甘蔗新品种桂糖33号的选育

桂糖33号(原编号桂糖02-770)是广西甘蔗研究所从桂糖69-156×新台糖22号杂交组合后代中选育的最新甘蔗优良品种。该品种表现为中熟、高糖、丰产、易剥叶等优良特性。2008—2009年广西区试结果显示,平均蔗茎产量114.83 t/hm2,分别比对照种CK1(ROC22)和CK2(ROC16)增产13.01%和22.90%,平均含糖量为15.81t/hm2,分别比CK1与CK2增产9.64%和17.02%。其中,新植蔗产蔗量为118.92 t/hm2,分别比CK1和CK2增产16.47%和26.19%;平均含糖量为16.42 t/hm2,分别比CK1与CK2增产14.58%和21.63%。该品种适应性广,蔗茎粗大且生长均匀,增产幅度大。该品种于2011年5月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定正式命名为桂糖33号。     

国家第四轮集成示范甘蔗新品种在广西金光农场的表现与种性分析

为了解国家第四轮集成示范甘蔗新品种在广西金光农场的种性表现，为其在生产上的应用提供依据，于2013～2014年在金光农场对来自广西、云南、福建和广东等省区的9个甘蔗新品种进行1 年新植1年宿根的品种比较试验。结果表明，桂糖32号平均蔗茎产量为110.5 t/hm2，比对照种ROC22增产0.3%；产糖量16.36 t/hm2，比ROC22增产4.9%；11月至翌年1月平均蔗糖分为14.81%，比ROC22高0.65个百分点。桂糖31号平均蔗茎产量为112.9 t/hm2，比对照种ROC22增产2.4%；产糖量16.06 t/hm2，比ROC22增产2.9%；11月至翌年1月平均蔗糖分为14.23%，比ROC22高0.03个百分点。这2个品种表现出明显的高产、高糖特性，在宿根性、抗病虫性、抗旱能力和抗机械碾压能力方面明显优于对照种ROC22，其中的桂糖31号抗倒能力明显优于对照种ROC22，可在金光农场和其他同类型蔗区推广种植。桂柳2号和福农41号可作为宿根性好的高糖品种进一步用于试验示范，但应注意防治黑穗病。     

甘蔗新品种桂糖51号的选育

桂糖51号(试验代号:桂糖06-1023)是广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所以ROC20为母本、崖城71-374为父本进行有性杂交,采用"五圃制"常规育种技术选育而成的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,该品种出苗好、宿根发株多、分蘖力强,有效茎数多,中大茎,具有早熟、高糖、高产稳产、宿根性好、易脱叶、抗倒性强、适应性广等诸多优良特性。在2014—2015年广西区域试验中,桂糖51号2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量(102.66 t/hm2)比对照ROC22增产2.49%,平均蔗糖产量(14.46 t/hm2)比对照增产5.17%;其中宿根蔗优势明显,蔗茎产量(108.74 t/hm2)比对照增产12.25%,蔗糖产量(15.59 t/hm2)比对照增产17.67%;平均蔗糖分(14.09%)比对照高0.36%(绝对值)。桂糖51号适宜在土壤疏松,中等以上肥力的蔗区种植。     

广西农科院甘蔗新品种

4、品种:桂糖44号亲本:ROC1x桂糖92-66。特征特性:植株直立均匀,中茎,丰产稳产,高糖,宿根性强,亩有效茎数多。蔗茎产量:据2012~2013年广西甘蔗品种区域试验两年新植和一年宿根试验,平均甘蔗亩产量7.19吨,比对照新台糖22号增产5.2%,其中新植增1.85%,宿根增11.8%。     

甘蔗品种桂糖57号的选育及种性分析

桂糖57号(品系名:桂糖08-1180)是广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所采用杂交育种方法选育出的甘蔗新品种。其母本为ROC26,父本为ROC22,于2008年播种实生苗,2015~2017年参加全国甘蔗品种第十一轮联合区域试验,2020年完成甘蔗品种登记。桂糖57号在全国区试的广西和广东2省(区)7个区域试验点的1年新植和2年宿根结果表明,桂糖57号平均蔗茎产量为103.8t/hm^(2),比对照ROC22增产2.14%。桂糖57号平均全期甘蔗蔗糖分为14.85%,比对照ROC22高0.47个百分点(绝对值)。桂糖57号平均含糖量为15.3t/hm^(2),比对照ROC22增产5.50%。桂糖57号种性表现为中大茎种、植株高度中等、有效茎数多、早熟高糖、高产、抗倒伏性强。桂糖57号在广西甘蔗主产区的崇左、来宾以及河池蔗区表现出较强的适应性。     

