翘嘴红Bai小瓜虫病的防治

在进行翘嘴红Bai鱼苗铒料配方的筛选实验中，实验鱼感染了小瓜虫，分别采用如下方法进行治疗：1．5ppm的亚甲蓝浸泡4天，2．3％的食盐溶液浸泡3min；3．0，5ppm的福尔马林溶液浸泡3min.4. 0.1ppm的硝酸亚汞溶液长期浸泡（1星期以上），结果：为亚甲蓝浸泡4天，患病鱼无好转，第3天开始逐渐死亡，4天内全部死亡，用食盐和福尔马林溶液浸泡3min，患病鱼全部死亡，对用以上3种药物处理后的鱼体进行镜检，发现鱼体上的小瓜虫体无明显减少，用硝酸亚汞浸泡的鱼，治疗期间死亡2尾，镜检鱼体上无虫体，结论是：患小瓜虫病的翘嘴红Bai，不宜用亚甲蓝，食盐或福尔马林，采用0．1ppm的硝酸亚汞溶液长期浸泡较为有效。     

污水养鱼池塘中酚类对鱼类质量影响的研究

对受酚类污染鱼体酚含量、鱼体与水质酚含量关系、鱼体酚含量与鱼异味的关系等方面进行了测定及研究,提出区域鱼体酚含量的污染起始值和异味阈浓度为0.1ppm,并求得鱼体中酚为0.1ppm时的养殖水中酚浓度为0.016ppm。     

翘嘴红鲌小瓜虫病的防治

在进行翘嘴红鱼白鱼苗铒料配方的筛选实验中 ,实验鱼感染了小瓜虫 ,分别采用如下方法进行治疗 :1 .5ppm的亚甲蓝浸泡 4天 ;2 .3%的食盐溶液浸泡 3min ;3 .0 5ppm的福尔马林溶液浸泡 3min。 4 .0 1ppm的硝酸亚汞溶液长期浸泡 (1星期以上)。结果为 :亚甲蓝浸泡 4天 ,患病鱼无好转 ,第 3天开始逐渐死亡 ,4天内全部死亡 ;用食盐和福尔马林溶液浸泡 3min,患病鱼即全部死亡。对用以上 3种药物处理后的鱼体进行镜检 ,发现鱼体上的小瓜虫体无明显减少。用硝酸亚汞浸泡的鱼 ,治疗期间死亡 2尾 ,镜检鱼体上无虫体。结论是 :患小瓜虫病的翘嘴红鱼白 ,不宜用亚甲蓝、食盐或福尔马林 ,采用 0 1ppm的硝酸亚汞溶液长期浸泡较为有效     

镉对草鱼鳃和肝组织超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

在实验室条件下，把草鱼置于镉浓度分别为0．06mg／L、0．30mg/L、1．50mg/L水中，分别在处理后第1、4、7天取样测定其鳃和肝组织中SOD活性变化。结果表明：0．06mg/L镉浓度时，鳃组织SOD活性无显著变化，而0．3mg／L、1．50mg/L镉浓度时。鳃组织SOD显著降低；对于肝组织，第1天的0．06mg/L、0．30mg/L镉浓度组和第4天的0．06mg/L镉浓度组，SOD活性显著升高，而第7天0．30mg/L、1．50mg/L镉浓度时肝组织的SOD显著降低。提高水中的钙浓度，可使所有鳃组织SOD活性较软水组适当升高，同样在0．30mg/L镉浓度组的第7天和镉浓度为1．50mg/L组的肝组织SOD较软水组也适当升高。     

2株海洋细菌对镉的吸附作用

用高质量浓度镉培养液单独和联合培养2株海洋细菌J2和J6,3、7、10、14、17d后,采用原子吸收法分别测定培养液上清液和菌细胞中Cd2+的质量浓度,以确定2株菌对镉的吸附性能;通过测定菌体细胞内半胱氨酸脱巯基酶的活性,初步研究了2株菌对镉的转化作用机理。试验结果表明,2株菌均可将细胞外的Cd2+吸收到细胞内,在培养至第7d时,上清液中Cd2+的含量达到最低值,随着培养时间的增加逐渐趋于稳定,J2和J6菌体细胞中Cd2+的含量分别在培养到第10d和14d时达最大值,联合培养对镉的吸附作用优于单独培养;J2和J6在镉处理后细胞内的半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性均显著增高,提示Cd2+的吸附与细胞内半胱氨酸脱巯基酶作用产生的S2-有关。     

