海国家(意大利、法国、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯)和南非毒株关系较远,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在83.8%和95.7%以下.4株云南分离株BTV-1属于Eastern基因群病毒,云南分离株BTV-1 M6基因在自然进化中发生遗传变异缓慢,该基因可以用来进行BTV-1基因群分布及毒株的地理区域来源相关的研究.     

Genetic analysis of river,swamp and hybrid buffaloes of north‐east India throw new light on phylogeography of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

This study analysed buffaloes from north‐east India and compared their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variations with buffaloes of mainland India, China, Mediterranean and South‐East Asia. Microsatellite genotypes of 338 buffaloes including 210 from six north‐east Indian buffalo populations and three mainland Indian breeds were analysed to evaluate their genetic structure and evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analysis and multidimensional scaling plot of pairwise F_ST revealed the clustering of all swamp‐type buffaloes of north‐east India with Lower Assamese (significantly hybrid type) buffaloes in one plane and all the mainland river buffaloes in another plane while the upper Assamese buffaloes being distinct from both these clusters. Analysis of mtDNA D‐loop region of 530‐bp length was performed on 345 sequences belonging to 23 buffalo populations from various geographical regions to establish the phylogeography of Indian water buffalo. The swamp buffaloes of north‐east India clustered with both the lineages of Chinese swamp buffalo. Multidimensional scaling display of pairwise F_ST derived from mitochondrial DNA data showed clustering of upper Assamese, Chilika and Mediterranean buffaloes distinctly from all the other Indian buffalo populations. Median‐joining network analysis further confirmed the distinctness and ancestral nature of these buffaloes. The study revealed north‐east region of India forming part of the wider hybrid zone of water buffalo that may probably extend from north‐east India to South‐East Asia.     

First record of Trichinella pseudospiralis in the Slovak Republic found in domestic focus

Infection of Trichinella spp. is widespread among wildlife in Slovakia and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the main reservoir of Trichinella britovi. Trichinella spiralis has been rarely documented in sylvatic and domestic animals of this country. During routine examination of domestic pigs at the slaughter, Trichinella larvae were detected by artificial digestion in a domestic pig of a large-scale breeding farm in Eastern Slovakia. The parasite has been identified by molecular (PCR) and biochemical (allozymes) analyses and by the morphology of the nurse cell as the non-encapsulated species Trichinella pseudospiralis infecting both mammals and birds. The epidemiological investigation carried out at the farm level revealed the presence of the same parasite species in other three pigs of 192 examined (2.1%), in 3 of 14 (21.4%) examined synanthropic rats (Rattus norvegicus) and in a domestic cat. The farm was characterized by inadequate sanitary conditions, insufficient nutrition, cannibalism and the presence of rat population. A different profile has been observed at the phosphoglucomutase locus in T. pseudospiralis isolates from Slovakia in comparison with the T. pseudospiralis reference isolate from the Palearctic region. This is the first documented focus of T. pseudospiralis from Central Europe. The detection in domestic pigs of a non-encapsulated parasite infecting both mammals and birds stresses the need to avoid the use of trichinelloscopy to detect this infection at the slaughterhouse.     

大庆龙凤湿地春季鸟类多样性研究

大庆龙凤湿地在动物地理区划分上属于古北界,本次调查在其保护区内共发现鸟类71种,隶属10目27科,其中国家Ⅰ级保护动物3种,Ⅱ级保护动物11种,调查仅限于春季,一些保护区曾经出现过的国家珍稀保护动物没有被发现。由于保护区有大面积湿地,所以水禽种类占大多数,且数量众多。鸟类组成以夏候鸟为主,种类有42种,占总数的59.15%。本次调查中,古北界鸟类54种,占总数的76.06%;广布种17种,占总数的23.94%;没有东洋界鸟类的入侵。很多鸟类从这里迁徙和经过,且以古北区的鸟类为主。本次调查采用样带、样点和定点观察法,对保护区内的鸟类种类和数量做了调查统计,并分析出近几年来这里鸟类种类数量减少的原因。     

