水肥耦合对玉米化学计量学特征及其生长性状的影响

为了探讨不同水肥条件下玉米C、N、P化学计量学特征及其影响因素,设置土壤不同含水量和全氮含量的盆栽试验,分析了不同水肥对玉米生长性状和碳氮磷化学计量学特征的影响,并对两者进行了相关分析。试验设置田间持水量的90%,70%,50%(W1、W2、W3),田间正常施氮量的150%,100%,50%,(N1、N2、N3),共9个处理。结果表明:玉米根、茎、叶不同器官干物质量均随着施氮量的减少而减少,随着土壤含水量的增加而增加。高、中水分时玉米株高随着施氮量的增加而增加,当玉米处于干旱胁迫时施氮量对玉米株高影响不大。低水分下的茎粗显著低于高、中水分。玉米根、茎、叶的C含量差异不显著。低氮施肥处理下玉米根、茎和叶的N含量均显著低于中、高氮处理,而后两者对根、茎和叶的N含量的影响表现不一,其中对茎氮含量差异达到显著水平,对叶氮含量在抽雄期以后才显著。玉米C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征随水肥因素的变化表现不一,其中N/P平均为6.01,随着施氮量的增加而升高,随土壤含水量的增加而降低;C/N为0.31,随着施氮量的增加而降低,对水分因素不敏感;C/P为1.62,表现出强烈的内稳性,不随外界生物与非生物环境的变化而变化。     

不同氮水平下CO2浓度升高对小麦土壤可溶性C、N和P的影响

采用FACE(Freeaircarbondioxideenrichment)技术,研究了不同N施肥水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对稻/麦轮作小麦季土壤可溶性C、N、P的影响。结果表明,高CO2使土壤可溶性C在小麦前期和0~5cm土层降低,成熟期增加,对水稻和小麦不同轮作季土壤可溶性C的影响不同。在低N和常规N处理下,高CO2使小麦分蘖期土壤可溶性N含量分别增加17.2%和18.9%,在其他生长期,土壤可溶性N含量降低9.8%~63.0%,拔节期降低幅度最大分别为63.0%和50.4%,土层0~5cm降低幅度>5~15cm土层;小麦季和水稻季一样需要增加N肥施用量。CO2浓度升高增加了土壤可溶性P的含量,其中低N处理增加幅度高于常规N处理,研究表明小麦生长不会受到P养分的限制。     

黄土高原子午岭辽东栎林植物和土壤碳氮磷化学计量学特征

选取黄土高原子午岭林区的幼龄林、近熟林和成熟林3个林龄阶段的辽东栎林为对象,通过测定林内植物、枯落物和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,研究不同生长阶段植株、枯落物及土壤的化学计量学特征。结果显示:林内植物各器官(叶、枝、干和根)之间C、N、P含量均存在显著性差异,分别在245.3~492.6g/kg,1.57~20.6g/kg和0.11~1.63g/kg之间;枯落物C、N和P含量分别在283.5~329.0g/kg,11.5~13.2g/kg和0.73~1.06g/kg之间。在不同生长阶段,植物C含量无显著性差异;植物N和P含量,枯落物和土壤C、N和P含量均存在显著性差异。具体表现为随着林龄的增加,植物叶片C∶N和C∶P显著增加,N∶P先增加后减小;枯落物C∶N、C∶P和N∶P均显著增加;土壤C∶N显著减小,C∶P先增加后减小,N∶P无显著性差异。植物叶片和枯落物与土壤N和P含量和化学计量特征呈显著的线性相关,说明土壤中N、P供应量影响植物体中的N、P含量。     

短花针茅荒漠草原不同斑块优势种植物的C，N，P化学计量特征

[目的]研究斑块中优势种的生活史策略及对养分限制的响应,以及优势种生态化学计量学特征随季节变化的响应规律,为植物种群演替及变化过程研究提供科学依据。[方法]确定3类典型斑块:斑块A(短花针茅)、斑块B(短花针茅+草木樨状黄耆)、斑块C(猪毛蒿+苦豆子+老瓜头),测定优势种的全碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算C∶N, C∶P, N∶P并进行方差分析。采用线性回归分析法对不同斑块C,N,P化学计量进行逐步回归分析。[结果]各斑块优势种的C, N, P及其计量比特征在生长季内的变化规律不同,且各指标季节间的变化特征在不同斑块之间也存在差异;植物C含量在不同优势种和不同斑块间的差异均不显著;短花针茅N含量显著小于其他优势种,导致斑块A的N含量总体显著小于另外两个斑块;植物P含量在斑块A中随着季节的变化表现为增长的趋势,而在斑块C中表现为先减小后增大的变化过程;斑块A植物的C∶N值无显著的季节变化,C∶P和N∶P值在春季显著高于夏秋季;斑块B和斑块C不同优势种的C∶N, C∶P和N∶P值均表现出显著的差异性,但随季节变化过程不同,斑块B除C∶N值外均表现出下降的趋势,而斑块C各比值均表现出先增大后减小的变化规律。[结论] 3种斑块C,N,P含量表现出不同的相关性;斑块A表现为防御性策略,斑块B表现为竞争性策略,而斑块C表现为竞争性和防御性策略共存。     