pH对五氯酚钠在金鱼体内的积累和毒性的影响

本文研究了在pH的影响下,五氯酚钠(PCP)对金鱼的毒性和在体内的积累。PCP24小时半致死浓度的值从0.052ppm、FH5.5增加到16ppm、PH10,说明PCP对鱼类的毒性随着PCP溶液中PH的增加而迅速的减低。 PCP在鱼中的积累也是随着溶液中PH值的增加而减少。PCP的浓度为0.1ppm和PH5.5,6,7,8,9,10接触1小时,其生物浓缩的比率分别为131,120,56,24,12和2。另外,测定溶液里全部死鱼中的PCP富集量,其变动范围在82—115ug/g之间,同时,体重与PH和PCP溶液的浓度变化无关。从这些数值,可以说明PCP在鱼体中的富集是随着PCP溶液中PH值的增加而减少。因此,在高PH值的情况下,PCP在鱼体中不会很快达到致死浓度(约100ug/g体重),从而降低了PCP对鱼的毒性。     

pH对五氯酚钠在金鱼体内的积累和毒性的影响

本文研究了在pH的影响下,五氯酚钠(PCP)对金鱼的毒性和在体内的积累。PCP24小时半致死浓度的值从0.052ppm、FH5.5增加到16ppm、PH10,说明PCP对鱼类的毒性随着PCP溶液中PH的增加而迅速的减低。 PCP在鱼中的积累也是随着溶液中PH值的增加而减少。PCP的浓度为0.1ppm和PH5.5,6,7,8,9,10接触1小时,其生物浓缩的比率分别为131,120,56,24,12和2。另外,测定溶液里全部死鱼中的PCP富集量,其变动范围在82—115ug/g之间,同时,体重与PH和PCP溶液的浓度变化无关。从这些数值,可以说明PCP在鱼体中的富集是随着PCP溶液中PH值的增加而减少。因此,在高PH值的情况下,PCP在鱼体中不会很快达到致死浓度(约100ug/g体重),从而降低了PCP对鱼的毒性。     

复合植物提取物对湘云金鲫血液生化指标的影响

为探讨复合植物提取物对湘云金鲫的促生长机制,选用1 008尾健康湘云金鲫鱼种,随机分为3组,对照组投喂基础饲料,试验组1、2在基础饲料中分别添加剂量为1％、2％的复合植物提取物,测定饲养30 d后鱼体血液生化指标.结果表明,1％剂量组能显著提高谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶及血清总蛋白含量(P＜0.05),显著降低血液葡萄糖和...     

春季常见鱼病的防治

1 细菌性鱼病。主要有链鳙鱼的打印病和草青鱼的赤皮病。这两种病是由于机械损伤、被细菌侵入造成。防治方法是:鱼种下塘前用5％食盐水浸泡3—5分钟。下塘后定期用1PPm漂白粉(或0.5ppm优氯净,0.2ppm强氯精)或20ppm生石灰全塘泼洒。2 真菌性鱼病。主要是水霉病。该病是由于机械损伤、冻伤或过度密养造成。各种鱼类在春季都易发生此病,并能引起死亡。预防此病可用20ppm高锰酸钾,浸洗鱼体,治疗可用2ppm五倍子全塘泼洒。     

镉对草鱼鱼种肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

用1．0％、2．19、4．365mg／L的镉处理草鱼时，随着锅浓度的增加，草鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐降低；对于同一浓度，随着处理时间的延长，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性也呈降低趋势。     

A study of the feeding of common carp larvae with artificial food

Common carp larvae were reared on artificial diets from hatching to 25 days old. The main components used in the diets were freeze-dried spleen, fish protein and chicken egg yolk. Free amino acids and bovine trypsin were added and the diet was made alkaline. All diets were gelatinized with agar to give a final dry matter content (15–20%) similar to that of zooplankton. Growth of larvae was negligible but survival was from 11 to 40%. Feeding on days 1, 2 and 3 with zooplankton and subsequently on an artificial diet (40% lyophilised egg yolk, 40% blood meal) showed some improvement both in growth and survival.     