Pharmacokinetic aspects of penicillins, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol in birds compared to mammals. A review

Based on a review of the literature, a comparison is made of the pharmacokinetics of penicillins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol in birds and mammals. Penicillins in birds are likely to be more dependent for their elimination on biotransformation than in mammals. Amoxycillin had a relatively low availability (0.34) after p.o. administration. Higher doses (2 to 8 times) were needed to achieve the same peak levels in birds and mammals. Aminoglycosides, which for their elimination largely depend on renal excretion by glomerular filtration, show only minor differences in pharmacokinetics between birds and mammals. Chloramphenicol is mainly excreted after biotransformation and large differences in pharmacokinetic parameters are to be found, not only between birds and mammals, but also between avian species.     

甘肃凤蝶种类及其区系研究

本研究最新记述甘肃凤蝶有36种及亚种,隶属于凤蝶亚科和锯凤蝶亚科,其中甘肃省新记录14种.它们分别是麝凤蝶东南亚种、小黑斑凤蝶指名亚种、宽带青凤蝶特宽亚种、褐钩凤蝶风伯亚种、红基美凤蝶西藏亚种、碧翠凤蝶台湾亚种、玉斑美凤蝶指名亚种、美凤蝶大陆亚种、美凤蝶台湾亚种、巴黎绿翠凤蝶台南亚种、玉带美凤蝶台湾亚种、蓝美凤蝶西南亚种、乌克兰剑凤蝶、丝带凤蝶华西亚种.区系分析表明,东洋种21种,占58.3%;古北种3种,占8.3%;东洋古北兼有种1种,占2.8%;广布种11种,占30.6%,说明甘肃凤蝶是以东洋种为主,以东洋种和广布种占绝对优势的区系结构.     

Maternal origins,population structure and demographic history of ten Chinese indigenous goat breeds from Yunnan

Yunnan as a frontier zone that connects China with South and Southeast Asia, has 11 well‐recognized goat breeds. However, the knowledge about maternal origins, population structure and demographic history of Chinese indigenous goats from Yunnan is limited. In this study, we analysed a 481‐bp fragment of first hypervariable segment (HVSI) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 749 individuals from 10 Yunnan indigenous goat breeds, of which 556 sequences were newly determined. There were 110 polymorphic sites that defined 158 haplotypes among all sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of these breeds ranged from 0.782 ± 0.079 to 0.982 ± 0.015 and from 0.028 ± 0.003 to 0.043 ± 0.005, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis identified two lineages A and B, of which the lineage A had higher frequency (68.1%) and distributed in all Yunnan breeds. We combined previously reported sequences with our sequences belonging to the lineage B and detected two subclades B1 and B2, in which the B1 subclade shared individuals from Eastern Asia, Southeast Asia and Southern Asia. Given higher level of diversity and more unique haplotypes, the B2 subclade probably originated from Southwestern China. The haplotype network, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and a Mantel test revealed no significant phylogeographic structuring among Yunnan goat breeds. This can be explained by high gene flow and genetic admixture among these breeds from different geographic regions in Yunnan. Additionally, both the lineages A and B reflected different demographic histories. This study will provide a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of Yunnan indigenous goats.     

Evaluation of the Control of West Nile Virus in Ontario: Did Risk Patterns Change from 2005 to 2012?