开放式空气CO2浓度升高对水稻土壤可溶性C、N和P的影响

采用 FACE (Free air carbon dioxide enrichment)技术,研究了不同 N 施肥水平下,大气 CO2浓度升高对水稻/小麦轮作中水稻土壤可溶性 C、N、P 的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使土壤表层可溶性 C 含量增加,土壤 5 ~ 15 cm 的可溶性 C 含量倾向于降低,增加 N 肥施用(常规 N 处理)更易于使土壤可溶性 C 含量降低。CO2浓度升高使水稻土壤中的可溶性 N 含量降低,在低 N 处理和土壤表层降低幅度较大,N 肥施用仍有提高的余地。CO2浓度升高使水稻成熟期土壤可溶性 P 含量增加,但是常规N 处理下会降低水稻生长前期和土壤表层的可溶性 P,增加 N 肥施用有利于水稻对 P 的吸收。     

成都东部“城–郊–乡”梯度绿地土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

选取成都东部5个不同交通环线区域(一环内、一环至二环、二环至三环、三环至绕城、绕城外)的绿地土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的土壤样品,测定其总有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)的含量并分析其化学计量特征。结果表明:成都东部绿地土壤C、P含量在沿"城–郊–乡"梯度上总体有降低趋势。各环线区域绿地土壤C、N、P含量基本随着土层的加深而降低,其中以C、P降低最为明显。绿地土壤C:P和N:P在成都东部"城–郊–乡"梯度下有升高趋势,但均低于国内平均水平;绿地土壤C:N在"城–郊–乡"梯度变化不明显。快速的城市化进程导致了C、N、P化学计量比的空间分异。     

沾化冬枣生长季碳、氮、磷化学计量特征研究

研究沾化冬枣叶片和土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的生长季动态，判定沾化冬枣不同生长阶段的限制性营养元素，为沾化冬枣合理施肥提供理论指导。采用五点取样法，于 2016年 5～ 10月每月定期采集沾化冬枣叶片及林下 0～ 80 cm土壤样品，测定叶片 C、N、P及土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量。结果表明，5～ 10月份，冬枣叶片 C含量呈逐渐上升趋势，10月份达到最大值(477.89±1.0)mg/g；叶片N、P含量呈先下降后保持相对稳定趋势，5月份叶片N、P含量最高，分别为(42.93±0.38)mg/g、     

秸秆与氮肥调节C/N比对潮土CH_4,CO_2和N_2O排放/吸收的影响

为了探讨秸秆还田与氮肥配施对砂质潮土CH_4,CO_2和N_2O排放/吸收规律及土壤碳、氮含量的影响,采用恒温培养的方法,在土壤中添加定量秸秆情况下,通过尿素调节不同C/N比(分别为9、12.5、25、40、71),并设单施氮肥处理(N),同时以原土(不施肥)为对照(CK),研究了玉米秸秆与氮肥调节C/N比对砂质潮土不同形态碳、氮含量的变化以及对CH_4,CO_2和N_2O等温室气体动态排放特征。结果表明,培养结束时,随着配施C/N比的增加,土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)呈先增加后降低趋势,以C/N比为25时最高,可溶性有机氮(DON)呈增加趋势,以C/N比为9时最高;秸秆添加后对土壤NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N含量具有一定的抑制作用,但随着配施氮肥量的增加NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N含量呈增加趋势。同时发现,在37 d室内培养试验中,各处理土壤整体表现为对CH_4的吸收,单施N肥较CK对CH_4的排放无显著影响,C/N比为71(单独添加秸秆)促进了CH_4的吸收,而秸秆与氮肥配施抑制了土壤对CH_4的吸收。CO_2排放通量整体上随时间呈现出"上升-下降-稳定"的过程;各处理均在培养的第3 d达到排放峰值,且在添加秸秆情况下C/N比越小CO_2排放通量越高,最高达5.47mg kg^-1h^-1。不同处理N_2O的排放通量随时间变化具有不同的变化趋势,C/N比为71、40和25的3个处理在培养第1 d即达到排放最大值,而C/N比为12.5和9及单施N等3个处理排放峰值则出现在培养的第3 d,且排放峰值随氮肥用量的增加而增高,C/N比为9时达到最高,为2.64滋g kg^-1h^-1。CO_2和N_2O累积排放量最大的处理为C/N比为9,分别为1551.3 mg kg^-1和240.5 mg kg^-1。由此得出,秸秆与氮肥的配施促进了砂质潮土CO_2和N_2O的排放以及对CH_4的吸收,随着配施C/N的减小,砂质潮土对CO_2和N_2O的排放以及CH_4的吸收增强。     