Growth and survival of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) larvae fed from first feeding on compound diets containing medium-chain triacylglycerols

A 21-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the ability of first feeding European sea bass larvae to utilize medium-chain triacylglycerols as an alternative source of energy. Three compound diets based on soluble fish protein concentrate and yeast were supplemented with either 3% tricaproin (TC6), tricaprylin (TC8) or tricaprin (TC10). A diet containing triolein (TOL) was used as a reference diet. Diets were tested on four replicate groups of first feeding European sea bass larvae at 20°C, i.e. 6 days after hatching. At the end of the 21-day trial, TC8 yielded significantly higher survival (57±8% vs. 28±11% for the three other groups). Considered together, larvae fed TC8 and TC6 displayed better growth rates than larvae fed TOL and TC10 (final mean wet weights: 1.5±0.3 mg vs. 1.2±0.2 mg, respectively). The fatty acid composition of larval total lipid revealed a low deposit of medium-chain fatty acids (between 1 and 3% of total fatty acids) suggesting that medium-chain fatty acids were oxidized for energetic purposes. Tricaprylin and to a lesser extent tricaproin, appear to be potential energy sources for first feeding European sea bass larvae reared on compound diets.     

Effects of dietary phospholipid level in cobia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rachycentron canadum</Emphasis>) larvae: growth,survival, plasma lipids and enzymes of lipid metabolism

A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary phospholipid (PL) levels in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) larvae with regard to growth, survival, plasma lipids and enzymes of lipid metabolism. Fish with an average weight of 0.4 g were fed diets containing four levels of PL (0, 20, 40 and 80 g kg⁻¹dry matter: purity 97%) for 42 days. Final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG) and survival ratio were highest in the 8% PL diet group and mortality was highest in PL-free diet group. We examined the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) in liver, lecithin-cholesterolacyltransferase (LCAT) in plasma as well as plasma lipids and lipoprotein. LCAT activity showed a decrease of more than two-fold in PL-supplemented diet groups compared with the PL-free diet group. HL activity was highest in the 8% PL diet group and the other three groups showed no difference. LPL activity was significantly higher in the PL-supplemented diet groups than in the PL-free diet group. The dietary intervention significantly increased plasma phospholipids and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and the higher free cholesterol (FC) level contributed to the TC level. However, the fish fed PL exhibited a significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG) level. The lipoprotein fractions were also affected significantly by the PL. The PL-supplemented diet groups had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared with the PL-free diet group, but showed a marked decrease in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The results suggested that PL could modify plasma lipoprotein metabolism and lipid profile, and that the optimal dietary PL level may well exceed 80 g kg⁻¹ for cobia larvae according to growth and survival.     

Weaning of bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) from live food to microparticulate diets made with decapsulated cysts of Artemia and fishmeal

Two experiments were carried out to test microparticulate diets forweaning hatchery-produced larvae and juveniles of bullseye pufferSphoeroides annulatus. The diets were formulated with differentprotein sources: diet 1 with a combination of decapsulated cysts ofArtemia and fishmeal, and diet 2 with a combination offishmeal, squid, tuna gonad and shrimp meal. In the first experiment60-days-old fish were weaned with the microdiets over five days. Fishsurvival after 11 weeks of feeding was 92% for diet 1, 85%for diet 2, and 95% for the control fish fed Artemianauplii. Once it was determined that bullseye puffer can be adequatelyreared with artificial dry diets, diet 1 was used to test earlier timesfor weaning to reduce the period of Artemia feeding. In thesecond experiment, three different times were tested for initiation ofweaning in sibling fish larvae, i.e., at 29, 34, and 39 days post-hatch.Small differences in weight, length and survival were found amongweaning treatments after 23 days of feeding. When weaned at day 29post-hatch, fish larvae grew from an initial weight of 38.4 mg andlength of 11.1 mm to a final weight and length of 405.7 mg and 25.1 mmrespectively. Final survival in this treatment was 49.3%. Thereduced period of Artemia feeding would provide an economicalalternative for the species to take into consideration for its cultureat commercial scale.     

