小麦与叶锈菌互作体系中G蛋白α、β亚基的表达及其与抗病蛋白和活性氧代谢的关系

为了从基因表达水平和抗病生理水平上了解小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中G蛋白的α、β亚基的作用,进一步揭示小麦的抗叶锈病分子机制和信号转导途径,以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr1和叶锈菌05-22-64/05-8-63①为材料,构建了小麦与叶锈菌互作的亲和与非亲和组合,利用实时定量PCR技术对小麦G蛋白α、β亚基的基因表达量进行了检测。另外,以清水为对照,检测亲和与非亲和互作组合中,以及G蛋白抑制剂百日咳毒素PTX处理后再接种无毒性菌株的处理中,几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶以及活性氧产生速率的变化。结果发现,G蛋白的α亚基和β亚基都参与了小麦抗叶锈病的反应,并且可能在信号传递过程中起重要作用。无毒性叶锈菌可诱导G蛋白基因表达量的升高,而毒性叶锈菌会抑制G蛋白基因的表达。G蛋白α、β亚基在抗病反应信号传递过程中先后次序不同,β亚基基因的表达先于α亚基基因且表达量高于α亚基基因。另外,G蛋白可能通过诱导防卫酶和活性氧产生的增加来提高小麦对叶锈病的抗性。     

TaCDPK2基因在小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中的表达分析

在本实验室前期构建的非亲和互作的SSH文库基础上,从叶锈菌侵染的小麦叶片中发现在接种后8 h表现高表达量的CDPK2-EST。CDPKs即钙离子依赖蛋白激酶,是植物细胞应对各种生物和非生物胁迫过程中承接Ca2+流变化的重要因素。为进一步研究CDPK2在小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中的表达特性,采用RT-PCR和Western-Blotting技术分别在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平对小麦受叶锈菌侵染后不同亲和性组合中CDPK2的表达谱进行了检测。结果表明,小麦CDPK2基因受叶锈菌侵染诱导,不亲和组合在接种后4 h无论在mRNA水平还是蛋白质水平该基因均表现上调表达,而转录水平的表达量在接种后16 h降至对照水平;而在蛋白水平其表达量在接种16 h达到最大,之后又恢复至对照水平。亲和组合中该基因在接种后8 h在mRNA水平略有表达,在蛋白水平其表达量在接种后8 h和16 h有上调表达但其表达量低于不亲和组合,之后又趋于对照水平。这一结果表明,小麦CDPK2基因参与了小麦与叶锈菌的互作过程,并在该过程中对提高小麦抗叶锈能力有一定作用。这一结果为深入探讨小麦CDPK2基因在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染中的作用及作用机制奠定了基础。     

含CBS结构域的小麦TaCDCP1基因的克隆及其表达分析

利用电子克隆和RT-PCR技术,在本实验室前期构建的非亲和互作的SSH文库基础上,从条锈菌侵染的小麦水原11叶片中首次分离出一个含CBS结构域蛋白的基因,暂命名为TaCDCP1(Triticum aestivum CBS domain containing protein 1)。TaCDCP1包含一个完整的654 bp的开放阅读框,编码217个氨基酸。推测该基因拟编码的蛋白具有2个CBS保守结构域,不含跨膜区且无信号肽,定位在叶绿体基质内;经过同源比对,小麦TaCDCP1氨基酸序列与大麦、水稻和玉米等的同源序列的相似性较高;该基因表达量在小麦叶中显著高于在根和茎中;在小麦与条锈菌的非亲和、亲和组合中,TaCDCP1基因均受到条锈菌诱导,分别在接种后18 h和96 h达到表达高峰,非亲和组合表达量在侵染前期(接种后18~48 h)高于亲和组合,而在侵染后期(接种后96~120 h)低于亲和组合;外源植物激素脱落酸诱导该基因上调表达,苄基腺嘌呤,乙烯,赤霉素,茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸处理后其表达量在不同程度上受到抑制;TaCDCP1在低温和干旱条件下表达量上升,在机械伤害和高盐处理下表达量无明显差异。表明TaCDCP1可能通过脱落酸等信号途径参与小麦对条锈菌的防御反应,同时参与低温和干旱环境下的信号转导途径。这些结果对于明确CBS结构域的功能以及CBS结构域蛋白尤其是TaCDCP1在小麦与条锈菌互作中的作用奠定了基础。     