The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the risk distribution of human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in Ontario in 2005 to 2012. The objectives were to: map the risk distribution of WNV in 2005 and 2012, identify clusters of human WNV disease and determine whether the clusters are significantly different between the years 2005 and 2012. West Nile virus surveillance data were used to calculate empirical Bayesian smoothed estimates of disease incidence in southern Ontario for 2005 and 2012. Choropleth maps were generated to visualize the spatial risk distribution, and the spatial scan test was performed to identify clusters of disease. Following identification of clusters for 2005 and 2012, a Poisson model was applied to the 2012 human WNV incidence adjusted for the smoothed human WNV incidence rate from 2005 and the scan test was repeated. Two significant clusters were identified in both the year 2005 and 2012. In 2005, the primary cluster was located in the Windsor‐Essex and Chatham‐Kent public health units (PHUs). For 2012, the primary cluster was identified in the Golden Horseshoe area. A cluster analysis for 2012 adjusted for those identified in 2005 resulted in one significant cluster in the Windsor‐Essex PHU. In 2012, the Windsor‐Essex PHU remained as a high‐risk area for human WNV disease when compared with the rest of southern Ontario. Although overall risk may change from year to year, public health programming should be employed to decrease the relative risk of WNV in this area.     

Use of spatial statistics and monitoring data to identify clustering of bovine tuberculosis in Argentina

The spatial distribution of endemic bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Argentine cattle herds was described using recorded information on the detection of TB-like lesions in cattle slaughtered between March 1995 and 1997 at 126 slaughterhouses with federal inspection. Approximately, 47% (9472396 cattle) of the estimated total number of cattle slaughtered in Argentina during this period was included in the study. Information on the number of cattle per source herd consigned to slaughter, number of cattle with TB-like lesions per herd and the geographical location of counties from which cattle originated was used to investigate spatial clustering of TB. Overall, no evidence of clustering of TB prevalence by county was detected (Moran's autocorrelation statistic I=0.009, P=0.089). However, first- (Cuzick and Edwards' test statistic, T(k)=87, P=0.036) and second-order (T(k)=170, P=0.038) nearest-neighbor case-counties (TB prevalence>median prevalence of all counties, 6.7%) were clustered. Using the spatial scan test based on a Bernoulli model, the most-likely cluster (P=0.001) identified during the study period included 5793 cases of TB (5.2 per 1000 km(2)) in five counties. This cluster coincided with Santa Fe Province, which contains 21% of all dairy cows in Argentina and accounts for 34% of the country's milk production. Several secondary clusters of TB-also located in dairy districts-were identified. Study results demonstrate that bovine TB is clustered in Argentina, and these clusters coincide with dairy cattle production. Identification of clustering can assist efforts to eradicate bovine TB from Argentina. Further spatial investigations need to focus on the reasons why TB is clustered in Argentina. In particular, the relationship between TB clustering and management practices-such as grazing density and production systems-need to be described to assist in the development of disease-control programs. The use of spatial statistics and geographical information systems could meet these needs.     

Human‐mediated Foot‐and‐mouth Disease Epidemic Dispersal: Disease and Vector Clusters

Disease clusters were retrospectively explored at national level using a geo‐referenced dataset from the 2001 Uruguayan Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (FMD) epidemic. Disease location and time (first 11 epidemic weeks) were analysed across 250 counties (of which 160 were infected), without and with control for human mobility related factors (human population and road densities). The null hypothesis of random disease distribution over space and/or time was assessed with: (i) purely temporal; (ii) purely spatial; and (iii) space/time tests. At least within epidemic weeks 2 and 6, a principal disease cluster was observed in 33 contiguous counties (P < 0.01). Two secondary clusters, located at >100 km from each other, were also observed (P < 0.01). The purely spatial test that controlled for human population density identified two non‐contiguous clusters (P < 0.01). Space and time analysis also revealed the same 33 counties as members of the principal cluster, of which 31 were also clustered when human population was controlled (P < 0.01). No clusters were reported by the spatial test when road density was assessed. The hypothesis that human mobility related factors autocorrelate with disease was empirically supported by two pieces of information: (i) removal of human population/road densities eliminated >93.9% of the counties included in the principal disease cluster; and (ii) statistically significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed in the first three epidemic weeks between road density and the number of cases. Clusters where human population density was associated with 47% greater number of cases/sq. km than that of the principal cluster indicated possible roles as disease vectors (vector clusters). Selective control policy in vector clusters is recommended. Periodic (i.e. weekly) cluster and correlation analyses of both disease and other covariates may facilitate disease surveillance and help design space‐specific control policy.     