不同施肥处理对连续三季作物氮肥利用率及其分配与去向的影响

采用室外盆栽试验系统研究了不同施肥处理对连续3个生长季作物生长状况、标记^15N利用率及其分配与去向的影响。结果表明,高量氮肥的施用能显著提高作物的生长和产量,而化肥配施玉米秸秆在第1生长季表现为抑制,第2、第3生长季则相反。作物体内来自标记氮肥的含量和比例随生长季的增加显著下降,高量氮肥和玉米秸秆的施用能显著提高其含量和比例（P〈0.05）。标记氮肥在土壤中的残留率随作物生长季的增加而降低,而标记氮肥的累积作物利用率和总损失率随着生长季的增加而增加,经过连续3季作物的吸收利用,标记氮肥在土壤中的残留率、累积作物利用率和总损失率分别平均为15．82％、61．11％和23．07％。标记氮肥的作物利用率和损失率主要发生在第1生长季内,高量氮肥的施用降低了标记肥料氮在土壤中的残留率,增加了氮素损失率;与单施化肥处理相比,化肥配施玉米秸秆能明显增加标记肥料氮在土壤和作物中的回收率,降低氮素损失率,提高比例为21．74％,从而说明在施肥当季,通过施入高C/N比有机物料玉米秸秆合理调节土壤中C源和N素营养的施用比例,可以达到增加氮肥在土壤中的残留率,提高氮肥利用率的目的。     

土壤氮浓度对油松天然林新生枝叶碳氮磷化学计量及其内稳态的影响

为了解油松(Pinus tabuliformis)天然林新生枝叶碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征对土壤氮浓度改变的响应及其林龄差异，揭示不同龄级油松新生枝叶N、P元素内稳态对短期氮添加的响应。以关帝山林区孝文山林场Ⅴ～Ⅶ龄级油松天然次生林为研究对象，采用野外原位氮添加试验的方法，设置对照(N₀,0)、低氮(N₁,5 g/m²)、中氮(N₂,10 g/m²)和高氮(N₃,15 g/m²) 4个施氮水平，形成不同土壤N浓度梯度，分析不同N浓度新生枝和叶C、N、P计量指标和内稳态指数。油松枝叶C、N、P含量随土壤氮浓度的增加而显著增加，C/N和C/P减小；油松枝叶C含量、C/N和C/P随龄级增加而增加，N、P含量随龄级增加而减少；根据针叶N/P,该地区油松生长主要受N限制；新生枝和叶N、P含量及N/P与土壤指标的关系均能很好被内稳态模型模拟(p<0.1),其中新生枝P含量对土壤供氮水平变化敏感，而其他指标较稳定，新生叶的内稳态...     

沙地土壤C∶N∶P比对早期植物群落物种多样性的影响

为揭示土壤碳∶氮∶磷(C∶N∶P)比对植物群落物种多样性的影响,以宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区内沙地植物群落(沙柳群落和油蒿群落)为研究对象,调查计算了沙地植物群落的物种多样性,测定了群落中土壤C、N、P含量,分析讨论了土壤C∶N∶P比与沙地植物群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明,分布于流动、半固定沙地的沙柳群落其土壤C∶N∶P比对物种多样性的影响不显著,而分布于半固定、固定沙地的油蒿群落其土壤C∶N∶P比对物种多样性的影响显著。这说明沙地植物群落生物量不断增大的同时,枯枝落叶增多,土壤C、N、P显著增多,较大的土壤C∶N比与N∶P比与不断增大的物种多样性有趋同变化,因此,土壤的C∶N∶P比能够影响沙地植物群落的物种多样性。     