小麦单基因系TcLr19抗叶锈防卫反应的表达与叶锈菌侵染进程关系的初步研究

试验采用小麦单基因系TcLr19,感病对照Thacher(Tc)及叶锈菌小种366和165,利用组织化学方法,对接种后不同时间点叶锈菌在亲和和不亲和寄主上的发育情况进行观察,并对表现不同侵染型的TcLr19-叶锈菌组合中的2种防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(PO)的活性变化及发生过敏性死亡(HR)的细胞面积进行测定.结果表明,伴随着叶锈菌的侵染,TcLr19接种叶锈菌小种366(侵染型为0;)后PAL的活性分别在24,72 h出现高峰,PO活性在48 h达到最高峰,发生HR的细胞面积从接种后24 h逐渐增加直至96 h达到高峰;而接种叶锈菌小种165(侵染型为1)后2种酶活性变化及HR的变化和接种366具有相同趋势,但是前者的酶活性峰值低于后者,且发生HR的面积在96 h之前一直也小于后者.小麦对叶锈菌的抗性表达程度与防卫反应的表达强度呈正相关关系.     

条锈菌诱导的小麦MBF1转录辅激活因子基因的克隆及其特征分析

应用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法,从小麦叶片中分离出一个条锈菌诱导的编码MBF1基因的cDNA序列,暂被命名为TaMBF1a。TaMBF1a包含一个完整的429 bp的开放阅读框,编码142个氨基酸,具有MBF1保守结构域;小麦TaMBF1a氨基酸序列与水稻OsMBF1相似性达92%,与拟南芥AtMBF1a相似性达80%。TaMBF1a编码的蛋白可能是核蛋白,且该基因在小麦根、茎、叶组织中表达量基本一致。在小麦与条锈菌的亲和、非亲和互作中,TaMBF1a基因均受条锈菌诱导高水平表达,且非亲和组合表达量高于亲和组合。外源植物激素水杨酸、乙烯、脱落酸也可诱导该基因快速上调表达,表明TaMBF1a可能通过水杨酸、乙烯等信号途径参与小麦对条锈菌的防御反应。     

小麦小G蛋白Rab2基因TaRab2的克隆及其表达分析

小G蛋白Rab在真核细胞内的小泡运转过程中起重要作用。本文通过反向Northern筛选,从小麦抗旱品种旱选10 号水分胁迫诱导表达的cDNA文库中分离到与小G蛋白Rab2基因高度同源的EST片段。利用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法,在小麦中克隆了该基因的全长cDNA,命名为TaRab2（GenBank编号为AY851657）。测序结果表明,TaRab2的cDNA长度为824 bp,包含一个完整的633 bp的ORF,推测编码一个210个氨基酸的蛋白质。氨基酸多重比对分析表明,TaRab2编码的蛋白质与玉米、水稻、拟南芥及Sporobolus stapfianus等植物小G蛋白Rab2的同源性均大于90%。Northern杂交分析结果表明,TaRab2为水分胁迫诱导上调表达的基因,在水分胁迫6 h的表达量最高,随着胁迫时间的推移表达量下降。     

TaRanGAP2在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染中的作用

为研究TaRanGAP2在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染的HR诱发中的作用,阐明小麦抗叶锈病分子机制,为小麦抗叶锈病育种给予分子水平的指导.以小麦近等基因系TcLr26及其轮回亲本Tc分别与叶锈菌生理小种260组成不亲和组合(TcLr26×260)及亲和组合(Tc×260),生物信息学分析发现,TaRanGAP2的CDS全长为16...     

CaM及各亚型基因参与小麦抗叶锈病反应的研究

采用实时荧光定量PCR法,对小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr15接种亲和或非亲和性叶锈菌后,CaM及其亚型的mRNA表达差异进行相对定量分析.结果表明,小麦接菌后12 h内CaM 的4个亚型基因表达量与不接菌对照相比相差不大.小麦接种非亲和叶锈菌,48,72,96 h后,CaM SF-1表达量分别比亲和组合高 24.6%,26.6%,38.8%;接种24,48 h后,CaM SF-4表达量分别高出亲和组合26.8%和28.0%;在接种后24~96 h这一过程中,CaM SF-2表达量均低于亲和组合中, 而CaM SF-3表达量与亲和组合表达量相差不大.接种非亲和叶锈菌后,在第24 h 、第 48 h小麦CaM表达量分别高于亲和组合18.1% 和 47.9% ,而在第72 h和第96 h CaM表达量又低于亲和组合.上述结果暗示,CaM可能参与了小麦抗叶锈病反应,并且具有亚型特异性.小麦中CaM SF-1和 CaM SF-4可能与小麦抗叶锈病相关,CaM SF-2可能与小麦感叶锈病相关,而CaM SF-3可能不参与小麦抗叶锈病反应.     