Comparative histological study of the mammalian facial nucleus

We performed comparative Nissl, Klüver-Barrera and Golgi staining studies of the mammalian facial nucleus to classify the morphologically distinct subdivisions and the neuronal types in the rat, rabbit, ferret, Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), pig, horse, Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The medial subnucleus was observed in all examined species; however, that of the Risso's and bottlenose dolphins was a poorly-developed structure comprised of scattered neurons. The medial subnuclei of terrestrial mammals were well-developed cytoarchitectonic structures, usually a rounded column comprised of densely clustered neurons. Intermediate and lateral subnuclei were found in all studied mammals, with differences in columnar shape and neuronal types from species to species. The dorsolateral subnucleus was detected in all mammals but the Japanese monkey, whose facial neurons converged into the intermediate subnucleus. The dorsolateral subnuclei of the two dolphin species studied were expanded subdivisions comprised of densely clustered cells. The ventromedial subnuclei of the ferret, pig, and horse were richly-developed columns comprised of large multipolar neurons. Pig and horse facial nuclei contained another ventral cluster, the ventrolateral subnucleus. The facial nuclei of the Japanese monkey and the bottlenose dolphin were similar in their ventral subnuclear organization. Our findings show species-specific subnuclear organization and distribution patterns of distinct types of neurons within morphological discrete subdivisions, reflecting functional differences.     

江西凌云山自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性调查与区系分析

为掌握江西宁都凌云山省级自然保护区野生动物资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理和建设,作者于2012年至2013年多次对该保护区两栖爬行动物资源进行了实地考察。调查结果显示,凌云山保护区现已记录两栖爬行动物52种,隶属于2目13科37属。其中,两栖动物19种,隶属于1目6科14属,占江西省39种两栖动物的48. 7%;爬行动物33种,隶属于1目7科23属,占江西省80种的41. 3%。凌云山位于动物地理分布区中的东洋区系区的偏北位置,向古北区靠近,古北区的种类也会扩散到这一地区,成为东洋区、古北区的共有种。因此在两栖爬行种类组成上以东洋区的种类为主,具有多样性较为丰富的特点。最后对凌云山保护区的保护与管理工作提出了加大对当地群众的宣传和教育工作等建议。     

Pharmacokinetic aspects of penicillins,aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol in birds compared to mammals. A review

Summary

Based on a review of the literature, a comparison is made of the pharmacokinetics of penicillins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol in birds and mammals.

Penicillins in birds are likely to be more dependent for their elimination on biotransformation than in mammals. Amoxycillin had a relatively low availability (0.34) after p.o. administration. Higher doses (2 to 8 times) were needed to achieve the same peak levels in birds and mammals.

Aminoglycosides, which for their elimination largely depend on renal excretion by glomerular filtration, show only minor differences in pharmacokinetics between birds and mammals.

Chloramphenicol is mainly excreted after biotransformation and large differences in pharmacokinetic parameters are to be found, not only between birds and mammals, but also between avian species.     

江西老虎脑省级自然保护区鸟类生物多样性研究

2017年11月至2018年4月,利用样线法对江西老虎脑省级自然保护区鸟类生物多样性进行研究。结果表明:(1)共记录到124种鸟类,隶属13目44科,其中6种国家II级重点保护鸟类,3种被中国脊椎动物红色名录评估为近危(NT)物种;(2)鸟类生物多样性指数为3.98,均匀度指数为0.82;(3)在季节性构成上,冬候鸟32种,夏候鸟28种,留鸟59种,以及5种旅鸟。在地理区系构成上,东洋界61种,古北界45种,广布种18种;(4)老虎脑保护区内常见鸟类有树麻雀(Passer montanus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、丝光椋鸟(Spodiopsar sericeus)等14物种。通过对江西老虎脑鸟类多样性的研究,为鸟类资源的保护与管理提供依据。