Diet and water temperature affect growth and body deformities in juvenile tench Tinca tinca (L.) reared under controlled conditions

The experiment was designed to determine the combined effect of fish diet and water temperature on juvenile tench Tinca tinca (L.). Three diets were used: commercial dry diet for fish Aller Futura (diet F); frozen Chironomidae larvae (diet C); and Aller Futura substituted with Chironomidae at a ratio of 3:2 (dry weight; diet FC). Daily food rations and duration of the experiment were adjusted to temperatures of 20°C, 23°C and 26°C based on a correction factor q equal to 1.000, 0.779 and 0.609 respectively. The experiment lasted 92, 72 and 56 days for the respective temperatures. No mortality occurred. The highest relative growth rates were found at 26°C in diets F and FC. The lowest food conversion ratio of 1.12–1.22 (recalculated for dry weight of feed diet) was determined in fish fed diet F at 23°C and 26°C. A high value of condition index appeared to be the early warning of decreasing biological quality of fish and deformities. The lowest incidence of fish with deformities (IDef) was found in groups fed diet C (<1%), while the highest (90%) in fish fed diet F at 26°C. A lower share of dry diet in the fish food and a lower water temperature led to a lower IDef. Thus, amount of dry feed in fish diet was the major factor inducing body deformities, while water temperature only modified the effects of the dietary factor. Diet C at 23–26°C was the most cost‐effective of the tested combinations of diet and temperature.     

Influence of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

A feeding trial using five semi-purified diets (50% crude protein) was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder. The control diet contained casein and gelatin as intact protein sources and four other diets contained 30% casein–gelatin (2:1, w/w) and 20% crystalline amino acids (CAA). CAA were added to the diets to simulate the amino acid pattern found in red sea bream egg protein (REP), Japanese flounder larvae whole body protein (FLP), Japanese flounder juvenile whole body protein (FJP), and brown fish meal protein (BFP), respectively. The test diets were fed to triplicate groups of juveniles (2.75±0.05 g) twice a day for 40 days to evaluate weight gain, survival, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent protein utilization (APU). The apparent retention of total dietary amino acids in the whole body and A/E ratios of the whole body were also evaluated. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the diet containing the dietary amino acid pattern of BFP followed by fish fed the control, FJP, FLP and the REP diets. Percent survival, FCE, PER and APU were also significantly (P<0.05) affected by the amino acid pattern in the diets, indicating the highest value in fish fed the BFP diet. Except for a few amino acids, the amino acid composition of the whole body did not show marked differences with different dietary amino acid pattern. Results suggest that BFP could be more suitable as a reference amino acid pattern in the diet of juvenile Japanese flounder compared to the amino acid pattern of FLP, FJP or REP.     

Does overfeeding affect tench Tinca tinca (L.) juveniles?

Duplicate groups of tench (Tinca tinca) juveniles (mean weight 0.69 g) were fed at 28 °C for 70 days either a commercial formulated diet, Futura, or frozen Chironomidae larvae at four levels: below satiation, at about satiation, above satiation and well above satiation. These are represented by the feeding groups F1–F4 and C1–C4, respectively. No mortality was observed throughout the experiment. In groups F2–F4 a considerable incidence of uneaten food (>40% observations), deformities of the caudal penduncle, retarded growth, elevated condition coefficient (>1.2), reduced amounts of minerals in the tissue (<10% dry matter), high C/N ratio (>5) and high caloric value of the tissue (>28 J mg⁻¹ dry matter) (the latter two suggesting excessive fat deposits), were found. The combination of these indices was indicative of overfeeding in fish fed the Futura diet at the daily doses ≥2.7% fish biomass. First symptoms of overfeeding: a considerable incidence of uneaten food, retarded growth, and elevated C/N ratio were observed in the group fed Chironomidae larvae at the highest level, (C4, wet Chironomidae 20.7% of the fish biomass daily, that is, 3.9% of dry chironomids per fish biomass and day). Thus, restricted daily doses of formulated diet not exceeding 2.5% fish biomass are recommended for tench juveniles aged 130–200 days post hatch. Safe daily doses of frozen Chironomidae (in terms of larvae dry weight) remain below 3.5% of fish biomass.     