河北省又取得一批植保农药类科研成果

<正>(接上期)5.钙调素在小麦受叶锈菌侵染诱发的过敏性反应中的作用单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省教育厅该研究以小麦-叶锈菌互作体系为研究对象,利用小麦品种洛夫林10分别和叶锈菌生理小种260、165组成不亲和组合和亲和组合,试图查明CaM是否参与小麦抵抗叶锈菌     

小麦钙调素新亚型TaCaM5的克隆及表达分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从条锈菌诱导的小麦叶片中分离出一个编码CaM基因的cDNA序列, 经氨基酸序列分析确定其为一个新的小麦CaM亚型,暂被命名为TaCaM5。TaCaM5包含一个完整450 bp的开放阅读框,编码149个氨基酸;编码的蛋白不含跨膜区、无信号肽、定位在胞内,具有4个EF-hand保守结构域。在目前已知的CaM基因中,TaCaM5与玉米CaM基因的亲缘关系最近,相似性高达97%。该基因在根、茎、叶等组织中均有不同程度的表达;并且受条锈菌诱导表达,在非亲和组合与亲和组合中,分别在接种后6 h和24 h表达量最高。外源植物激素脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯诱导TaCaM5上调表达,水杨酸诱导其下调表达。TaCaM5在机械伤害、干旱和低温条件下表达量上升,在高盐环境下表达量降低。表明TaCaM5可能通过茉莉酸和乙烯等信号途径参与小麦对条锈菌的防御反应,同时参与机械伤害、低温和干旱环境下的Ca²⁺-CaM信号转导途径。     

33个小麦品种(系)抗叶锈基因Lr19分子检测

由小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticinia)引起的小麦叶锈病在世界各地产麦区均有发生。利用抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、安全、有效的方法。小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr19是一个十分有效的抗叶锈性基因,自1966年首次将该基因从长穗偃麦草(Agropyron elongatum)转到普通小麦中,至今仍是一个应用潜力很大的抗病基因。本研究利用以PCR为基础的STS技术对以春小麦Thatcher为背景的50个近等基因系材料和TcLr19与Thatcher杂交F2小麦进行检测,并对33个小麦品种进行分子标记分析鉴定,结果如下:(1)对以春小麦Thatcher为背景的50个近等基因系材料和TcLr19×ThatcherF2代小麦进行PCR-STS检测,扩增结果表明在50个近等基因系材料中仅有TcLr19中出现一条130bp的DNA条带,STSLr19130标记在其他49个近等基因系材料中未检测到Lr19基因;F2代中表现感病的植株没有130bp的DNA片段,表现抗病的植株有130bp的DNA条带;重复两次结果相同,进一步证明了与小麦抗叶锈基因Lr19共分离的STS标记的稳定可靠。(2)利用以PCR为基础的STSLr19...     

12个主产区历史小麦品种抗叶锈病基因分析

近年来,小麦叶锈病发生有加重趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害的环保有效途径。用12个小麦品种及35个含已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品系在苗期接种19个不同毒性的叶锈菌生理小种,通过基因推导和系谱分析发掘待测品种中的抗叶锈病基因,并通过分子标记检测进一步验证;在田间接种强毒性混合生理小种,进行成株期病情严重度与普遍率调查,筛选慢锈性品种。结果表明,在石新828、百农3217、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共9个品种中检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37和Lr46共5个抗叶锈病基因,其中部分品种中发现多个抗性基因。成株期筛选出百农3217、平阳27、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、碧蚂4号、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共10个慢叶锈性品种,其中碧蚂4号和小偃6号等品种是我国小麦育种的骨干亲本,探究这些品种中的抗病基因对培育小麦抗叶锈病品种具有重要意义。     

