气相色谱串联质谱法测定土壤中除草剂残留含量

以气相色谱串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)多反应监测(MRM)方式进行定量和定性分析建立了土壤中除草剂莠去津、塞克津、2,4-D丁酯残留含量的联合测定方法。结果表明,本方法有效地降低了样品复杂基质带来的干扰,简化了分析步骤。采用外标法定量测得回收率为73%～104%,标准偏差为5.9%～11.5%,方法的回收率和线性关系结果令人满意,实验证明,该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,适用于土壤中除草剂莠去津、塞克津、2,4-D丁酯残留含量的联合检测。     

大豆氧化乐果残留分析方法的研究

采用HP1100型液相色谱仪,进行了大豆氧化乐果残留分析方法和分析条件的探讨,结果表明,以获取理想的分离度为目标,综合各项因素,最适宜的分析条件为:色谱柱为LUNA5μC18150mm×4.6mm;流动相为乙腈/水=6/94(V/V);检测波长为220nm;进样量为50μl;流速为1ml/min;柱温为室温(±25℃).用甲醇-水和丙酮-水做提取液,用二氯甲烷做萃取剂从大豆及土壤中回收氧化乐果,并用液相色谱紫外检测器外标法定量测定其残留量,方法最小检出量低,达0.108ng,最低检出浓度大豆植株和子粒可达2μg/kg,土壤可达0.4μg/kg.添加回收率为87.3%-101.5%;变异系数为0.99-16.98%.说明氧化乐果残留HPLC分析法是一个精度较高的新方法.     

胶体金免疫层析法快速定量分析粮油农产品中黄曲霉毒素B1

采用自主研制的黄曲霉毒素B1胶体金免疫定量检测卡,建立花生、玉米、大米、小麦等粮油农产品中黄曲霉毒素B1的定量分析方法,4种样品检测的线性范围为1.0～20.0μg/kg,R2＞0.97,方法的定量限为1.0 μg/kg,样品加标回收率为75%～106%,RSD＜20%。胶体金免疫层析法与免疫亲和柱净化-HPLC法相比,相对误差＜15%,具有简便快速、灵敏度高、重现性好等特点,适用于粮油农产品及制品中黄曲霉毒素B1 筛查,样品检测时间只需15min,检测成本低于其他方法。     

基质固相分散-反相高效液相色谱测定茶叶中苯脲类除草剂残留

建立了基质固相分散萃取(matrix solid phase dispersion,MSPD)-反相高效液相色谱(reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC)检测利谷隆、灭草隆、敌草隆和绿麦隆4种苯脲类除草剂的新方法。茶叶样品与C18填料混合碾磨后与中性氧化铝一起装柱,二氯甲烷为淋洗剂,使样品的萃取与净化一步完成。讨论了MSPD法和色谱分析的各种影响因素,最佳实验条件下灭草隆在0.01～10.00 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,检测限为5μg/L;绿麦隆、敌草隆和利谷隆在0.025～10.00 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,检测限为10μg/L。4种除草剂在茶叶样品中的回收率在83.5%～100.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于7.1%。该方法简单、快速、干扰少、回收率高,符合茶叶中除草剂残留分析要求。     

香蕉中噻唑膦残留分析方法研究

建立香蕉中噻唑膦的超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)残留测定方法。香蕉样品采用乙腈提取和PSA+C18分散固相萃取,采用UPLC-MS/MS多反应模式(MRM)进行分析测定。噻唑膦在添加水平0.01~1.0 mg/kg范围内,平均回收率为94.3%~107.5%,相对标准偏差为7.9%~11.0%。采用外标法定量,方法的检出限为0.001μg/m L,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。该方法简单、准确、重复性较好且节省溶剂,适用于香蕉中噻唑膦的残留检测。     

茶叶中硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯的ELISA快速测定

研究应用酶联免疫方法,快速检测茶叶中硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯。茶叶提取后,不净化,用PBS缓冲液稀释500倍后,进行酶联免疫方法测定,方法平均回收率为86.6%~91.1%;经SPE净化后,回收率68.7%~123%。标准曲线IC₅₀为2βµg/L,线性范围1~10βµg/L。直接提取法最低检测限2βmg/kg,净化法为0.06βmg/kg。经气相色谱/质谱联用方法验证,灵敏度、精密度和准确度均符合快速检测要求。该法具有快速、简便、低耗、易操作等特点。     

超高效液相色谱法测定啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈在番茄与土壤中的残留

应用超高效液相色谱仪建立一种同时检测番茄和土壤中啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）吸附净化,以乙腈和水为流动相等度洗脱,采用可变波长紫外检测器检测,外标法定量分析。结果表明,啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈在0.05~1 μg/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R ²均为0.999,方法的检出限均为0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg;在0.1~1 mg/kg范围内,添加回收率在82.8%~102.8%和86.5%~115.3%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在4.1%~8.7%和4.9%~9.1%之间。该方法简单可靠、重现性好,适用于番茄和土壤中啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的残留检测。     

花生及其制品中黄曲霉毒素B1 免疫亲和柱净化—荧光快速检测技术研究

报道了一种免疫亲和柱净化-荧光法快速检测花生及其制品中黄曲霉毒素B1的分析方法。用70%甲醇对样品进行初步提取，过滤后用石油醚萃取脱脂，萃取液稀释后用免疫亲和微柱纯化富集，洗脱液放入黄曲霉毒素专用荧光定量速测仪器中自动读取结果。该方法直接读数的线性范围为0.3~25µg/kg，R2=0.9995，方法的平均回收率超过90%，变异系数低于5%，最低定量浓度为0.3µg/kg。应用于花生及其制品的黄曲霉毒素B1检测，单个样品检测全过程（含样品提取）所需时间可以控制在45min左右，检测成本低于其他仪器方法。     

羧基化多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取-三重四极杆气质联用法测定茶叶中16种农药残留量

基于羧基化多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs-COOH）分散固相萃取净化，结合三重四极杆气质联用仪，建立了茶叶中16种农药残留量的快速分析检测方法。茶叶经乙酸乙酯提取，以羧基化多壁碳纳米管和乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶（PSA）吸附提取液中的杂质，离心过滤后经三重四极杆气质联用仪测定，基质匹配外标法定量。结果表明，目标物质在各自线性范围内的线性关系良好，相关系数（r）均大于0.99。空白茶叶样品平均加标回收率在71.2%～128.2%之间，相对标准偏差（n=6）为2.3%～9.2%；方法的定量限为0.5～10.0μg/kg。建立的方法在回收率、检测限、准确度和灵敏度等方面均能满足农药残留分析的要求，适合于茶叶中相关农药残留的快速检测。     

免疫亲和柱净化—荧光快速检测技术研究

报道了一种免疫亲和柱净化-荧光法快速检测花生及其制品中黄曲霉毒素B1的分析方法。用70%甲醇对样品进行初步提取，过滤后用石油醚萃取脱脂，萃取液稀释后用免疫亲和微柱纯化富集，洗脱液放入黄曲霉毒素专用荧光定量速测仪器中自动读取结果。该方法直接读数的线性范围为0.3~25µg/kg，R2=0.9995，方法的平均回收率超过90%，变异系数低于5%，最低定量浓度为0.3µg/kg。应用于花生及其制品的黄曲霉毒素B1检测，单个样品检测全过程（含样品提取）所需时间可以控制在45min左右，检测成本低于其他仪器方法。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.