Food ingestion,consumption and selectivity of pompano,Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) under different rotifer densities

The growth, survival, food selection and consumption of pompano larvae under different rotifer densities as well as their colour preference during the rotifer feeding stage were examined in this study. Growth and survival of fish larvae were not significantly affected when rotifer density was between 10 and 20 mL^?1. Fish larvae grew slower at 1 and 40 rotifers mL^?1 than at 10 and 20 rotifers mL^?1, and higher fish survival was achieved when fish larvae were exposed to 10 and 20 rotifers mL^?1. The rotifer density of 1 mL^?1 not only reduced food ingestion during the early stage, but also delayed diet switch from rotifer to copepod nauplii. On 5 days post hatching (DPH), larval pompano ingested more rotifers in dark‐coloured tanks and ingested more rotifers when prey colour was green. Based on the results obtained in the present study, the culture of larval pompano larvae is recommended using dark wall tanks with a feeding density of 10–20 rotifers mL^?1 during the initial feeding stage. This study proposes a management protocol to use appropriate type and quantity of live food to feed pompano larvae in a hatchery rearing condition, which could be applicable to the culture of fish larvae in other marine fish species.     

Daily ration of Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius larvae

SUMMARY: Diel successive samplings of Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius larvae were conducted throughout 24 h both in the sea and in captivity in order to estimate their daily ration. Using the Elliott and Persson model, the instantaneous gastric evacuation rate was estimated from the depletion of stomach contents (% dry bodyweight) with time during the night for wild fish (3.0–11.5 mm standard length) and from starvation experiments for reared fish (8, 10, and 15 days after hatching (DAH)). Japanese Spanish mackerel is a daylight feeder and exhibited piscivorous habits from first feeding both in the sea and in captivity. Feeding activity peaked at dusk. The estimated daily ration for wild larvae were 111.1 and 127.2% in 1996 and 1997, respectively; and those for reared larvae ranged from 90.6 to 111.7% of dry bodyweight. Based on the estimated value of daily rations for reared fish, the total number of newly hatched red sea bream Pagrus major larvae preyed by a Japanese Spanish mackerel from first feeding (5 DAH) to beginning of juvenile stage (20 DAH) in captivity was calculated to be 1139–1404.     

Effect of chinese parsley Coriandrum sativum and chitosan on inhibiting the accumulation of cadmium in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

ABSTRACT:   Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) accumulate in cultured fish from solid-form feed mixtures. In this paper, two natural ingredients, supposed to inhibit accumulation of heavy metals in the fish body, were investigated to develop a functional feed mixture for healthy fish. Three test diets: (i) ♯1, regular diet as negative control; (ii) ♯2, ♯1 + 2% lyophilized Chinese parsley Coriandrum sativum (CP); and (iii) ♯3, ♯1 + 3% chitosan (CT), were each fed to 50 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss once a day, at the constant rate of 1.0–1.2% of body weight for 12 weeks. No undesirable effect on fish growth was observed by an addition of either CP or CT to regular feed. Then, 10 mg Cd was added to 1 kg each of the three test diets and they were named as: (i) ♯4, ♯1 + Cd; (ii) ♯5, ♯2 + Cd; and (iii) ♯6, ♯3 + Cd, respectively. The fish given positive a control feed (diet ♯4) for 3 weeks accumulated Cd in the liver and kidney at approximately 0.52 mg/kg. However, Cd in ordinary muscle was found to be just above the detection limit. Upon accumulation of Cd, three groups of 50 fish were each fed test diets ♯4, ♯5, and ♯6 for 12 weeks at the same feed rate described above. The concentrations of Cd accumulated in the liver, kidney, and ordinary muscle of the fish were measured every 3 weeks. Contrary to the positive control fish fed diet ♯4, those fish fed test diets ♯5 and ♯6 accumulated 20–30% and 25–40% less Cd in the liver, respectively. Test diets were a little less effective for inhibition of Cd uptake in the kidney than that observed in the liver. These results suggest that addition of CP or CT to fish feed might be used to decrease toxic heavy metal accumulation in fish.