甘蔗优良新品种桂糖41号选育与特性研究

桂糖41号(原名:桂糖03-2309)是广西农科院甘蔗研究所经过11年的试验研究选育出来的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,桂糖41号蔗茎产量和含糖量分别为102.62t/hm2和14.42t/hm2,比ROC22增产10.26%、增糖10.17%;11月至次年2月新植蔗蔗糖分分别为13.19%、14.55%、14.58%、14.86%,高于对照种ROC22;该品种适应性广,蔗茎粗大,增产增糖效果明显。     

甘蔗品种(系)宿根性表现与甘蔗成本价格比较

2011年10个甘蔗宿根栽培试验结果表明:桂糖02-496宿根蔗茎产量最高,达108790 kg/hm2,比新台糖22号和新台糖16号增产17.4％和24.8％,增产极显著.但11月和12月份蔗糖分较低,平均蔗糖分11.97％,比新台糖22号和新台糖16号减1.61和1.46个百分点.原料蔗成本价格最低为358.63元/t,分别比新台糖22号(CK1)和新台糖16号(CK2)减少36.38元/t和51.77元/t,减少9.21％和12.61％.比两对照高产的还有桂辐98-296、桂糖04-2278、桂糖04-120、柳城03-362,但11月和12月份蔗糖分较低.桂糖02-796、玉林1号、桂糖04-153、桂糖04-2724、桂糖04-112的宿根蔗茎产量及蔗糖分表现均不突出.     

高糖高产甘蔗新品种桂糖38号的选育

为在广西推广应用高产高糖甘蔗新品种,解决生产上品种结构过于单一的问题,以桂糖73-167为母本,CP84-1198为父本进行甘蔗有性杂交育种,采用"五圃制"选育程序,经过区域试验和生产试验育成了目标品种桂糖38号。广西区试结果表明,桂糖38号平均产蔗量96.3t/hm2,较对照新台糖22增产4.3%,其中宿根平均产蔗量为100.9t/hm2,比新台糖22号增产11.5%;11—2月份平均蔗糖分为14.95%,比新台糖22高0.93个百分点,其中11月和12月的平均蔗糖分分别为13.76%和15.14%,比新台糖22分别高0.84和1.21个百分点;新宿平均含糖量为14.4t/hm2,比新台糖22增11.6%,其中宿根平均含糖量为15.1t/hm2,较新台糖22增17.1%。桂糖38号为早熟、高糖、高产、宿根性好、适应性广的优良甘蔗品种,可在广西中等以上肥力的旱地和水田推广种植。     

2009—2010年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦点结果分析

2009-2010年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦试点结果表明:桂糖02/281宿根性好,蔗茎产量高,比新台糖22号(CK1)和新台糖16号(CK2)增产显著,公顷含糖量最高,但平均蔗糖分(13.80%)最低,分别比CK1和CK2减少1.59和0.66个百分点。园林17、柳城04/12、桂糖03/2357、桂糖02/1156、桂糖02/649、桂糖03/1403、桂糖03/963和桂糖03/2625的蔗茎产量及平均蔗糖分表现均不突出。     

2008—2009年广西合浦甘蔗品种区试结果分析

2008—2009年广西甘蔗品种区域试验合浦试点结果表明:12个参试品种中桂糖02/770产量最高,分别比新台糖22号(CK1)和新台糖16号(CK2)增产18.3%和27.6%,但前期11月蔗糖分(9.8%)和平均蔗糖分(12.27%)较低。柳城03/1137比两对照分别增产9.4%和18.1%,蔗糖分13.44%,比CK1略高,比CK2略低。桂糖02/901和柳城03/182蔗茎产量比CK1略高,桂糖02/208和柳城03/296蔗茎产量比CK2高,比CK1略低,但4个品种(系)都表现早熟,前期11月蔗糖分分别为15.03%、14.36%、14.74%和13.78%,平均蔗糖分分别为15.52%、15.17%、15.41%和14.71%,明显高于两对照。桂糖02/833比两对照增产,但平均蔗糖分(12.16%)最低。桂糖01/122、桂糖02/133和桂糖02/1247蔗茎产量和蔗糖分表现均不突出。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.