添加调节N和P浓度后的植物残体对土壤呼吸作用、微生物量和养分有效性的影响

Microbial activity and nutrient release are known to be influenced by organic matter properties,but it is difficult to separate the effect of C/N ratio from that of C/P ratio because in most plant residues both ratios are either high or low.An incubation experimeut was conducted to investigate the effects of reducing the C/N and C/P ratios of slowly decomposable plant residues (young eucalyptus leaves,mature wheat straw,and sawdust) to those of rapidly decomposable residues (young kikuyu shoots) on soil respiration,microbial biomass,and N and P availability.The C/N and C/P ratios of the former were adjusted to 15 and 89,respectively,by adding N as (NH4)2SO4,P as KH2PO4 or both and residues were added at 10 g C kg-1 to a silt loam.Soil respiration was measured over 21 d;microbial biomass C (MBC) and available N and P were measured on days 0,7,and 21.Compared to the unamended soil,addition of kikuyu increased cumulative respiration 20-fold,MBC concentration 4 to 8-fold,and available P concentration up to 4-fold,whereas the increase in available N concentration was small and transient.Cumulative respiration and MBC concentration were low in the sawdust-amended soil and were not influenced by reducing the C/N and C/P ratios.Cumulative respiration with original wheat and eucalyptus was 30％-40％ of that with kikuyu.Reducing the C/N ratio alone or both C/N and C/P ratios increased cumulative respiration and MBC concentration 2-fold compared to the original wheat and eucalyptus,whereas reducing the C/P ratio had little effect.Throughout the experiment,the available N concentration after addition of residues with reduced C/N ratio increased in the following order of eucalyptus ＜ wheat ＜ sawdust.By independently lowering the C/N and C/P ratios,microbial activity was more limited by C and N than P.However,lowering the C/N ratio of very slowly decomposable sawdust had no effect on soil respiration and MBC concentration,suggesting that other properties such as concentration of poorly decomposable C compounds limited decomposition.     

A comparison of soil and microbial carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus contents,and macro-aggregate stability of a soil under native forest and after clearance for pastures and plantation forest

Total, extractable, and microbial C, N, and P, soil respiration, and the water stability of soil aggregates in the F-H layer and top 20 cm of soil of a New Zealand yellow-brown earth (Typic Dystrochrept) were compared under long-term indigenous native forest (Nothofagus truncata), exotic forest (Pinus radiata), unfertilized and fertilized grass/clover pastures, and gorse scrub (Ulex europaeus). Microbial biomass C ranged from 1100 kg ha^-1 (exotic forest) to 1310kg ha^-1 (gorse scrub), and comprised 1–2% of the organic C. Microbial N and P comprised 138–282 and 69–119 kg ha^-1 respectively, with the highest values found under pasture. Microbial N and P comprised 1.8–7.0 and 4.9–18% of total N and P in the topsoils, and 1.8–4.4 and 23–32%, respectively, in the F-H material. Organic C and N were higher under gorse scrub than other vegetation. Total and extractable P were highest under fertilized pasture. Annual fluxes through the soil microbial biomass were estimated to be 36–85 kg N ha^-1 and 18–36 kg P ha^-1, sufficiently large to make a substantial contribution to plant requirements. Differences in macro-aggregate stability were generally small. The current status of this soil several years after the establishment of exotic forestry, pastoral farming, or subsequent reversion to scrubland is that, compared to levels under native forest, there has been no decline in soil and microbial C, N, and P contents or macro-aggregate stability.     

中国湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征研究

明确区域及全球湿地土壤中是否存在类似“Redfield比值(Redfield ratio)”的碳氮磷(C∶N∶P)比例,是认识湿地生态系统中元素循环,构建湿地物质循环模型的基础。本文基于《中国沼泽志》中有详细土壤理化性质记录的119块沼泽湿地数据,利用数理统计方法,分析了区域尺度上湿地土壤中碳C∶N∶P生态化学计量学特征及分布格局,并探讨了其可能的影响因素。结果表明,中国湿地土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P(摩尔比)平均为18.22、245.22和13.60,高于中国及世界土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的平均值,C∶N∶P比例平均值为245∶13.6∶1。碳、氮、磷三者之间并不具备显著的两两相关性,说明中国湿地土壤中不存在类似于“Redfield比值”的C∶N∶P比例。相比于N元素,湿地生态系统更多受到P供应的限制。不同湿地类型或不同盐度情况下湿地土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P存在显著性差异,而植被类型对土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P影响不大。相关性分析表明,海拔高度、温度(年平均气温、1月平均气温、7月平均气温、活动积温)及p H是决定湿地土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的主要因素。考虑到海拔与C∶P及N∶P之间极显著的相关关系,海拔这一非地带性因子是决定湿地土壤C∶N∶P计量学特征的主要因素。     