叶锈菌诱导的小麦叶片cDNA文库的构建及其质量评价

由小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)引起的小麦叶锈病在世界各地产麦区均有发生,利用抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、安全、有效的方法.小麦抗叶锈基因Lr19是一个十分有效的抗叶锈基因,自1966年首次将该基因从长穗偃麦草转到普通小麦中,至今仍是一个应用潜力很大的抗病基因.本研究以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr19和叶锈菌04-15-8①(生理小种类型THTS)为材料,构建叶锈病菌诱导的小麦叶片cDNA文库.研究结果表明文库的克隆数为4.1×106,插入片段大小在0.5～3.0kb,平均插入片段大小1.0 kb.因此该文库可用于基因克隆与分析,为研究小麦抗叶锈病相关基因提供条件.     

小麦品种周麦22抗叶锈病的QTL定位

小麦叶锈病（leaf rust）是对小麦危害最严重的真菌病害之一,原菌群体中新致病菌类型的不断出现导致部分抗叶锈病基因的抗性功能逐步丧失,不断发掘和研究利用新抗源基因、培育种植抗病品种是控制该病害最有效的方法。周麦22在田间成株期对叶锈病表现出良好的抗性,为解析周麦22成株期抗叶锈病的遗传基础,将周麦22与铭贤169杂交构建遗传群体,获得255个F_2:3家系群体,经2个年度的大田成株期抗叶锈病鉴定,并利用复合区间作图法对该群体的抗叶锈病QTL进行定位分析。结果显示,该群体成株期检测到2个抗叶锈病QTL位点,分别位于1BL和2BS染色体上,命名为QLr.hebau-1BL和QLr.hebau-2BS,分别解释9.62%~11.88%和16.89%~20.99%的表型变异,该位点对叶锈病抗性表现稳定,均来自抗病品种周麦22。初步的遗传定位结果显示,QLr.hebau-2BS可能为已知抗叶锈病基因LrZH22,而QLr.hebau-1BL是新的抗病QTL。     

Histological studies on the infection of triticale,wheat and rye byPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici andP. recondita f.sp.recondita

Summary The reaction of eight triticales and of the respective wheat and rye parental lines to infection by the leaf rust fungi of wheat and rye were studied in the seedling stage. The histological observations indicated that wheat and triticale showed a typical nonhost reaction to the leaf rust of rye: sporelings of this fungus were arrested after the formation of primary infection hyphae and before the formation of extensively branched mycelium, mostly without necrosis of plant cells. The rye inbred lines were all susceptible to the rye leaf rust. The reaction of wheat and triticales to the wheat leaf rust was susceptible or resistant. The reaction of resistant lines could be early or late and complete or incomplete, but was associated with substantial necrosis of plant cells, and therefore entirely different from the nonhost reaction to rye leaf rust. In their reaction to wheat leaf rust the rye lines were similar to the resistant wheat and triticale lines. They did not show an important degree of nonhypersensitive early abortion as would be expected in a nonhost species. It appeared that genes for hypersensitive resistance in triticale may be contributed by either the wheat or the rye parental line.A screening of sixty wheat, rye and triticale lines confirmed the nonhost status of wheat and triticale to rye leaf rust and the hypersensitive or moderately susceptible reaction of rye to wheat leaf rust.     

Genetic protection of wheat from rusts and development of resistant varieties in Russia and Ukraine

Leaf rust represents the major threat to wheat production in Russia and Ukraine. It has been present for many years and epidemics of the pathogen occur in different regions on both winter and spring wheat. In some regions there is evidence of more frequent epidemics, probably due to higher precipitation as a result of climate change. There is evidence that the virulence of the leaf rust population in Ukraine and European Russia and on winter wheat and spring wheat is similar. The pathogen population structure in Western Siberia is also similar to the European part, although there are some significant differences based on the genes employed in different regions. Ukrainian wheat breeders mostly rely on major resistance genes from wide crosses and have succeeded in developing resistant varieties. The North Caucasus winter wheat breeding programs apply the strategy of deploying varieties with different types of resistance and genes. This approach resulted in decreased leaf rust incidence in the region. Genes Lr23 and Lr19 deployed in spring wheat in the Volga region were rapidly overcome by the pathogen. There are continuing efforts to incorporate resistance from wild species. The first spring wheat leaf rust resistant varieties released in Western Siberia possessed gene LrTR which protected the crop for 10–15 years, but was eventually broken in 2007. Slow rusting is being utilized in several breeding programs in Russia and Ukraine, but has not become a major strategy.     

Transfer of rust resistance from Aegilops ovata into bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and molecular characterisation of resistant derivatives

An interspecific cross was made to transfer leaf rust and stripe rust resistance from an accession of Aegilops ovata (UUMM) to susceptible Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) cv. WL711. The F₁was backcrossed to the recurrent wheat parent, and after two to three backcrosses and selfing, rust resistant progenies were selected. The C-banding study in a uniformly leaf rust and stripe rust resistant derivative showed a substitution of the 5M chromosome of Ae. ovata for 5D of wheat. Analysis of rust resistant derivatives with mapped wheat microsatellite makers confirmed the substitution of 5M for 5D. Some of these derivatives also possessed one or more of the three alien translocations involving 1BL, 2AL and 5BS wheat chromosomes which could not be detected through C-banding. A translocation involving 5DSof wheat and the substituted chromosome 5M of Ae. ovata was also observed in one of the derivatives. Susceptibility of this derivative to leaf rust showed that the leaf rust resistance gene(s) is/are located on short arm of 5M chromosome of Ae. ovata. Though the Ae. ovatasegment translocated to 1BL and 2AL did not seem to possess any rust resistance gene, the alien segment translocated to 5BS may also possess gene(s) for rust resistance. The study demonstrated the usefulness of microsatellite markers in characterisation of interspecific derivatives. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Improving wheat stripe rust resistance in Central Asia and the Caucasus

Wheat is the most important cereal in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) and the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia). Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is considered the most important disease of wheat in Central Asia and the Caucasus (CAC). Although stripe rust has been present in the region for a long time, it has become a serious constraint to wheat production in the past 10 years. This is reflected by the occurrence of five epidemics of stripe rust in the CAC region since 1999, the most recent in 2010. Several wheat varieties occupying substantial areas are either susceptible to stripe rust or possess a low level of resistance. Information on the stripe rust pathogen in terms of prevalent races and epidemiology is not readily available. Furthermore, there is an insufficient understanding of effective stripe rust resistance genes in the region, and little is known about the resistance genes present in the commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines. The deployment of resistant varieties is further complicated by putative changes in virulence in the pathogen population in different parts of the CAC. Twenty four out of 49 improved wheat lines received through international nurseries or other exchange programs showed high levels of resistance to stripe rust to local pathogen populations in 2009. Fifteen of the 24 stripe rust resistant lines also possessed resistance to powdery mildew. It is anticipated that this germplasm will play an important role in developing stripe rust resistant wheat varieties either through direct adoption or using them as parents in breeding programs.     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr45的SSR分子标记

用定位于2A染色体的59对SSR、EST-SSR引物,对小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr45进行分子标记,共筛选出11对揭示TcLr45多态性的引物。用157株F₂抗感群体对这11对引物进一步检测,得到4个与Lr45共分离的SSR标记(Xgwm95、Xgwm47、Xgwm372和Xgwm122)。将经PAGE检测的标记Xgwm95的抗感差异带及Xgwm47的抗性片段进行克隆测序发现其中含有微卫星序列,且均为二核苷酸重复。Xgwm372和Xgwm122经琼脂糖凝胶电泳发现与Lr45的供体黑麦有共同的标记片段,可直接用于分子标记辅助选择。     

Identification and molecular mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in spelt wheat landrace Altgold

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important disease for wheat production, both in China and worldwide. In laboratory studies spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) landrace Altgold was resistant to P. triticina races THT and PHT and genetic analysis indicated that it possessed a dominant leaf rust resistance gene, temporarily designated LrAlt. F₆ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross with the susceptible common wheat cultivar Nongda 3338 were used to map LrAlt with SSR markers. The resistance gene was distal to SSR loci Xbarc212, Xwmc382, Xgwm636, and Xwmc407 on the short arm of chromosome 2A. The closest markers Xbarc212 and Xwmc382 which co-segregated were 1.8 cM away from LrAlt. The relationships of LrAlt and other wheat leaf rust resistance genes located on the short arm of chromosome 2A were discussed, suggesting that LrAlt might be a new leaf rust resistance gene.