Appropriate nitrogen supply could improve soil microbial and chemical characteristics with Sophora davidii seedlings cultivated in water stress conditions

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of soil microbial activities and chemical properties under different water and nitrogen (N) supply conditions. A completely randomized design was subjected to three water regimes (80%, 40% and 20% water field capacity (FC)) and three N supply regimes (control, N0: 0 mg N kg^?1 soil; low N supply, Nl: 92 mg N kg^?1 soil; and high N supply, Nh: 184 mg N kg^?1 soil) by potting with 2-month-old Sophora davidii seedlings. Water stress decreased the content of soil organic carbon (C), available N and phosphorus (P), the ratio of C/N, the ratio of C/P, as well as activities of soil invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase, but not reduced microbial biomass C, N and P contents. Soil microbial and chemical characteristics also exhibited strong responses to N supply, and these responses were inconsistent among N supply levels. The contents of soil organic C and available P showed stronger positive responses to Nl than to Nh, while the available N content increased with increasing N supply. Additionally, Nl rather than the other two N treatments led to increased microbial biomass N and invertase activity under 20% FC treatment, even though the invertase activity increased in Nh treatment under 40% FC and 80% FC treatments. Nl treatment also increased the C/P ratio and alkaline phosphatase activity. These results suggest that water and N co-limited nutrient mineralization and microbial activity, and that these characteristics responded positively to Nl. Therefore, appropriate or low N supply is recommended to increase soil quality restrained by water stress, thereby facilitating S. davidii seedling establishment under water deficit conditions.     

中国土壤微生物量的大小

The microbial biomass C, N and P of soils all over China were determined in this study to study their affecting factors. The results, about 100-417 mg C kg^-1 soil, 18-51 mg N kg^-1 soil and 4.4-27.3 mg P kg^-1 soil, showed the biomass C, N and P in linear relationship with the soil total organic C, toal N and soil organic P. The ratios of C: N and C:P, ranging from 5.6 to 9.6 and from 11.2 to 48.4 respectively, were affected by soil pH, texture, crop rotation, macroclimate, etc. The ratio of C:N in soil biomass increases gradually from the north to the south in China.     

Changes in soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and organic matter turnover under Hieracium (H. pilosella L.)

 In New Zealand Hieracium is an opportunistic plant that invades high country sites more or less depleted of indigenous vegetation. To understand the invasive nature of this weed we assessed the changes in soil C, N and P, soil microbial biomass C, N and P contents, microbial C : N and C : P ratios, the metabolic quotient, and turnover of organic matter in soils beneath Hieracium and its adjacent herbfield resulting from the depletion of tussock vegetation. The amounts of soil organic C and total N were higher under Hieracium by 25 and 11%, respectively, compared to soil under herbfield. This change reflects an improvement in both the quantity and quality of organic matter input to mineral soil under Hieracium, with higher percentage organic C and a lower C : N ratio. The microbial biomass C, N and P contents were also higher under Hieracium. The amount of C respired during the 34-week incubation indicated differences in the nature of soil organic matter under Hieracium, the unvegetated "halo" zone surrounding Hieracium patches, and herbfield (depleted tussock grassland). Decomposition of organic matter in these zones showed that the Hieracium soil had the greatest rate of CO₂ respired, and the halo soil had the lowest. We relate the enhanced organic C turnover to the invasive nature of Hieracium. Net N mineralization was significantly lower from the Hieracium soil (57 mg N g^–1 soil N) than from herbfield and halo soils (74 and 71 mg N g^–1 soil N, respectively), confirming that the nature of organic N in Hieracium soil is different from adjoining halo and herbfield soils. It seems plausible that specific compounds such as polyphenols and lignins released by Hieracium are not only responsible for increased organic N, but also control the form and amount of N released during organic matter transformations. We conclude that the key to the success of Hieracium in the N-deficient South Island high country of New Zealand lies in its ability to control and sequester N supply through modifying the soil organic matter cycle. Received: 1 December 1998